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=== [[구석기 시대]] ===
=== [[구석기 시대]] ===
* 330만 년 전-260만 년 전 오늘날의 [[케냐]]: [[석기]]([[찍개]]). 너무 오래 되어서 이것을 만든 존재는 인간이 아니었을 것이다.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/archaeologists-take-wrong-turn-find-world-s-oldest-stone-tools-update/|title=Archaeologists Take Wrong Turn, Find World's Oldest Stone Tools [Update]|first=Kate|last=Wong|publisher=|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> The otherwise earliest known stone tools ([[Oldowan]]) were found in [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Semaw, S. |author2=M. J. Rogers |author3=J. Quade |author4=P. R. Renne |author5=R. F. Butler |author6=M. Domínguez-Rodrigo |author7=D. Stout |author8=W. S. Hart |author9=T. Pickering |author10= S. W. Simpson | year=2003 |title=2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia | journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=45 |pages=169–177 | doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9 | pmid=14529651}}</ref> 발명자는 [[오스트랄로피테쿠스 가르히]] 또는 [[호모 하빌리스]].<ref name="de Heinzelin">{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예| last1 = De Heinzelin | first1 = J | last2 = Clark | first2 = JD | last3 = White | first3 = T | last4 = Hart | first4 = W | last5 = Renne | first5 = P | last6 = Woldegabriel | first6 = G | last7 = Beyene | first7 = Y | last8 = Vrba | first8 = E | title = Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids | journal = Science | volume = 284 | issue = 5414 | pages = 625–9 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10213682 | doi=10.1126/science.284.5414.625}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Toth | first=Nicholas | last2=Schick | first2=Kathy |year=2009 | contribution=African Origins | title=The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies | edition=2nd | editor-first=Chris | editor-last=Scarre | location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson | pages=67–68}}</ref>
* 230만 년 전: [[초기 인류의 불의 이용]]. 그에 따른 [[요리]] 개념의 탄생. 발명자는 [[호모 하빌리스]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/06/invention-of-cooking-drove-evolution-of-the-human-species-new-book-argues/|title=Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues|author=|date=1 June 2009|website=harvard.edu|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Miller">http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire "Until the Wonderwerk Cave find, Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, a lakeside site in Israel, was considered to have the oldest generally accepted evidence of human-controlled fire."</ref><ref name="James">{{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|last=James|first=Steven R.|date=February 1989|title=Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence|journal=Current Anthropology|url=http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf|volume=30|issue=1|pages=1–26|publisher=University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1086/203705|accessdate=2012-04-04|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212084645/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf|archivedate=2015-12-12}}</ref>
* 170만 년 전 오늘날의 케냐: 찍개보다 발전한 석기인 [[주먹도끼]]. 발명자는 [[아슐 문화]]의 [[호모 에렉투스]].<ref>http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2839 "Anthropologists have yet to find an Acheulian hand axe gripped in a Homo erectus fist but most credit Homo erectus with developing the technology."</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/abs/nature10372.html|title=An earlier origin for the Acheulian|first1=Christopher J.|last1=Lepre|first2=Hélène|last2=Roche|first3=Dennis V.|last3=Kent|first4=Sonia|last4=Harmand|first5=Rhonda L.|last5=Quinn|first6=Jean-Philippe|last6=Brugal|first7=Pierre-Jean|last7=Texier|first8=Arnaud|last8=Lenoble|first9=Craig S.|last9=Feibel|date=|journal=Nature|volume=477|issue=7362|pages=82–85|accessdate=26 March 2018|doi=10.1038/nature10372|bibcode=2011Natur.477...82L}}</ref>
* 90만 년 전-4만 년 전: [[보트]].
* 79만 년 전 오늘날의 [[이스라엘]]: [[불구덩이]].<ref name="Miller" /><ref name="James" /><ref>{{cite journal|이래릭체=예|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/304/5671/725|title=Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel|first1=Naama|last1=Goren-Inbar|first2=Nira|last2=Alperson|first3=Mordechai E.|last3=Kislev|first4=Orit|last4=Simchoni|first5=Yoel|last5=Melamed|first6=Adi|last6=Ben-Nun|first7=Ella|last7=Werker|date=30 April 2004|publisher=|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5671|pages=725–727|accessdate=26 March 2018|via=www.sciencemag.org|doi=10.1126/science.1095443|pmid=15118160|bibcode=2004Sci...304..725G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.006 |title=Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel |year=2011 |last1=Stiner |first1=Mary C. |last2=Gopher |first2=Avi |last3=Barkai |first3=Ran |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=213–33 |pmid=21146194}}</ref>
* 40만 년 전 오늘날의 [[잠비아]]: [[안료]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/733747.stm|title=BBC News – SCI/TECH – Earliest evidence of art found|author=|date=|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref>
* 40만 년 전-30만 년 전 오늘날의 [[독일]]: [[창 (무기)|창]]. 발명자는 [[하이델베르크인]]으로 추정.<ref>Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., [http://www.archaeology.org/9705/newsbriefs/spears.html World's Oldest Spears]</ref><ref>Richter, D. and M. Krbetschek. 2015: The age of the [[Lower Paleolithic]] occupation at Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89, 46-56.</ref>
* 35만 년 전-15만 년 전: [[언어의 기원|언어]].<ref name="Perreault 2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Perreault | first1 = C. | last2 = Mathew | first2 = S. | title = Dating the origin of language using phonemic diversity | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = e35289 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0035289 | pmid = 22558135 | pmc = 3338724| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...735289P }}</ref>
* 30만 년 전: [[호모 사피엔스|현생인류 출현]].
* 20만 년 전 오늘날의 [[이탈리아]]: [[접착제]]를 이용한 [[슴베]]고정.<ref name="Mazza">{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006 |title=A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed |year=2006 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=33 |pages=1310 |last1=Mazza |first1=PPA |last2=Martini |first2=F |last3=Sala |first3=B |last4=Magi |first4=M |last5=Colombini |first5=MP |last6=Giachi |first6=G |last7=Landucci |first7=F |last8=Lemorini |first8=C |last9=Modugno |first9=F |last10=Ribechini |first10=E |issue=9 |ref=harv}}</ref>
* 17만 년 전-8만 3000년 전: [[의류사|의복]].<ref>{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq234 | title=Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa |year=2011 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/28/1/29/984822/Origin-of-Clothing-Lice-Indicates-Early-Clothing |accessdate=2017-10-02 |pmc=3002236 }}</ref>
* 16만 4000년 전: 돌날의 열처리.<ref>{{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|doi=10.1126/science.1175028 |title=Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5942/859}}</ref>
* 13만 5000년 전-10만 년 전 오늘날의 이스라엘 및 [[알제리]]: [[비즈]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1128139 |title=Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria |year=2006 |journal=Science |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/312/5781/1785 |accessdate=2017-10-02|bibcode=2006Sci...312.1785V }}</ref>
* 13만 년 전-11만 5000년 전: [[엠 간빙기]] 기간. 간빙기가 끝나고 [[마지막 빙기]] 도래.<ref>{{Cite journal |이탤릭체=예| doi = 10.1038/nature11789| pmid = 23344358| title = Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core| journal = Nature| volume = 493| issue = 7433| pages = 489–94| year = 2013| last1 = Dahl-Jensen | first1 = D.| last2 = Albert | first2 = M. R.| last3 = Aldahan | first3 = A.| last4 = Azuma | first4 = N.| last5 = Balslev-Clausen | first5 = D.| last6 = Baumgartner | first6 = M.| last7 = Berggren | first7 = A. -M. | last8 = Bigler | first8 = M.| last9 = Binder | first9 = T.| last10 = Blunier | first10 = T.| last11 = Bourgeois | first11 = J. C.| last12 = Brook | first12 = E. J.| last13 = Buchardt | first13 = S. L.| last14 = Buizert | first14 = C.| last15 = Capron | first15 = E.| last16 = Chappellaz | first16 = J.| last17 = Chung | first17 = J.| last18 = Clausen | first18 = H. B.| last19 = Cvijanovic | first19 = I.| last20 = Davies | first20 = S. M.| last21 = Ditlevsen | first21 = P.| last22 = Eicher | first22 = O.| last23 = Fischer | first23 = H.| last24 = Fisher | first24 = D. A.| last25 = Fleet | first25 = L. G.| last26 = Gfeller | first26 = G.| last27 = Gkinis | first27 = V.| last28 = Gogineni | first28 = S.| last29 = Goto-Azuma | first29 = K.| last30 = Grinsted | first30 = A.| display-authors = 29| bibcode = 2013Natur.493..489N| url = http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/500331/1/2012-07-09846-NEEM_revised.pdf}}</ref>
* 10만 년 전 오늘날의 이스라엘: [[매장]].<ref name="lieberman2">{{cite book|이탤릭체=예|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tS2MULo5rYC&pg=PA163 |title=Uniquely Human page 163 |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>
* 9만 년 전 오늘날의 [[민주콩고]]: [[작살]].<ref>{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예|title=A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire |date=28 April 1995 |last=Yellen |first=JE |author2=AS Brooks |author3=E Cornelissen |author4=MJ Mehlman |author5=K Stewart |journal=Science |volume=268 |pages=553–556 |issue=5210 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/268/5210/553 |doi=10.1126/science.7725100 |pmid=7725100|bibcode=1995Sci...268..553Y }}</ref>
* 7만 7000년 전 오늘날의 남아프리카: 침대 [[방충]].<ref name="Wadley2">{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예 | last1 = Wadley | first1 = L | last2 = Sievers | first2 = C | last3 = Bamford | first3 = M | last4 = Goldberg | first4 = P | last5 = Berna | first5 = F | last6 = Miller | first6 = C. | year = 2011 | title = Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6061/1388.full | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6061| pages = 1388–1391 | doi=10.1126/science.1213317 | pmid=22158814| bibcode = 2011Sci...334.1388W }}</ref>
* 6만 4000년 전-6만 1000년 전 오늘날의 남아프리카: [[골각기]]. 또한 뼈를 깎아 만든 것이 [[화살촉]]이었다는 점에서 [[궁시]]와 [[바늘]]의 발명도 시사됨.<ref name="Backwell">{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예 | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = Errico | first2 = F | last3 = Wadley | first3 = L. | year = 2008 | title = Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa | url = | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 35 | issue = | pages = 1566–1580 | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past|author=Jennifer Viegas|publisher=Discovery News|date=31 March 2008|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/31/earliest-weapon-human.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015143946/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/31/earliest-weapon-human.html|archive-date=2012-10-15|accessdate=2015-08-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 5만 년 전-4만 년 전: [[행동 현대성]]. 사람이 사람다워짐.
* 4만 9000년 전 오늘날의 [[호주]]-3만 년 전 오늘날의 [[일본]]: [[간석기]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-11/worlds-oldest-known-ground-edge-stone-axe-fragments-found/7401728|title=World's oldest known ground-edge stone axe fragments found in WA|author=|date=11 May 2016|website=abc.net.au|accessdate=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>"Prehistoric Japan, New perspectives on insular East Asia", Keiji Imamura, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, {{ISBN|0-8248-1853-9}}</ref>
* 4만 4000년 전–4만 2000년 전 오늘날의 [[스와질란드]]: [[엄대]]([[레봄보 골각기]]).<ref>It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, ''12'' {{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/109/33/13214.long| title=Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa | doi=10.1073/pnas.1204213109 | volume=109| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| pages=13214–13219| bibcode=2012PNAS..10913214D| pmc=3421171}}</ref>
* 4만 년 전-2만 년 전 오늘날의 호주: [[화장 (장례)|화장]].<ref name = "pmid16468208">{{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|doi=10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463|vauthors=Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG |title= Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales.|journal=World Archaeol. |year=1970 | volume=2|pages =39–60|issue=1|pmid = 16468208}}</ref>
* 4만 년 전 오늘날의 [[에스파냐]] 및 [[인도네시아]]: [[동굴벽화]].<ref>{{cite article | title=Cave Paintings in Indonesia Redraw Picture of Earliest Art | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141008-cave-art-sulawesi-hand-science/ | year = 2014}}</ref>
* 3만 7000년 전 오늘날의 [[서남아시아]]: [[막자사발과 막자|막자]].<ref>K. Wright, The Origins and development of ground stone assemblages in Late Pleistocene Southwest Asia, Paleorient, Vol. 17/1, 1991 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1991_num_17_1_4537</ref>
* 3만 6000년 전-9000년 전 오늘날의 [[터키]]: [[직조]]. 오늘날의 [[사카르트벨로]]<ref>{{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359|title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers|first1=Eliso|last1=Kvavadze|first2=Ofer|last2=Bar-Yosef|first3=Anna|last3=Belfer-Cohen|first4=Elisabetta|last4=Boaretto|first5=Nino|last5=Jakeli|first6=Zinovi|last6=Matskevich|first7=Tengiz|last7=Meshveliani|date=11 September 2009|publisher=|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5946|pages=1359–1359|accessdate=26 March 2018|via=www.sciencemag.org|doi=10.1126/science.1175404|pmid=19745144|bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K}}</ref> 및 [[모라바]]에서 먼저 나타났을 가능성이 크지만,<ref>{{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|url=https://www.academia.edu/875886/Pavlov_VI_an_Upper_Palaeolithic_living_unit|title=Pavlov VI: an Upper Palaeolithic living unit|last1=Svoboda|first1=Jiří|last2=Králík|first2=Miroslav|last3=Čulíková|first3=Věra|last4=Hladilová|first4=Šárka|last5=Novák|first5=Martin|first6=Miriam|last6=NývltováFišáková|last7=Nývlt|first7=Daniel|last8=Zelinková|first8=Michaela|date=|journal=Antiquity|volume=83|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref> 확실하게 유물이 발견된 것은 터키 [[차탈회위크]]가 가장 오래됨.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/centuries-old-fabric-found-in-catalhoyuk-61883|title=Centuries-old fabric found in Çatalhöyük|author=|date=|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Langer>{{cite book |이탤릭체=예| title = An Encyclopedia of World History | editor-last = Langer | editor-first = William L. | edition = 5th | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | location = Boston, MA | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-395-13592-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9] | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref>
* 3만 5000년 전 오늘날의 독일: [[관악기]].<ref>{{cite journal|이탤릭체=예|last=Conard|first=Nicholas J.|last2=Malina|first2=Maria|last3=Münzel|first3=Susanne C.|title=New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany|journal=Nature|date=June 26, 2009|volume=460|pages=737–740|doi=10.1038/nature08169|pmid=19553935|issue=7256|bibcode=2009Natur.460..737C}}</ref>
* 2만 8000년 전: [[밧줄]].<ref>{{Cite journal|이탤릭체=예|last=Small|first=Meredith F.|title=String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years (At The Museum)|journal=Natural History|volume=111.3|date=April 2002|page=14(2)|ref=harv}}</ref>
* 2만 8000년 전 오늘날의 독일: [[남근상]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4713323.stm | work=BBC News | title=Ancient phallus unearthed in cave | date=2005-07-25 | accessdate=2017-10-09 | first=Jonathan | last=Amos}}</ref>
* 1만 6000년 전 오늘날의 [[중국]]: [[도예]].<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2009/06/chinese_pottery_may_be_earlies.html "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered."] [[Associated Press]]. 2009-06-01</ref>
* 1만 5000년 전 오늘날의 [[우크라이나]]: [[울림널]].<ref>Gregor, Thomas. ''Anxious Pleasures: The Sexual Lives of an Amazonian People''. University Of Chicago Press (1987). p. 106 "Today we know that the bullroarer is a very ancient object, specimens from France (13,000 B.C.) and the Ukraine (17,000 B.C.) dating back well into the Paleolithic period. Moreover, some archeologists, most notable Michael Boyd—notably, Gordon Willey (1971,20) and Michael Boyd (Leisure in the Dreamtime 1999,21)—now admit the bullroarer to the kit-bag of artifacts brought by the very earliest migrants to the Americas."</ref>
* 1만 4500년 전 오늘날의 [[요르단]]: [[빵]].<ref name="Briggs2018">{{cite web |last1=Briggs |first1=Helen |title=Prehistoric bake-off: Recipe for oldest bread revealed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |accessdate=17 July 2018 |date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Arranz-Otaegui Gonzalez Carretero Ramsey Fuller p=201801071">{{cite journal | last=Arranz-Otaegui | first=Amaia | last2=Gonzalez Carretero | first2=Lara | last3=Ramsey | first3=Monica N. | last4=Fuller | first4=Dorian Q. | last5=Richter | first5=Tobias | title=Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=16 July 2018 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 | page=201801071}}</ref>
* 1만 4000년 전 오늘날의 [[북이탈리아]]: [[치의학]].<ref>{{cite journal |이탤릭체=예|title=Earliest evidence of dental caries manipulation in the Late Upper Palaeolithic |author=Oxilia, Gregorio |display-authors=etal |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |doi=10.1038/srep12150 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep12150|bibcode=2015NatSR...512150O |pmc=4504065 }}</ref>
* 1만 3000년 전-1만 2000년 전 [[비옥한 초승달 지대]]: [[농업]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2013/07/farming-was-so-nice-it-was-invented-least-twice|title=Farming Was So Nice, It Was Invented at Least Twice|author=|date=4 July 2013|website=sciencemag.org|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/|title=The Development of Agriculture|website=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=26 March 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414142437/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/|archivedate=14 April 2016}}</ref>
* 1만 3000년 전-1만 1000년 전 오늘날의 서남아시아: [[양]]의 [[가축화]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Krebs, Robert E. |author2=Carolyn A. |lastauthoramp=yes | title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World | location=Westport, CT | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-313-31342-3}}</ref><ref name="storey">{{cite book |이탤릭체=예 |title=Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep |last=Simmons |first=Paula |author2=Carol Ekarius |year=2001 |publisher=Storey Publishing LLC |location=North Adams, MA |isbn=978-1-58017-262-2 }}</ref>


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참고 자료

  1. ↑ “Chimpanzees Make Beds That Offer Them Best Night's Sleep”. 《National Geographic News》. 2014년 4월 18일. 2018년 3월 30일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ Wong, Kate. “Archaeologists Take Wrong Turn, Find World's Oldest Stone Tools [Update]”. 2018년 8월 1일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ Semaw, S.; M. J. Rogers; J. Quade; P. R. Renne; R. F. Butler; M. Domínguez-Rodrigo; D. Stout; W. S. Hart; T. Pickering; S. W. Simpson (2003). “2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia”. 《Journal of Human Evolution》 45: 169–177. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9. PMID 14529651. 
  4. ↑ De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). “Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids”. Science 284 (5414): 625–9. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625. PMID 10213682. 
  5. ↑ Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2009), 〈African Origins〉, Scarre, Chris, 《The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies》 2판, London: Thames and Hudson, 67–68쪽 
  6. ↑ “Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues”. 《harvard.edu》. 2009년 6월 1일. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  7. ↑ 가 나 http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire "Until the Wonderwerk Cave find, Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, a lakeside site in Israel, was considered to have the oldest generally accepted evidence of human-controlled fire."
  8. ↑ 가 나 James, Steven R. (February 1989). “Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence” (PDF). Current Anthropology (University of Chicago Press) 30 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1086/203705. 2015년 12월 12일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 4월 4일에 확인함. 
  9. ↑ http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2839 "Anthropologists have yet to find an Acheulian hand axe gripped in a Homo erectus fist but most credit Homo erectus with developing the technology."
  10. ↑ Lepre, Christopher J.; Roche, Hélène; Kent, Dennis V.; Harmand, Sonia; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brugal, Jean-Philippe; Texier, Pierre-Jean; Lenoble, Arnaud; Feibel, Craig S. “An earlier origin for the Acheulian”. 《Nature》 477 (7362): 82–85. Bibcode:2011Natur.477...82L. doi:10.1038/nature10372. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ Goren-Inbar, Naama; Alperson, Nira; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Melamed, Yoel; Ben-Nun, Adi; Werker, Ella (2004년 4월 30일). “Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel”. 《Science》 304 (5671): 725–727. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..725G. doi:10.1126/science.1095443. PMID 15118160. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함 – www.sciencemag.org 경유. 
  12. ↑ Stiner, Mary C.; Gopher, Avi; Barkai, Ran (2011). “Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel”. Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2): 213–33. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.006. PMID 21146194. 
  13. ↑ “BBC News – SCI/TECH – Earliest evidence of art found”. 《news.bbc.co.uk》. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  14. ↑ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
  15. ↑ Richter, D. and M. Krbetschek. 2015: The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89, 46-56.
  16. ↑ Perreault, C.; Mathew, S. (2012). “Dating the origin of language using phonemic diversity”. 《PLoS ONE》 7 (4): e35289. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735289P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035289. PMC 3338724. PMID 22558135. 
  17. ↑ Mazza, PPA; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, MP; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C; Modugno, F; Ribechini, E (2006). “A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed”. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (9): 1310. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006. 
  18. ↑ “Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2011. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234. PMC 3002236. 2017년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  19. ↑ “Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans”. doi:10.1126/science.1175028. 
  20. ↑ “Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria”. 《Science》. 2006. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1785V. doi:10.1126/science.1128139. 2017년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  21. ↑ Dahl-Jensen, D.; Albert, M. R.; Aldahan, A.; Azuma, N.; Balslev-Clausen, D.; Baumgartner, M.; Berggren, A. -M.; Bigler, M.; Binder, T.; Blunier, T.; Bourgeois, J. C.; Brook, E. J.; Buchardt, S. L.; Buizert, C.; Capron, E.; Chappellaz, J.; Chung, J.; Clausen, H. B.; Cvijanovic, I.; Davies, S. M.; Ditlevsen, P.; Eicher, O.; Fischer, H.; Fisher, D. A.; Fleet, L. G.; Gfeller, G.; Gkinis, V.; Gogineni, S.; Goto-Azuma, K.; 외. (2013). “Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core” (PDF). Nature 493 (7433): 489–94. Bibcode:2013Natur.493..489N. doi:10.1038/nature11789. PMID 23344358. 
  22. ↑ Uniquely Human page 163. Books.google.com. 2011년 3월 25일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ Yellen, JE; AS Brooks; E Cornelissen; MJ Mehlman; K Stewart (1995년 4월 28일). “A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire”. Science 268 (5210): 553–556. Bibcode:1995Sci...268..553Y. doi:10.1126/science.7725100. PMID 7725100. 
  24. ↑ Wadley, L; Sievers, C; Bamford, M; Goldberg, P; Berna, F; Miller, C. (2011). “Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa”. Science 334 (6061): 1388–1391. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1388W. doi:10.1126/science.1213317. PMID 22158814. 
  25. ↑ Backwell, L; Errico, F; Wadley, L. (2008). “Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa”. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1566–1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006. 
  26. ↑ Jennifer Viegas (2008년 3월 31일). “Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past”. Discovery News. 2012년 10월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 8월 20일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ “World's oldest known ground-edge stone axe fragments found in WA”. 《abc.net.au》. 2016년 5월 11일. 2018년 4월 3일에 확인함. 
  28. ↑ "Prehistoric Japan, New perspectives on insular East Asia", Keiji Imamura, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, ISBN 0-8248-1853-9
  29. ↑ It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, 12 “Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 13214–13219. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913214D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204213109. PMC 3421171. 
  30. ↑ Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG (1970). “Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales.”. World Archaeol. 2 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463. PMID 16468208. 
  31. ↑ “Cave Paintings in Indonesia Redraw Picture of Earliest Art”. 2014. 
  32. ↑ K. Wright, The Origins and development of ground stone assemblages in Late Pleistocene Southwest Asia, Paleorient, Vol. 17/1, 1991 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1991_num_17_1_4537
  33. ↑ Kvavadze, Eliso; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Boaretto, Elisabetta; Jakeli, Nino; Matskevich, Zinovi; Meshveliani, Tengiz (2009년 9월 11일). “30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers”. Science 325 (5946): 1359–1359. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1359K. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함 – www.sciencemag.org 경유. 
  34. ↑ Svoboda, Jiří; Králík, Miroslav; Čulíková, Věra; Hladilová, Šárka; Novák, Martin; NývltováFišáková, Miriam; Nývlt, Daniel; Zelinková, Michaela. “Pavlov VI: an Upper Palaeolithic living unit”. Antiquity 83. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ “Centuries-old fabric found in Çatalhöyük”. 《Hürriyet Daily News》. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ Langer, William L., 편집. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History 5판. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. 9쪽. ISBN 0-395-13592-3. 
  37. ↑ Conard, Nicholas J.; Malina, Maria; Münzel, Susanne C. (2009년 6월 26일). “New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany”. Nature 460 (7256): 737–740. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..737C. doi:10.1038/nature08169. PMID 19553935. 
  38. ↑ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). “String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years (At The Museum)”. Natural History. 111.3: 14(2). 
  39. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (2005년 7월 25일). “Ancient phallus unearthed in cave”. 《BBC News》. 2017년 10월 9일에 확인함. 
  40. ↑ "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered." Associated Press. 2009-06-01
  41. ↑ Gregor, Thomas. Anxious Pleasures: The Sexual Lives of an Amazonian People. University Of Chicago Press (1987). p. 106 "Today we know that the bullroarer is a very ancient object, specimens from France (13,000 B.C.) and the Ukraine (17,000 B.C.) dating back well into the Paleolithic period. Moreover, some archeologists, most notable Michael Boyd—notably, Gordon Willey (1971,20) and Michael Boyd (Leisure in the Dreamtime 1999,21)—now admit the bullroarer to the kit-bag of artifacts brought by the very earliest migrants to the Americas."
  42. ↑ Briggs, Helen (2018년 7월 17일). “Prehistoric bake-off: Recipe for oldest bread revealed”. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2018년 7월 17일에 확인함. 
  43. ↑ Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Gonzalez Carretero, Lara; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (2018년 7월 16일). “Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences): 201801071. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801071115. 
  44. ↑ Oxilia, Gregorio; 외. “Earliest evidence of dental caries manipulation in the Late Upper Palaeolithic”. Scientific Reports 5. Bibcode:2015NatSR...512150O. doi:10.1038/srep12150. PMC 4504065. 
  45. ↑ “Farming Was So Nice, It Was Invented at Least Twice”. 《sciencemag.org》. 2013년 7월 4일. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  46. ↑ “The Development of Agriculture”. 《nationalgeographic.com》. 2016년 4월 14일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  47. ↑ Krebs, Robert E. & Carolyn A. (2003). 《Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World》. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31342-3. 
  48. ↑ Simmons, Paula; Carol Ekarius (2001). Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-58017-262-2. 
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