사용자:Otto Model/작업장

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폼페이에 있는 로마의 거리.

로마의 도로고대 로마의 성장의 중요한 역할을 맡았다.[1] 로마 도로 덕분에 로마인은 군대 이동과 물자 교역, 소식 전달을 용이하게 수행할 수 있었다.[2] 로마의 도로 체계는 50,000 마일의 포장 도로와 250,000마일의 길을 포괄하였다.[3][4] 로마가 절정기에 이르렀을 때 도시를 중심으로 29개 정도의 거대한 군용 도로가 뻗어있었다.[5] 도로를 놓기 위하여 언덕은 깎고 골짜기는 메웠다.[5] 로마 제국은 372개의 거대 연결도로를 통하여 113개 속주로 구획되었다.[5] 갈리아 한 곳만 해도 21,000m의 도로가 부설되었다고 하며, 브리타니아에서는 도로 길이가 최소 4,000m라고 한다.[5]

로마인들은 도로(via)[6] 건설에 정통하였다.[7] 도로는 한 장소에서 다른 곳으로 재화를 옮기는 수단이었다. 누구나 로마 도로로 걷거나 지나가거나 가축, 마차 등을 몰 수 있었다.[6] 도로는 작고 거친 길, 승마길, 터널, 수레길에 이르기까지 다양하였다.[6] 12표법에 따르면 로마 도로의 최소 폭은 직선 구간에서 2.45m였으며, 굽은 구간에서는 4.9m였다.[6]

로마의 도로망은 제국의 안정을 유지하고 확대하는데 중요하였다. 로마 군단은 신속하게 도로를 건설할 수 있었으며, 일부 도로는 수 천년이 지난 뒤에도 쓰인다. 고대 말기에 이러한 로마 도로는 도리어 이민족의 침략에 도움이 되기도 하였다.[8]

어원[편집]

로마에서는 도로를 라틴어로 '위아'(via, 복수형: '위아이viae')라고 하였다. 이 낱말은 영어 낱말 'way'(고대 영어로는 weg), 'weigh'(고대 영어로는 "들어 올리다, 운반하다, 옮기다, 들다"라는 뜻)과 관련이 있다. 이들 낱말은 모두 인도유럽어로 "옮기다"를 뜻하는 *wegh-에서 나온 말이다.

도로 체계[편집]

리비우스는 로마 근처의 익숙한 몇몇 도로와 이정표에 대해 언급하였는데, 최초의 포장도로는 아피아 가도다.[6] 이러한 언급의 연대가 맞다면, 아피아 가도는 그저 평평하게 다진 흙길보다는 좀 더 나은 수준이었을 것이다.[6] 그리하여 가비 도로(Via Gabina, 포르센나 시대)는 기원전 500년경에, 라티움 도로(Via Latina, 코리올라누스의 시대)는 기원전 490년경, 노멘툼 도로(Via Nomentana)은 기원전 449년, 라비키 도로(Via Labicana)는 기원전 421년, 소금 도로(Via Salaria)는 기원전 361년으로 언급되어 있다.[6]

안토니누스 도로 일람(Antonini Itinerarium)에는 로마의 도로 체계를 다음과 같이 설명하고 있다.

브리타니아 북부 국경, 다키아, 유프라테스의 몇몇 속주 등 일부 변경 지역을 예외로 한다면, 제국 전체를 여러 길(iter)이 관통하고 있다. 우리에게 [길이] 없어서 민사나 군사 업무로 로마의 관리가 파견되리라고 우리가 기대하는 구역은 거의 없다. 도로는 브리타니아의 성벽까지 이르며, 라인 강, 도나우 강, 유프라테스 강을 따라 뻗어있으며, 제국 내부의 속주를 이어주며 도로망을 이룬다.[6]

로마 제국의 한 도로 지도에서는 제국 널리 밀집한 도로망이 있었음을 보여준다.[6] 국경을 넘어가면 도로가 전혀 없으나 혹자는 국경 밖에도 교통을 위해 보도나 흙길이 있었으리라 추측하기도 한다.[6]

법과 규정[편집]

기원전 450년경 12표법에서는 도로 폭을 직선 구간에서 2.45m로, 굽은 구간에서는 4.9m로 규정하였다.[5] 실제 집행상으로는 이 기준과 차이가 있었다. 이 법에서는 로마인들에게 도로를 건설하고 도로가 수리 중인 경우 여행자가 사유지를 지나갈 수 있는 권리를 주었다. 도로를 건설하는 데는 빈번하게 수리할 필요가 없었으므로 이념적인 목적을 띄게 되었다.

로마법에서는 '세르위투스'(Servitus, "주장")라 하여 도로 사용권을 규정하였다. "갈 수 있는 권리"(ius eundi)로 사유지를 지나는 도보(iter)를 이용할 수 있는 권리를, "몰 수 있는 권리"(ius agendi)로 수레를 몰 수 있는 권리를 보장하였다. 조정자(arbiter)가 결정한 적정 폭을 도로가 갖추면, 로마 도로(via)는 이 두 가지 권리의 길을 아루른다. 기준 도로 폭은 "라티투도 레기티마"(latitudo legitima) 2.4m였다. 이러한 법을 통해 특히 공화정 시대에는 공공의 영역이 개인의 영역보다 우위에 있었음을 알 수 있다.

도로 유형[편집]

로마 도로는 단순한 통나무길(corduroy road)에서 포장 도로까지 다양하였는데, 포장 도로의 경우 잡석을 깐 노반을 깔았으며, 밑에 층을 두어 건조한 상태를 유지하며 돌과 잡석 사이로 물이 빠져나가 진창길이 되지 않도록 막았다. 울피아누스에 따르면 도로는 세 유형이 있다고 한다.[6]

  1. 공공 도로, 집정관 도로, 근위대 도로, 군용 도로 (Viae publicae, consulares, praetoriae or militares)
  2. 사설 도로, 시골 도로, 자갈 도로, 농업 도로 (Viae privatae, rusticae, glareae, or agrariue)
  3. 지역 도로 (Viae vicinales)

공공 도로, 집정관 도로, 근위대 도로, 군용 도로[편집]

첫 번째 종류는 공공 도로로서 국가에서 국유지에 부설하고 유지하였다. 이러한 도로는 바다, 강, 다른 공공 도로로 이어졌다. 트라야누스 시대(A.D. 98-117)에 살았던 시쿨루스 플라쿠스(Siculus Flaccus)는 이러한 도로를 "국왕 및 공공의 도로"(viae publicae regalesque)로 불렀으며[6], 그 특징을 다음과 같이 썼다.

  1. 공공 도로는 행정관(curator)가 부설하며, 도급자(redeptor)가 공금으로 수리하였다. 그러나 인접 토지 소유주가 계속 기여하였다.[6]
  2. 이러한 도로에는 건설자의 이름이 붙는다. (아피아 가도, 카시우스 도로, 플라미니우스 도로 등)[6]

로마 도로는 도로의 건설과 복구를 명령한 감찰관의 이름을 따서 지어졌다. 같은 감찰관의 이름을 붙이게 될 경우 대신 집정관의 이름을 붙였는데, 그 도로 이름에는 감찰관의 임기 날짜가 붙었다. 감찰관 임기 전에 생긴 도로나 기원을 알 수 없는 도로는 종착지 지명이나 주로 지나가는 지역의 지명을 붙였다. 감찰관이 어떤 도로를 포장ㆍ재포장 혹은 경로를 바꾸는 등 크게 수리할 경우 개칭되기도 하였다. 페르시아 왕도(아마 이는 최초의 공공 도로 체계였을 것이다)나 왕의 길은 "왕의 도로"(viae rejales)라고 불렀으며, 영국의 이크닐드 길(Icknield Way)같은 도로는 "군용 도로"(viae militariae)라고 칭하였다.[6]

그러나 시간이 흐를수록 여러 가지 이유로 도로 건설과 같은 거대한 공공 사업에 정무관 외에 다른 사람의 이름을 붙이는 경우도 생겼다.[6] 가이우스 그라쿠스호민관에 재직할 당시(기원전 123~122년) 여러 공공 도로를 포장하거나 자갈을 깔았으며, 이정표와 승마 디딤돌을 세웠다. 가이우스 스크리보니우스 쿠리오는 호민관 재직 당시 (기원전 50년) 인기를 얻기 위해 도로법(Lex Viaria)를 입안하여 자신을 5년간 도로 감독관으로 임명하였다. 카시우스 디오는 기원전 43년 제2차 삼두 정치의 강제 조치 가운데 하나로 이들이 원로원 의원으로 하여금 자비로 공공 도로를 수리하도록 강요하였다고 썼다.

사설 도로, 시골 도로, 자갈 도로, 농업 도로[편집]

로마 도로의 두 번째 범주로는 원래 개인이 자기 땅에 건설한 도로인 사설 도로 또는 시골 도로로, 건설자는 이 도로를 공용으로 전환할 수 있었다.[6] 이러한 도로는 특정 토지 소유주나 공공에 이익이 되었다. 사설 도로 중에는 공공 도로나 간선 도로에서 특정 토지나 취락으로 이어지는 도로도 있었다. 울피아누스는 이런 도로도 공공 도로로 보았다.[6]

보조 도로인 시골 도로(viae rusticae)도 있었다.[6] 주요 도로나 보조 도로는 둘 다 포장되거나 북아프리카의 경우처럼 자갈이 깔린 비포장 상태일 수도 있다. 이런 비포장 도로는 자갈 도로(viae glareae 또는 sternendae)라고 하였다. 보조 도로 다음으로는 흙길(viae terrenae)이 있었다.

지역 도로[편집]

세 번째 범주는 마을이나 지방, 교차로에서 각 취락(vicus)으로 향하거나 그런 곳을 지나가는 지역 도로였다.(Viae vicinales)[6] 이러한 도로는 간선 도로로 이어지거나 간선 도로와 전혀 이어지지 않고 다른 지역 도로와 연결되기도 하였다. 지역 도로는 원래 건설 자금이 어디서 나왔느냐에 따라서 공공 도로일 수도 있고, 사설 도로일 수도 있었다. 이러한 도로는 개인이 건설한 도로일지라도 건설자에 대한 기억이 사라지면 공공 도로가 되었다.[6]

시쿨루스 플라쿠스는 지역 도로에 대하여 "각지를 이어주는 공공 도로이며, 다른 공공 도로와 연결되기도 한다"(de publicis quae divertunt in agros et saepe ad alteras publicas perveniunt)고 썼다. 이런 경우 도로 수리 당국은 지방 정무관(magistri pagorum)의 몫이었다. 이들은 인접한 토지 소유주에게 지역 도로 수리에 필요한 일꾼을 징발하거나 재산에 따라 특정 구간을 자비로 수리하도록 요구할 수 있었다.[6]

Construction and engineering[편집]

Road construction shown on 트라야누스 원주 in Rome

고대 로마 boasted impressive technological feats, using many advances that would be lost in the 중세. Some of these accomplishments would not be rivaled in Europe until the 근대사. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier designs. Some of the common, earlier designs incorporated arches.

Practices and terminology[편집]

Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (법과 규정 참고), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 피트 (1.1 미터) and more than 23 피트 (7.0 미터). Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was no doubt much closer to being flat. Many roads were built to resist rain, freezing and flooding. They were constructed to need as little repair as possible.

Section of the Via delle Gallie (발레다오스타주), built by digging the steep rock slope

Roman construction took a directional straightness. Many long sections are ruler-straight, but it should not be thought that all of them were. Some links in the network were as long as 55 마일 (89 km). Gradients of 10%–12% are known in ordinary terrain, 15%–20% in mountainous country. The Roman emphasis on constructing straight roads often resulted in steep slopes relatively impractical for most commercial traffic; over the years the Romans themselves realized this and built longer, but more manageable, alternatives to existing roads. Roman roads generally went straight up and down hills, rather than in a serpentine pattern of switchbacks.

As to the standard Imperial terminology that was used, the words were localized for different elements used in construction and varied from region to region. Also, in the course of time, the terms via munita and vía publica became identical.[6]


Materials and methods[편집]

Viae were distinguished not only according to their public or private character, but according to the materials employed and the methods followed in their construction. Ulpian divided them up in the following fashion:[6]

  1. Via terrena: A plain road of leveled earth.
  2. Via glareata:[9] An earthed road with a graveled surface.
  3. Via munita:[10] A regular built road, paved with rectangular blocks of the stone of the country, or with polygonal blocks of lava.

The Romans, though certainly inheriting some of the art of road construction from the 에트루리아인, borrowed the knowledge of construction of viae munitae from the 고대 카르타고s according to 이시도루스 히스팔렌시스.[6]

Via terrena[편집]

The Viae terrenae were plain roads of leveled earth. These were mere tracks worn down by the feet of humans and animals, and possibly by wheeled carriages.[11]

Via glareata[편집]

The Viae glareatae were earthed roads with a graveled surface or a gravel subsurface and paving on top. Livy speaks of the censors of his time as being the first to contract for paving the streets of Rome with flint stones, for laying gravel on the roads outside the city, and for forming raised footpaths at the sides.[12] In these roads, the surface was hardened with gravel, and although pavements were introduced shortly afterwards, the blocks were allowed to rest merely on a bed of small stones.[11][13] An example of this type is found on the Praenestine Way. Another example is found near the Via Latina.[13]

Via munita[편집]

The best sources of information as regards the construction of a regulation via munita are:[6]

  1. The many existing remains of viae publicae. These are often sufficiently well preserved to show that the rules of construction were, as far as local material allowed, minutely adhered to in practice.
  2. The directions for making pavements given by Vitruvius. The pavement and the via munita were identical in construction, except as regards the top layer, or surface. This consisted, in the former case, of marble or mosaic, and, in the latter, of blocks of stone or lava.
  3. A passage in Statius describing the repairs of the Via Domitiana, a branch road of the Via Appia, leading to Neapolis.

After the civil engineer looked over the site of the proposed road and determined roughly where it should go, the agrimensores went to work surveying the road bed. They used two main devices, the rod and a device called a groma, which helped them obtain right angles. The gromatici, the Roman equivalent of rod men, placed rods and put down a line called the rigor. As they did not possess anything like a transit, a civil engineering surveyor tried to achieve straightness by looking along the rods and commanding the gromatici to move them as required. Using the gromae they then laid out a grid on the plan of the road. If the surveyor could not see his desired endpoint, a signal fire would often be lit at the endpoint in order to guide the surveyor.

The libratores then began their work using ploughs and, sometimes with the help of legionaries, with spades excavated the road bed down to bedrock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. The excavation was called the fossa, the Latin word for ditch. The depth varied according to terrain.

The general appearance of such a metalled road and footway is shown in an existing street of Pompeii.
  1. Native earth, leveled and, if necessary, rammed tight.
  2. Statumen: stones of a size to fit in the hand.
  3. Audits: rubble or concrete of broken stones and lime.
  4. Nucleus: kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime.
  5. Dorsum or agger viae: the elliptical surface or crown of the road (media stratae eminentia) made of polygonal blocks of silex (basaltic lava) or rectangular blocks of saxum quadratum (travertine, peperino, or other stone of the country). The upper surface was designed to cast off rain or water like the shell of a tortoise. The lower surfaces of the separate stones, here shown as flat, were sometimes cut to a point or edge in order to grasp the nucleus, or next layer, more firmly.
  6. Crepido, margo or semita: raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via.
  7. Umbones or edge-stones.

The method varied according to geographic locality, materials available and terrain, but the plan, or ideal at which the engineer aimed was always the same. The roadbed was layered. The road was constructed by filling the ditch. This was done by layering rock over other stones. Into the ditch was dumped large amounts of rubble, gravel and stone, whatever fill was available. Sometimes a layer of sand was put down, if it could be found. When it came to within 1 yd (1 m) or so of the surface it was covered with gravel and tamped down, a process called pavire, or pavimentare.

A road in Pompeii, paved with polygonal paving stones

The flat surface was then the pavimentum. It could be used as the road, or additional layers could be constructed. A statumen or "foundation" of flat stones set in cement might support the additional layers. The final steps utilized lime-based concrete, which the Romans had discovered.[14] They seem to have mixed the mortar and the stones in the ditch. First a small layer of coarse concrete, the rudus, then a little layer of fine concrete, the nucleus, went onto the pavement or statumen. Into or onto the nucleus went a course of polygonal or square paving stones, called the summa crusta. The crusta was crowned for drainage.

An example is found in an early basalt road by the Temple of Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus. It had travertine paving, polygonal basalt blocks, concrete bedding (substituted for the gravel), and a rain-water gutter.[15]

The remains of Emperor Trajan's route along the Danube (see Roman Serbia)
Roman auxiliary infantry crossing a river, probably the Danube, on a pontoon bridge during the emperor Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–106)

Obstacle crossings[편집]

Romans preferred to engineer solutions to obstacles rather than circumvent them. Outcroppings of stone, ravines, or hilly or mountainous terrain called for cuttings and tunnels. An example of this is found on the Roman road from Căzănești near the Iron Gates. This road was half carved into the rock, about 5 ft to 5 ft 9 in (1.5 to 1.75 m), the rest of the road, above the Danube, was made from wooden structure, projecting out of the cliff. The road functioned as a towpath, making the Danube navigable. Tabula Traiana memorial plaque in Serbia is all that remains of the now-submerged road.

Bridges and causeways[편집]

Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were some of the first large and lasting bridges created.[16] River crossings were achieved by bridges, or pontes. Single slabs went over rills. A bridge could be of wood, stone, or both. Wooden bridges were constructed on pilings sunk into the river, or on stone piers. Larger or more permanent bridges required arches. These larger bridges were built with stone and had the arch as its basic structure (see arch bridge). Most also used concrete, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges. Roman bridges were so well constructed that a number remain in use today.

Causeways were built over marshy ground. The road was first marked out with pilings. Between them were sunk large quantities of stone so as to raise the causeway to more than 5 피트 (1.5 미터) above the marsh. In the provinces, the Romans often did not bother with a stone causeway, but used log roads (pontes longi).

Military and citizen utilization[편집]

The public road system of the Romans was thoroughly military in its aims and spirit.[6] It was designed to unite and consolidate the conquests of the Roman people, whether within or without the limits of Italy proper. A legion on the march brought its own baggage train (impedimenta) and constructed its own camp (castra) every evening at the side of the road.

Milestones and markers[편집]

Milestones divided the via Appia even before 250 BC into numbered miles, and most viae after 124 BC. The modern word "mile" derives from the Latin milia passuum, "one thousand paces", each of which was five Roman feet, or in total 1,476 m (4,843 ft). A milestone, or miliarium, was a circular column on a solid rectangular base, set for more than 2 피트 (0.61 미터) into the ground, standing 5 피트 (1.5 미터) tall, 20 인치 (51 센티미터) in diameter, and weighing more than 2 tons. At the base was inscribed the number of the mile relative to the road it was on. In a panel at eye-height was the distance to the Roman Forum and various other information about the officials who made or repaired the road and when. These miliaria are valuable historical documents now. Their inscriptions are collected in the volume XVII of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.

Examples of Roman milestones

The Romans had a preference for standardization wherever possible, so Augustus, after becoming permanent commissioner of roads in 20 BC, set up the miliarium aureum ("golden milestone") near the Temple of Saturn. All roads were considered to begin from this gilded bronze monument. On it were listed all the major cities in the empire and distances to them. Constantine called it the umbilicus Romae ("navel of Rome"), and built a similar—although more complex—monument in Constantinople, the Milion.

Milestones permitted distances and locations to be known and recorded exactly. It was not long before historians began to refer to the milestone at which an event occurred.

Itinerary maps and charts[편집]

Tabula Peutingeriana (Southern Italy centered).

Combined topographical and road-maps may have existed as specialty items in some Roman libraries, but they were expensive, hard to copy and not in general use. Travelers wishing to plan a journey could consult an itinerarium, which in its most basic form was a simple list of cities and towns along a given road, and the distances between them.[17] It was only a short step from lists to a master list, or a schematic route-planner in which roads and their branches were represented more or less in parallel, as in the Tabula Peutingeriana. From this master list, parts could be copied and sold on the streets. The most thorough used different symbols for cities, way stations, water courses, and so on. The Roman government from time to time would produce a master road-itinerary. The first known were commissioned in 44 BC by Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Three Greek geographers, Zenodoxus, Theodotus and Polyclitus, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary; the task required over 25 years and the resulting stone-engraved master itinerary was set up near the Pantheon. Travelers and itinerary sellers could make copies from it.

Vehicles and transportation[편집]

Roman carriage (reconstruction)

Outside the cities, Romans were avid riders and rode on or drove quite a number of vehicle types, some of which are mentioned here. Carts driven by oxen were used. Horse-drawn carts could travel up to 40 to 50 킬로미터 (25 to 31 mi) per day,[18] pedestrians 20 to 25 킬로미터 (12 to 16 mi). For purposes of description, Roman vehicles can be divided into the car, the coach, and the cart. Cars were used to transport one or two individuals, coaches were used to transport parties, and carts to transport cargo.

Of the cars, the most popular was the carrus, a standard chariot form descending to the Romans from a greater antiquity. The top was open, the front closed. One survives in the Vatican. It carried a driver and a passenger. A carrus with two horses was a biga; three horses, a triga; and four horses a quadriga. The tyres were of iron. When not in use, its wheels were removed for easier storage.

A more luxurious version, the carpentum, transported women and officials. It had an arched overhead covering of cloth and was drawn by mules. A lighter version, the cisium, equivalent to a gig, was open above and in front and had a seat. Drawn by one or two mules or horses, it was used for cab work, the cab drivers being called cisiani. The builder was a cisarius.

Of the coaches, the mainstay was the raeda or reda, which had four wheels. The high sides formed a sort of box in which seats were placed, with a notch on each side for entry. It carried several people with baggage up to the legal limit of 1000 Roman librae (pounds), modern equivalent 328 킬로그램 (723 파운드). It was drawn by teams of oxen, horses or mules. A cloth top could be put on for weather, in which case it resembled a covered wagon.

The raeda was probably the main vehicle for travel on the roads. Raedae meritoriae were hired coaches. The fiscalis raeda was a government coach. The driver and the builder were both referred to as a raedarius.

Of the carts, the main one was the plaustrum or plostrum. This was simply a platform of boards attached to wheels and a cross-tree. The wheels, or tympana, were solid and were several centimetres (inches) thick. The sides could be built up with boards or rails. A large wicker basket was sometimes placed on it. A two-wheel version existed along with the normal four-wheel type called the plaustrum maius.

The military used a standard wagon. Their transportation service was the cursus clabularis, after the standard wagon, called a carrus clabularius, clabularis, clavularis, or clabulare. It transported the impedimenta (baggage) of a military column.

Way stations and traveler inns[편집]

Remains of the mansio at Letocetum, Wall, Staffordshire, England

For non-military officials and people on official business who had no legion at their service, the government maintained way stations, or mansiones ("staying places"), for their use. Passports were required for identification. Mansiones were located about 25 to 30 킬로미터 (16 to 19 mi) apart. There the official traveller found a complete villa dedicated to his use. Often a permanent military camp or a town grew up around the mansio. For non-official travelers in need of refreshment, a private system of "inns" or cauponae were placed near the mansiones. They performed the same functions but were somewhat disreputable, as they were frequented by thieves and prostitutes. Graffiti decorate the walls of the few whose ruins have been found.

Genteel travelers needed something better than cauponae. In the early days of the viae, when little unofficial provision existed, houses placed near the road were required by law to offer hospitality on demand. Frequented houses no doubt became the first tabernae, which were hostels, rather than the "taverns" we know today. As Rome grew, so did its tabernae, becoming more luxurious and acquiring good or bad reputations as the case may be. One of the best hotels was the Tabernae Caediciae at Sinuessa on the Via Appia. It had a large storage room containing barrels of wine, cheese and ham. Many cities of today grew up around a taberna complex, such as Rheinzabern in the Rhineland, and Saverne in Alsace.

A third system of way stations serviced vehicles and animals: the mutationes ("changing stations"). They were located every 20 to 30 킬로미터 (12 to 19 mi). In these complexes, the driver could purchase the services of wheelwrights, cartwrights, and equarii medici, or veterinarians. Using these stations in chariot relays, the emperor Tiberius hastened 296 킬로미터 (184 mi) in 24 hours to join his brother, Drusus Germanicus,[19][20] who was dying of gangrene as a result of a fall from a horse.

Post offices and services[편집]

Two postal services were available under the empire, one public and one private. The cursus publicus, founded by Augustus, carried the mail of officials by relay throughout the Roman road system. The vehicle for carrying mail was a cisium with a box, but for special delivery, a horse and rider was faster. On average, a relay of horses could carry a letter 80 킬로미터 (50 mi)[21] in a day. The postman wore a characteristic leather hat, the petanus. The postal service was a somewhat dangerous occupation, as postmen were a target for bandits and enemies of Rome. Private mail of the well-to-do was carried by tabellarii, an organization of slaves available for a price.

위치[편집]

하드리아누스 시대(재위 기원후 117~138년) 로마 제국의 도로망.

이탈리아 지역[편집]

이탈리아의 로마 도로 지도.

주요 도로

다른 지역[편집]

아프리카

이스트리아에 있는 로마 도로에 기원을 둔 것으로 추정되는 길. (직사각형 블럭은 로마인이 건설한 것이 아니다)[22]

알바니아 / 마케도니아 공화국 / 그리스/ 터키'

오스트리아 / 세르비아 / 불가리아 / 터키

프랑스

중동

도나우 강을 따라 뻗은 로마 도로.

루마니아

루마니아 / 불가리아

로마의 이베리아 속주 히스파니아의 로마 도로.

에스파냐와 포르투갈

알프스 산맥간 도로

피레네 산맥간 도로 히스파니아갈리아를 이어주었다.

각주[편집]

  1. Forsythe, Gary. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. Page 309
  2. Kaszynski, William. The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000. Page 9
  3. Gabriel, Richard A. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. Page 9.
  4. Michael Grant, History of Rome (New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.
  5. Bailey, L. H., and Wilhelm Miller. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornantal Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. New York [etc.]: The Macmillan Co, 1900. Page 320.
  6. Smith (1890).
  7. Aitken, Thomas. Road Making and Maintenance: A Practical Treatise for Engineers, Surveyors, and Others. London: C. Griffin and Company, Limited, 1900. Page 1 - 5.
  8. 현재 로마제국 영향 아래에 있던 국가의 주요도로나 철도망으로 재포장해서 사용된다.
  9. also, glarea strata
  10. also lapide quadrato strata or sílice strata
  11. Great Britain, and Royal Engineers' Institute (Great Britain). Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers: Royal Engineer Institute, Occasional Papers. Chatham: Royal Engineer Institute, 1877. Page 57–92.
  12. Graham, Alexander. Roman Africa; An Outline of the History of the Roman Occupation of North Africa, Based Chiefly Upon Inscriptions and Monumental Remains in That Country. London: Longmans, Green, and co, 1902. Page 66.
  13. Ancient Roman Street re-emerges close to Colleferro. thinkarchaeology.net. October 10, 2007.
  14. de Camp, L. Sprague (1974) [First published 1960]. 《The Ancient Engineers》. Toronto, Canada: Random House. 182–183쪽. ISBN 978-0-345-32029-2. 
  15. Middleton, J. H. The Remains of Ancient Rome. London: A. and C. Black, 1892. Page 251.
  16. “De Ferranti - Glossary - Roman bridge”. 《deferranti.com》. 2022년 9월 23일에 확인함. 
  17. Jaś Elsner, "The Itinerarium Burdigalense: politics and salvation in the geography of Constantine's Empire", Journal of Roman Studies, (2000), pp. 181–195, p. 184.
  18. Travel in the Ancient World, Lionel Casson, p. 189
  19. Naturalis Historia by Gaius Plinius Secundus, Liber VII, 84.
  20. The General History of the Highways by Nicolas Bergier, page 156.
  21. C.W.J.Eliot, New Evidence for the Speed of the Roman Imperial Post. Phoenix 9, 2, 1955, 76ff.
  22. The Archaeological Site of Histria Archived 2005년 3월 25일 - 웨이백 머신, archweb.cimec.ro.