오스트로네시아족: 두 판 사이의 차이
"Austronesian peoples" 문서 번역됨 |
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2015년 7월 7일 (화) 17:05 판
오스트로네시아인(Austronesians),[1] 오스트로네시아족(Austronesian peoples)[2] 또는 오스트로네시아어족(Austronesian-speaking peoples)[3]은 아시아, 오세아니아, 아프리카에 있는 오스트로네시아어족의 다양한 사람들이다. 그들은 말레이시아, 동티모르, 필리핀, 인도네시아, 브루나이, 싱가포르, 마다가스카르, 마이크로네시아, 폴리네시아, 뉴질랜드와 하와이의 폴리네시아인, 멜라네시아의 비 파푸아 부족들 등지에서 다수를 차지하는 타이완 원주민을 포함한다. 그들은 또한 태국의 파타니 지방, 베트남의 참 족 지역, 캄보디아, 하이난에서도 발견된다. 오스트로네시아어족들이 거주하는 영역을 집단적으로 오스트로네시아라고 한다.
선사시대 그리고 역사
고고학적 증거가 남부(동남아시아와 말레이시아)와 중국 본토 지역 사이의 기술적인 관련을 증명하고 있다. 반면, 고고학적, 언어학적 조합의 증거는 오스트로네시아어족의 북부(화난과 타이완) 기원설을 뒷받침하는 것으로 해석되어 왔다. 중국화 이전(특히, 한족들이 통치 패권을 잡기 전), 오스트로네시아어 화자들은 타이완을 지나 중국 남부 해안에서 통킹 만까지 확산되었다. 그 시기, 한족들은 남진을 하여 양쯔 강에서 또는 양쯔강 어귀에서 통킹 만에 이르는 해안 지역에서 모든 본토에 남아 있는 오스트로네시아어 부족들을 중국화 시켰다. (오늘 날 그 과정은 타이완에서도 계속되고 있다.)
이주와 분산
Genomic analysis of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera) has shed light on the movements of Austronesian peoples. By examining 10 microsatelite loci, researchers found that there are 2 genetically distinct subpopulations of coconut – one originating in the Indian Ocean, the other in the Pacific Ocean. However, there is evidence of admixture, the transfer of genetic material, between the two populations. Given that coconuts are ideally suited for ocean dispersal, it seems possible that individuals from one population could have floated to the other. However, the locations of the admixture events are limited to Madagascar and coastal east Africa and exclude the Seychelles. This pattern coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. Additionally, there is a genetically distinct subpopulation of coconut on the eastern coast of South America which has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect; however, its ancestral population is the pacific coconut, which suggests that Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas [13]
지리적 분산
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Austronesian peoples consist of the following groupings by name and geographic location.
- Formosan: Taiwan. e.g. Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan.
- Malayo-Polynesian:
- Borneo groups: e.g. Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, Iban, Bidayuh, Dayak
- Central and Southern Luzon lowlanders: e.g. Tagalog, Bicolano
- Chamic group: Cambodia, Hainan, Cham areas of Vietnam (remnants of the Champa kingdom which covered central and southern Vietnam) as well as Aceh in northern Sumatra. e.g. Acehnese, Chams, Jarai, Utsuls.
- Igorot: Cordilleras. e.g. Balangao, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kankanaey.
- Lumad: Mindanao. e.g. Kamayo, Manobo, Tasaday, T'boli.
- Malagasy: Madagascar. e.g. Betsileo, Merina, Sakalava, Tsimihety.
- Melanesians: Melanesia. Fijians, e.g. Kanak, Ni-Vanuatu, Solomon Islands
- Micronesians: Micronesia. e.g. Carolinian, Chamorros, Palauan.
- Moken: Burma, Thailand.
- Moro: Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu archipelago). e.g. Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug, Bajau.
- Northern Luzon lowlanders: e.g. Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Ibanag
- Polynesians: Polynesia. Māori, Native Hawaiians, Samoans.
- Sunda–Sulawesi language and ethnic groups including Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Bataknese (geographically Includes Malaysia, Brunei, Pattani, Singapore, and much of western and central Indonesia).
- Visayans: Visayas. e.g. Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray.
참고
- ↑ Gray, RD; Drummond, AJ; Greenhill, SJ (2009). “Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement”. 《Science》 323 (5913): 479–483. doi:10.1126/science.1166858. PMID 19164742.
- ↑ Diamond, JM (2000). “Taiwan's gift to the world”. 《Nature》 403 (6771): 709–710. doi:10.1038/35001685. PMID 10693781.
- ↑ According to the anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim II: "I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that 'Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family.
- ↑ “Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5”.
- ↑ Blust R (1999). 〈Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics〉. Zeitoun E, Jen-kuei Li, P. 《Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics》. Taipei: Academia Sinica. 31–94쪽. ISBN 9576716322. OCLC 58527039.
- ↑ Diamond, Jared M. (1988). “Express train to Polynesia”. 《Nature》 336 (6197): 307–8. doi:10.1038/336307a0.
- ↑ Diamond 1998, 336ff쪽
- ↑ Richards, Martin; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Sykes, Bryan (1998). “mtDNA suggests Polynesian origins in Eastern Indonesia”. 《American Journal of Human Genetics》 63 (4): 1234–6. doi:10.1086/302043. PMC 1377476. PMID 9758601.
- ↑ Dyen, Isidore (1962). “The lexicostatistical classification of Malayapolynesian languages”. 《Language》 38 (1): 38–46. JSTOR 411187.
- ↑ Isidore Dyen (1965). “A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages”. 《Internationald Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir》 19: 38–46.
- ↑ Oppenheimer, Stephen (1998). 《Eden in the east: the drowned continent》. London: Weidenfield & Nicholson. ISBN 0-297-81816-3.
- ↑ Cristian Capelli, James F. Wilson, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf, Fiona Gratrix, Stephen Oppenheimer, Peter Underhill, Vincenzo L. Pascali, Tsang-Ming Ko, & David B. Goldstein; Wilson; Richards; Stumpf; Gratrix; Oppenheimer; Underhill; Pascali; Ko; Goldstein (2001). “A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania”. 《American Journal of Human Genetics》 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
- ↑ Gunn, Bee; Luc Baudouin; Kenneth M. Olsen (2011). “Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics”. 《PLoS ONE》 6 (6): e21143. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143. PMC 3120816. PMID 21731660.
도서
- Bellwood, Peter S. (1979). 《Man's conquest of the Pacific: The prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania》. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195201031.
- Bellwood, Peter (2007). 《Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago》 3, revis판. ANU E Press. ISBN 978-1-921313-12-7.
- Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell, 편집. (2006). 《The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives》. Australian National University. ISBN 1920942858.
- Diamond, Jared M. (1998). 《Guns, Germs, and Steel》. Vintage. ISBN 84-8306-667-X.
- Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, 편집. (2009). 《Paths of Origins》. ArtPostAsia Books. ISBN 9719429208.
바깥 링크
- Cristian Capelli; 외. (2001). “A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania” (PDF). 《American Journal of Human Genetics》 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
- [./파일:PD-icon.svg
] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages
