힌두교 경전의 성립 연대

다음은 힌두교 경전의 시대순 성립 연대 목록이다. 기재된 모든 연대는 대략적인 시간대이다. 성립 연대에 대한 여러 의견이 있는 경우 다른 연대와 함께 병기되어 있다.

리그베다(Ṛgveda) 기원전 1700~1100년^[1]^[2]
야주르베다(Yajurveda) 기원전 1400~1000년^[2]
아타르바베다(Atharvaveda) 기원전 1200~1000년^[2]
사마베다(Sāmaveda) 기원전 1000년^[2]
브라마나(Brāhmaṇas) 대부분 기원전 900~700년, 후대의 것은 기원전 6세기^[3]
우파니샤드(Upaniṣads) 기원전 1200~500년^[4] 또는 기원전 700~500년^[5]
라마야나(Rāmāyaṇa) 기원전 5~4세기^[6]^[7]
마하바라타(Mahābhārata) 기원전 5~4세기^[8]^[9]
마누 법전(Manusmṛti) 기원전 200년~기원후 200년^[10]^[11]
바가바드 기타(Bhagavad Gītā) 기원전 100년~기원후 300년^[12]
푸라나(Purāṇas) 기원후 3~16세기^{[출처 필요]}
요가 수트라(Yóga Sūtras), 기원전 100년~기원후 500년^[13]
요가 바시스타(Yóga Vasistha) 기원후 10~14세기^[14]

참고 문헌[편집]

Avari, Burjor (2007). 《India: The Ancient Past》 (영어). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9.
Flood, Gavin (1996). 《An Introduction to Hinduism》 (영어). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971). 《The Hindu Religious Tradition》 (영어). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Keay, John (2000). 《India: A History》 (영어). New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1986). 《A History of India》 (영어). New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-88029-577-5.

각주[편집]

↑ (영어) Oberlies, Thomas (《Die Religion des Rgveda》, Wien, 1998, p. 155) gives an estimate of 1100 BC for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a "terminus post quem" of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 (영어) Bloomfield, M. 《The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha-Brahmana》, (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II.1.b.) Strassburg 1899; Gonda, J. 《A history of Indian literature》: I.1 Vedic literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas); I.2 The Ritual Sutras. Wiesbaden 1975, 1977
↑ (영어) Michael Witzel, 《Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes》 ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97–265.
↑ (영어) Sharma, Shubhra (1985), 《Life in the Upanishads》, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 9788170172024, pp. 17–19.
↑ (영어) "Hinduism" (2009). 《Encyclopædia Britannica》. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑ (영어) Narayan, R.K. 《The Ramayana. Penguin Group, 2006, page xxiii: "The Indian epic, the Ramayana, dates back to 1500 BC according to certain early scholars. Recent studies have brought it down to about the fourth century BC."
↑ (영어) Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. 《History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.》. p. 38: "the Kernel of the Ramayana was composed before 500 B.C. while the more recent portion were not probably added till the 2nd century B.C. and later."
↑ (영어) Brockington, J. (1998). 《The Sanskrit Epics》, Leiden. p. 26
↑ Van Buitenen; 《The Mahabharata》 Vol. 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date).
↑ 세계사 > 인류 문화의 시작 > 그리스도교의 성립 > 남인도의 안드라 왕국 > 마누 법전, 《글로벌 세계 대백과사전》
↑ For composition between 200 BCE and 200 CE see: Avari 2007, 142쪽. For dating of composition "between the second century BCE and third century CE" see: Flood 1996, 56쪽. For dating of Manu Smriti in "final form" to the 2nd century CE, see: Keay, p. 103. For dating as completed some time between 200 BCE and 100 CE see: Hopkins 1971, 74쪽. For probable origination during the second or 3rd centuries AD, see: Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar 1986, 85쪽. For the text as preserved dated to around the 1st century BCE. see: 《Encyclopedia Britannica Concise Archived 2008년 1월 25일 - 웨이백 머신》, retrieved 2007-06-24
↑ (영어) Bowman, John Stewart. (2000). 《Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture》 Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110049. p. 330.
↑ Flood 1996, 96쪽
↑ (영어) Hanneder, Jürgen; Slaje, Walter. "Moksopaya Project: Introduction" Archived 2005년 12월 28일 - 웨이백 머신.

[1] (영어) Oberlies, Thomas (《Die Religion des Rgveda》, Wien, 1998, p. 155) gives an estimate of 1100 BC for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a "terminus post quem" of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100

[Bloomfield-2] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 (영어) Bloomfield, M. 《The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha-Brahmana》, (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II.1.b.) Strassburg 1899; Gonda, J. 《A history of Indian literature》: I.1 Vedic literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas); I.2 The Ritual Sutras. Wiesbaden 1975, 1977

[3] (영어) Michael Witzel, 《Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes》 ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97–265.

[4] (영어) Sharma, Shubhra (1985), 《Life in the Upanishads》, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 9788170172024, pp. 17–19.

[B2009-5] (영어) "Hinduism" (2009). 《Encyclopædia Britannica》. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

[6] (영어) Narayan, R.K. 《The Ramayana. Penguin Group, 2006, page xxiii: "The Indian epic, the Ramayana, dates back to 1500 BC according to certain early scholars. Recent studies have brought it down to about the fourth century BC."

[7] (영어) Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. 《History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.》. p. 38: "the Kernel of the Ramayana was composed before 500 B.C. while the more recent portion were not probably added till the 2nd century B.C. and later."

[Brockington-8] (영어) Brockington, J. (1998). 《The Sanskrit Epics》, Leiden. p. 26

[9] Van Buitenen; 《The Mahabharata》 Vol. 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date).

[글로벌-마누_법전-10] 세계사 > 인류 문화의 시작 > 그리스도교의 성립 > 남인도의 안드라 왕국 > 마누 법전, 《글로벌 세계 대백과사전》

[11] For composition between 200 BCE and 200 CE see: Avari 2007, 142쪽. For dating of composition "between the second century BCE and third century CE" see: Flood 1996, 56쪽. For dating of Manu Smriti in "final form" to the 2nd century CE, see: Keay, p. 103. For dating as completed some time between 200 BCE and 100 CE see: Hopkins 1971, 74쪽. For probable origination during the second or 3rd centuries AD, see: Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar 1986, 85쪽. For the text as preserved dated to around the 1st century BCE. see: 《Encyclopedia Britannica Concise Archived 2008년 1월 25일 - 웨이백 머신》, retrieved 2007-06-24

[12] (영어) Bowman, John Stewart. (2000). 《Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture》 Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110049. p. 330.

[13] Flood 1996, 96쪽

[moksopaya-intro-14] (영어) Hanneder, Jürgen; Slaje, Walter. "Moksopaya Project: Introduction" Archived 2005년 12월 28일 - 웨이백 머신.

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