하레디파

하레디파(히브리어: חֲרֵדִי [χaʁeˈdi])는 정통파 유대교에서 분화된 유대교 교파 중 하나로, 외부에서는 초정통파(超正統派, ultra-Orthodox)라고도 한다. 근대 세속주의 문화를 철저히 거부하는 것이 가장 큰 특징이다. 하레디파를 따르는 유대교도를 하레디라 하고, 복수형으로는 하레딤이라 한다. 하레딤은 자신들이 유대인들 중 가장 교리를 원칙적으로 잘 지키는 집단이라고 주장하지만,^[1] 다른 교파에서는 이 주장을 부정하고 있다.^[2]^[3]

역사

하레디파는 해방, 계몽주의, 하스칼라 및 거기서 파생된 문화변용, 세속화, 종교개혁, 유대 민족주의 등 유대인들에게 가해진 근대의 엄청난 변화에 대한 반동으로서 출현했다.^[4] 근대성을 포용하기 위해 노력하는 현대 정통파 유대교와 달리 하레디파는 현대사회와 격리된 공동체를 이루어가면서까지 할라카(유대교 종교법)를 고수한다.^[5]

하레디 공동체는 주로 이스라엘, 북아메리카, 서유럽에서 발견된다. 전세계적으로 하레딤의 수는 1천 3백만에서 1천 5백만 명 사이로 추정되며, 종교간 결혼의 사실상 부재와 높은 출산률로 인하여 그 수는 빠르게 불어나고 있다.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] 상당수의 세속 유대인들이 하레디식 생활양식을 받아들이는 것(바알 테슈바 운동) 역시 하레딤의 개체 증가를 부채질하는 한 요인이다.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

이스라엘군은 징병제 군대이지만 하레디파는 병역 대상에서 면제되며 지원자에 한해서 군복무를 하게 되어 있다.

인구

근래의 이스라엘 하레디파 인구 수:
연도	인구	±% p.a.
2009	750,000	—
2014	910,500	+3.95%
2015	950,000	+4.34%
2017	1,033,000	+4.28%
2018	1,079,000	+4.45%
2019	1,125,892	+4.35%
2020	1,175,088	+4.37%
2021	1,226,261	+4.35%
2022	1,279,528	+4.34%
2023	1,334,909	+4.33%

각주

↑ Tatyana Dumova; Richard Fiordo (2011년 9월 30일). 《Blogging in the Global Society: Cultural, Political and Geographical Aspects》. Idea Group Inc (IGI). 126쪽. ISBN 978-1-60960-744-9. Haredim regard themselves as the most authentic custodians of Jewish religious law and tradition which, in their opinion, is binding and unchangeable. They consider all other expressions of Judaism, including Modern Orthodoxy, as deviations from God's laws.
↑ Nora L. Rubel (2010). 《Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination》. Columbia University Press. 148쪽. ISBN 978-0-231-14187-1. 2013년 7월 24일에 확인함. Mainstream Jews have - until recently - maintained the impression that the ultraorthodox are the 'real' Jews.
↑ Ilan 2012: "One of the main sources of power enabling Haredi Jews' extreme behavior is the Israeli public's widely held view that their way of life represents traditional Judaism, and that when it comes to Judaism, more radical means more authentic. This is among the most strongly held and unfounded myths in Israel society."
↑ For example: Arnold Eisen, Rethinking Modern Judaism, University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 3.
↑ Batnitzky 2011, 184–185쪽
↑ Norman S. Cohen (2012년 1월 1일). 《The Americanization of the Jews》. NYU Press. 389쪽. ISBN 978-0-8147-3957-0. Given the high fertility and statistical insignificance of intermarriage among ultra-Orthodox haredim in contrast to most of the rest of the Jews...
↑ Wise 2007
↑ Buck, Tobias (2011년 11월 6일). “Israel’s secular activists start to fight back”. FT.com. 2013년 3월 26일에 확인함.
↑ Eli Berman. "Sect, Subsidy, and Sacrifice: An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews". National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6715. August 1998
↑ Šelomo A. Dešen; Charles Seymour Liebman; Moshe Shokeid (1995년 1월 1일). 《Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel》. Transaction Publishers. 28쪽. ISBN 978-1-4128-2674-7. The number of baalei teshuvah, "penitents" from secular backgrounds who become Ultraorthodox Jews, amounts to a few thousand, mainly between the years 1975-87, and is modest compared with the natural growth of the haredim; but the phenomenon has generated great interest in Israel.
↑ Harris 1992, 490쪽: "This movement began in the US but is now centred in Israel, where since 1967 many thousands of Jews have consciously adopted an Ultra-Orthodox lifestyle."
↑ Weintraub 2002, 211쪽: "Many of the Ultra-Orthodox Jews living in Brooklyn are baaley tshuva, Jews who have gone through a repentance experience and have become Orthodox though they may have been raised in entirely secular Jewish homes."
↑ Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Judaism, By M. Herbert Danzger: "A survey of Jews in the New York metropolitan area found that 24% of those who were highly observant...had been reared by parents who did not share such scruples. [...] The ba'al t'shuva represents a new phenomenon for Judaism; for the first time there are not only Jews who leave the fold... but also a substantial number who "return." pg 2; and "Defined in terms of observance, then, the number of newly Orthodox is about 100,000." pg. 193.

이 글은 유대교에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다.

[DumovaFiordo2011-1] Tatyana Dumova; Richard Fiordo (2011년 9월 30일). 《Blogging in the Global Society: Cultural, Political and Geographical Aspects》. Idea Group Inc (IGI). 126쪽. ISBN 978-1-60960-744-9. Haredim regard themselves as the most authentic custodians of Jewish religious law and tradition which, in their opinion, is binding and unchangeable. They consider all other expressions of Judaism, including Modern Orthodoxy, as deviations from God's laws.

[Rubel2010-2] Nora L. Rubel (2010). 《Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination》. Columbia University Press. 148쪽. ISBN 978-0-231-14187-1. 2013년 7월 24일에 확인함. Mainstream Jews have - until recently - maintained the impression that the ultraorthodox are the 'real' Jews.

[3] Ilan 2012: "One of the main sources of power enabling Haredi Jews' extreme behavior is the Israeli public's widely held view that their way of life represents traditional Judaism, and that when it comes to Judaism, more radical means more authentic. This is among the most strongly held and unfounded myths in Israel society."

[4] For example: Arnold Eisen, Rethinking Modern Judaism, University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 3.

[5] Batnitzky 2011, 184–185쪽

[Cohen2012-6] Norman S. Cohen (2012년 1월 1일). 《The Americanization of the Jews》. NYU Press. 389쪽. ISBN 978-0-8147-3957-0. Given the high fertility and statistical insignificance of intermarriage among ultra-Orthodox haredim in contrast to most of the rest of the Jews...

[Wise-7] Wise 2007

[8] Buck, Tobias (2011년 11월 6일). “Israel’s secular activists start to fight back”. FT.com. 2013년 3월 26일에 확인함.

[9] Eli Berman. "Sect, Subsidy, and Sacrifice: An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews". National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6715. August 1998

[DešenLiebman1995-10] Šelomo A. Dešen; Charles Seymour Liebman; Moshe Shokeid (1995년 1월 1일). 《Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel》. Transaction Publishers. 28쪽. ISBN 978-1-4128-2674-7. The number of baalei teshuvah, "penitents" from secular backgrounds who become Ultraorthodox Jews, amounts to a few thousand, mainly between the years 1975-87, and is modest compared with the natural growth of the haredim; but the phenomenon has generated great interest in Israel.

[11] Harris 1992, 490쪽: "This movement began in the US but is now centred in Israel, where since 1967 many thousands of Jews have consciously adopted an Ultra-Orthodox lifestyle."

[12] Weintraub 2002, 211쪽: "Many of the Ultra-Orthodox Jews living in Brooklyn are baaley tshuva, Jews who have gone through a repentance experience and have become Orthodox though they may have been raised in entirely secular Jewish homes."

[13] Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Judaism, By M. Herbert Danzger: "A survey of Jews in the New York metropolitan area found that 24% of those who were highly observant...had been reared by parents who did not share such scruples. [...] The ba'al t'shuva represents a new phenomenon for Judaism; for the first time there are not only Jews who leave the fold... but also a substantial number who "return." pg 2; and "Defined in terms of observance, then, the number of newly Orthodox is about 100,000." pg. 193.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]