에프탈: 두 판 사이의 차이

에프탈
에프탈
ηβοδαλο
수도	쿤두즈, 발흐, 시알코트
정치
정치체제	유목제국
테긴; 430/440년 ~ 490년; 490/500년 ~ 515년; 515년 ~ 528년	; 힝길라 1세; 토라마나; 미히라쿨라
인문
공용어	소그드어, 박트리아어, 간다리어, 토하라어, 투르크어, 산스크리트어
종교
종교	힌두교, 경교, 마니교, 조로아스터교

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시각위키텍스트

인라인

2023년 1월 5일 (목) 14:21 판

에프탈(박트리아어: ηβοδαλο),^[4] 백훈족 또는 백후나족(산스크리트어: श्वेतहुन् 스웨타후나)^[5]^[6]는 기원후 5~8세기 동안 중앙아시아에 살았던 유목민이다. 중국 사적(史籍)에는 엽달(嚈噠), 읍달, 혹은 활(滑)이라고 기록되었고, 서방 사료에는 Ephthalitae, Abdel, Haital 등으로 기록되어 있다. 이들은 에프탈 제국이라는 제국을 형성했으며, 키다라를 물리쳤던 450년부터 돌궐 제1카간국과 사산 제국 의 연합군이 그들을 물리쳤던 560년까지 군사적으로 중요했다.^[7] 서기 560년 이후, 서기 560년 이후, 그들은 서돌궐( 옥서스 북쪽 지역)와 사산 제국( 옥서스 남쪽 지역)의 종주권 아래 토하리스탄 지역에 "제후국"을 세웠으며, 625년에 토카라 야브구스가 점령했다.^[7]

박트리아에 기반을 둔 에프탈 제국은 동쪽으로는 타림 분지까지, 서쪽으로는 소그디아나까지, 남쪽으로는 아프가니스탄까지 확장했지만, 그들은 이전에 에프탈의 확장으로 잘못 간주되었던 알촌 훈족이 점령한 힌두쿠시를 넘어서지 못했다. 그들은 부족 연합체였으며 유목민과 정착 도시 공동체를 모두 포함했다.^[8] 그들은 키다라족과 알촌족이 선행하고, 네자크 훈족과 돌궐 제1카간국이 계승한, 총칭 시온(Xyon) 또는 후나(Huna)로 알려진 4개의 주요 국가의 일부를 형성했다. 이 모든 훈족들은 같은 시기에 동유럽을 침략한 훈족들과 종종 연관되어 있거나 "훈족"으로 언급되어 왔지만, 학자들은 그러한 연관성에 대한 합의에 도달하지 못했다.

에프탈인의 본거지는 힌두쿠시 북쪽 경사면에 있는 토하리스탄(오늘날의 우즈베키스탄 남부와 아프가니스탄 북부)이었고, 그들의 수도는 쿤두즈였을 것으로 추정되며, 아마도 동쪽에서, 바다흐샨 지역에서 왔을 것이다.^[7] 479년까지 에프탈인들은 소그디아를 정복하고 키다라인들을 동쪽으로 몰아냈고, 493년까지 그들은 오늘날의 중가리아와 타림 분지(현재 중국 북서부)의 일부를 점령했다. 이전에 에프탈과 혼동되었던 알촌 훈족은 북인도로도 진출하였다.^[9]

에프탈 역사의 출처는 희박하고 역사가의 의견이 다르다. 왕 목록이 없으며 역사가들은 그룹이 어떻게 발생했는지 또는 그들이 처음에 어떤 언어를 사용했는지 확신하지 못한다. 그들은 스스로를 에보달로( ηβοδαλο, 따라서 에프탈)라고 불렀던 것으로 보이며, 종종 에프(ηβ)로 축약되며, 박트리아 문자로 일부 동전에 쓴 이름이다.^[10]^[10]^[8]^[11] "헤프탈 사람"이라는 이름의 기원은 알려지지 않았으며, "강함"이라는 뜻의 호탄어 단어 *Hitala, 가설적 소그드어 *Heβtalak()의 복수형인 Heβtalīt , 또는 중세 페르시아어 *haft āl, 7개의 아리아인)에서 유래했을 가능성이 있다.^[12]^[a] ^[b] 에프탈(박트리아어: ηβοδαλο)은 5세기 중엽부터 약 1세기 동안 박트리아를 중심으로 타림 분지와 서북 인도에 세력을 떨친 유목 민족이다. 백훈족(White Huns)으로 알려져 있다. 지배층은 알타이 지구에서 서쪽으로 이동한 투르크족이었으나 이들은 상당히 이란화되어 있었고, 다수의 피지배층은 토하라인들이었다.

같이 보기

각주

내용주

↑ de la Vaissière proposes underlying Turkic Yeti-Al, later translated to Iranian Haft-Al
↑ de la Vaissière also cited Sims-Williams, who noted that the initial η- ē of the Bactrian form ηβοδαλο Ēbodālo precluded etymology based on Iranian haft and consequently hypothetical underlying Turkic yeti "seven"

참조주

↑ Abdul Hai Habibi (1969). “Chinese Travelers in Afghanistan”. alamahabibi.com. 2012년 8월 9일에 확인함.
↑ Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). “The Hephthalites: Archaeological and historican analysis” (PDF). 2012년 9월 5일에 확인함.
↑ Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early medieval India. André Wink, p. 110. E. J. Brill.
↑ Dani, Litvinsky & Zamir Safi 1996.
↑ Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). 《Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals》. Cambridge University Press. 97쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
↑ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 《The Fall of the West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower》. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-85760-0.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Rezakhani 2017a.
↑ ^가 ^나 Alram 2014.
↑ Maas 2015, 287쪽
↑ ^가 ^나 Rezakhani 2017.
↑ Whitfield, Susan (2018). 《Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road》. University of California Press. 185쪽. ISBN 978-0-520-95766-4.
↑ quote: "Sept Aryas".

참고 문헌

Adylov, Šuhrat T.; Mirzaahmedov, Jamal K. (2006). 《On the History of the Ancient Town of Vardāna and the Objavija Feud in Ērān ud Anērān. Studies Presented to B. I. Maršak (1st part)》. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.
Alram, Michael (2008). “Ein Schatzfund Hephthalitischer Drachmen Aus Baktrien” [A treasure discovery of Hephthalite Drachms from Bactria] (PDF). 《Numismatische Zeitschrift》 (독일어). 116/117권. 253–268쪽.
Alram, Michael (2014). “From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush”. 《The Numismatic Chronicle》 174: 261–291. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus (2012–2013). “The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India)”. 《Pro.geo.univie.ac.at》. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. 2017년 7월 16일에 확인함.
Balogh, Dániel (2020년 3월 12일). 《Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History》. Barkhuis. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
Baumer, Christoph (2018년 4월 18일). 《The History of Central Asia》. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2. . 4-volume set.
Beckwith, Christopher (2009). 《Empires of the Silk Road》. Princeton University Press.
Chegini, N.N.; Nikitin, A.V. "Sasanian Iran – Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts". In Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996), pp. 35–78.
Dani, A.H.; Litvinsky, B.A.; Zamir Safi, M.H. "Eastern Kushans, Kidarites in Gandhara and Kashmir, and Later Hephthalites". In Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996), pp. 163–184.
de la Vaissière, Etienne (2012). 〈5: Central Asia and the Silk Road〉. S. F. Johnson. 《Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity》. Oxford University Press. 142–169쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-533693-1.
de la Vaissière, Etienne (2003). “Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"?”. 《Bulletin of the Asia Institute》 17: 119–132. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049310.
Enoki, K. (1959). 〈On the Nationality of Ephthalites〉. 《Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko》 (PDF) 18. Tokyo. 1–58쪽. 2017년 4월 1일에 확인함. Internet Archive copy
Frye, Richard N. (2002). 〈Pre-Islamic and early Islamic cultures〉. Canfield, Robert L. 《Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.
틀:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
Golden, Peter B. (1992). 《An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People》. Turcologica 9. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Harmatta, J.; Litvinsky, B.A. "Tokharistan and Gandhara Under Western Türk Rule (650–750)". In Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996), pp. 368–422.
Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Laing, M. E. D., 편집. 《Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums》. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8. Internet Archive Google Books
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Kageyama, Etsuko (2007). “The Winged Crown and the Triple-crescent Crown in the Sogdian Funerary Monuments from China: Their Relation to the Hephthalite Occupation of Central Asia” (PDF). 《Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology》 2: 11–22. doi:10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302540. S2CID 130640638. 2020년 11월 11일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
Kageyama, Etsuko (2016). “Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia” (PDF). 《ZINBUN》 46: 199–212. doi:10.14989/209942. S2CID 130594467.
틀:Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests
Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). 《The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis》 (PDF) (PhD). Berlin: Berlin Freie Universität. 2012년 9월 5일에 확인함 – Freie Universitat Berlin Repository 경유.
Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2013). “The Hephthalite Numismatics” (PDF). 《Tyragetia》 7 (1): 369–380.
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Zeimal, E.V. "The Kidarite kingdom in Central Asia". In Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996), pp. 119–134.

더 읽기

Dickens, Mark (2018). 〈Hephthalites (White Huns, Abdelai, Hayatila, Hua)〉. Nicholson, Oliver. 《The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity》. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
Grignaschi, M. (1980). “La Chute De L'Empire Hephthalite Dans Les Sources Byzantines et Perses et Le Probleme Des Avar”. 《Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungarica》 (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado) 28.
Haussig, Hans Wilhelm (1983). 《Die Geschichte Zentralasiens und der Seidenstraße in vorislamischer Zeit》. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 3-534-07869-1.
Morony, M. (1986). 〈ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran〉. 《Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2》. 203–210쪽.
Theophylaktos Simokates. P. Schreiner, 편집. 《Geschichte》.

외부 링크

"The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts" Dr. Mehmet Tezcan.
The Anthropology of Yanda (Chinese) pdf
The Silkroad Foundation
Columbia Encyclopedia: Hephthalites
Hephthalite coins
Hephthalite History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad - 웨이백 머신 (보관됨 27 10월 2009)
The Hephthalites of Central Asia – by Richard Heli (long article with a timeline)
The Hephthalites - 웨이백 머신 (보관됨 9 2월 2005) Article archived from the University of Washington's Silk Road exhibition – has a slightly adapted form of the Richard Heli timeline.
(pdf) The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts – Mehmet Tezcan
Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works, collected by Yu Taishan (2016).

[13] Vaissière proposes underlying Turkic Yeti-Al, later translated to Iranian Haft-Al

[14] Vaissière also cited Sims-Williams, who noted that the initial η- ē of the Bactrian form ηβοδαλο Ēbodālo precluded etymology based on Iranian haft and consequently hypothetical underlying Turkic yeti "seven"

[Habibi-1] Abdul Hai Habibi (1969). “Chinese Travelers in Afghanistan”. alamahabibi.com. 2012년 8월 9일에 확인함.

[Kurbanov-2] Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). “The Hephthalites: Archaeological and historican analysis” (PDF). 2012년 9월 5일에 확인함.

[Al-Hind-3] Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early medieval India. André Wink, p. 110. E. J. Brill.

[FOOTNOTEDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996-4] Dani, Litvinsky & Zamir Safi 1996.

[5] Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). 《Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals》. Cambridge University Press. 97쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.

[6] Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 《The Fall of the West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower》. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-85760-0.

[FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a-7] 가 ^나 ^다 Rezakhani 2017a.

[FOOTNOTEAlram2014-8] 가 ^나 Alram 2014.

[CC287-9] Maas 2015, 287쪽

[FOOTNOTERezakhani2017-10] 가 ^나 Rezakhani 2017.

[11] Whitfield, Susan (2018). 《Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road》. University of California Press. 185쪽. ISBN 978-0-520-95766-4.

[12] quote: "Sept Aryas".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[a]

[b]

@@ 40번째 줄: / 40번째 줄: @@
 == 같이 보기 ==
 * [[5세기의 정치적 국가 목록]]
+* [[후나족]]
+* [[키다라]]
+* [[알촌 훈]]
+* [[백훈족]]
 == 각주 ==
 {{아프가니스탄의 역사}}
+=== 내용주 ===
-<references/>
+{{notelist}}
+=== 참조주 ===
+{{각주}}
-== 참고 자료 ==
+== 참고 문헌 ==
+{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
-* {{글로벌세계대백과사전}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adylov |first1=Šuhrat T. |last2=Mirzaahmedov |first2=Jamal K. |title=On the History of the Ancient Town of Vardāna and the Objavija Feud in Ērān ud Anērān. Studies Presented to B. I. Maršak (1st part) |year=2006 |publisher=Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina |url=https://www.academia.edu/6567274}}
+* {{cite magazine |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |title=Ein Schatzfund Hephthalitischer Drachmen Aus Baktrien |language=de |trans-title=A treasure discovery of Hephthalite Drachms from Bactria |magazine=Numismatische Zeitschrift |date=2008 |volume=116/117 |pages=253–268 |url=https://www.univie.ac.at/chwh/content/recentpublications/NZ_2008_ALRAM.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Alram |first=Michael |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |pages=261–291 |jstor=44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}
+* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Alram et al.|2012–2013}} |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases?language=en |title= The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) |date=2012–2013  | last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael| last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus |website= Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher= Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna | access-date= July 16, 2017}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=The History of Central Asia |date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-868-2 |page=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ}}. 4-volume set.
+* {{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher |title=Empires of the Silk Road |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
+* {{harvc |last1=Chegini |first1=N.N. |last2=Nikitin |first2=A.V. |year=1996 |c=Sasanian Iran – Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts |in1=Litvinsky |in2=Guang-da |in3=Samghabadi |pages=35–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA35}}
+* {{harvc |last1=Dani |first1=A.H. |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B.A. |last3=Zamir Safi |first3=M.H. |year=1996 |c=Eastern Kushans, Kidarites in Gandhara and Kashmir, and Later Hephthalites |in1=Litvinsky |in2=Guang-da |in3=Samghabadi |pages=163–184}}
+* {{cite book |last1=de la Vaissière |first1=Etienne |chapter=5: Central Asia and the Silk Road |editor=S. F. Johnson |title=Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity |pages=142–169 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/4824639 |isbn=978-0-19-533693-1<!--ISBN comes from title page, not Google Books.--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZNoAgAAQBAJ}}
+* {{cite journal |last=de la Vaissière |first=Etienne |title=Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=119–132 |jstor=24049310 |issn=0890-4464 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1476531}}
+* {{cite book |last=Enoki |first=K. |date=1959 |chapter=On the Nationality of Ephthalites |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko |volume=18 |place=Tokyo |pages=1–58 |url=http://www.azargoshnasp.net/history/Hephtalites/enokihephtalites.pdf |access-date=2017-04-01}} [https://archive.org/details/OnTheNationalityOfTheEphthalites Internet Archive copy]
+* {{cite book |last=Frye |first=Richard N. |year=2002 |chapter=Pre-Islamic and early Islamic cultures |editor-last=Canfield |editor-first=Robert L. |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC}}
+* {{The Arab Conquests in Central Asia}}
+* {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |year=1992 |title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People |series=Turcologica |volume=9 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden}}
+* {{harvc |last1=Harmatta |first1=J. |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B.A. |year=1996 |c=Tokharistan and Gandhara Under Western Türk Rule (650–750) |in1=Litvinsky |in2=Guang-da |in3=Samghabadi |pages=368–422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA368}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Härtel |first1=Herbert |last2=Yaldiz |first2=Marianne |editor-last=Laing |editor-first=M. E. D. |title=Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums |year=1982 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-300-8}} [https://archive.org/details/AlongtheAncientSilkRoutesCentralAsianArtfromtheWestBerlinStateMuseums Internet Archive] [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLuaphht8XwC Google Books]
+* {{cite journal |last1=Ilyasov |first1=Jangar |title=The Hephthalite Terracotta |journal=Silk Road Art and Archaeology |volume=7 |location=Kamakura |date=2001 |pages=187–200 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24635305}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kageyama |first1=Etsuko |title=The Winged Crown and the Triple-crescent Crown in the Sogdian Funerary Monuments from China: Their Relation to the Hephthalite Occupation of Central Asia |journal=Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology |date=2007 |volume=2 |pages=11–22 |s2cid=130640638 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/367d/07dc9bac6cd552b41c12882f8278c129e3d2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111061042/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/367d/07dc9bac6cd552b41c12882f8278c129e3d2.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-11 |doi=10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302540}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kageyama |first1=Etsuko |title=Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia |journal=ZINBUN |date=2016 |volume=46 |pages=199–212 |doi=10.14989/209942 |s2cid=130594467 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/209942/1/zinbun_46_199.pdf}}
+* {{Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests}}
+* {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Kurbanov |first=Aydogdy |year=2010 |title=The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis |url=https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Hephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf |publisher=Berlin Freie Universität |location=Berlin |accessdate=5 September 2012 |via=Freie Universitat Berlin Repository}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kurbanov |first1=Aydogdy |title=The Hephthalite Numismatics |journal=Tyragetia |date=2013 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=369–380 |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488632478.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kurbanov |first1=Aydogdy |title=The Hephthalites: Iconographical Materials |journal=Tyragetia |date=2014 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=317–334 |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488311404.pdf}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=Judith A. |title=Observations on the Typology and Style of Seals and Sealings from Bactria and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, in Coins, Art and Chronology II. The First Millennium CE in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands |date=2010 |publisher=ÖAW |location=Vienna |url=https://www.academia.edu/743914}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=Judith A. |last2=Sims-Williams |first2=Nicholas |title=Seals, sealings and tokens from Bactria to Gandhara : 4th to 8th century CE |date=2011 |publisher=Verlag der [[Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften]] |location=Wien |isbn=978-3-7001-6897-3}}
+* {{harvc |last=Litvinsky |first=B.A. |year=1996 |c=The Hephthalite Empire |in1=Litvinsky |in2=Guang-da |in3=Samghabadi |pages=135–162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA135}}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Litvinsky |editor-first1=B.A. |editor-last2=Guang-da |editor-first2=Zhang |editor-last3=Samghabadi |editor-first3=R. Shabani |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |series=Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC}} [https://www.almuslih.org/Library/Litvinsky,%20B%20(ed)%20-%20History%20of%20Civilizations.pdf Alternate PDF]
+* {{cite book |last=Maas |first=Michael |year=2015 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02175-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ}}<!--Google Books has year and ISBN wrong.-->
+* {{cite book |last1=Margottini |first1=Claudio |title=After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-30051-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTK_BAAAQBAJ}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Millward |first1=James A. |title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13924-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC}}
+* {{cite thesis |last1=Naymark |first1=Aleksandr |title=Sogdiana, its Christians, and Byzantium: a Study of Artistic and Cultural Connections in Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages |date=August 2001 |type=Ph.D. Dissertation |publisher=Department of Central Eurasian Studies and Department of Art History, Indiana University |place=Bloomington |url=https://www.academia.edu/27959139}}
+* {{cite book |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |author-link=Khodadad Rezakhani |year=2017 |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ}}
+* {{cite book |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |year=2017a |chapter=From the Kushans to the Western Turks |editor=Touraj Daryaee |title=King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) |series=Ancient Iran Series |volume=IV |isbn=978-0-692-86440-1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32671225}}
+* {{cite book |last=Rowland |first=Benjamin |title=The Art of Central Asia |year=1974 |location=New York |publisher=Crown |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/291810602/The-Art-of-Central-Asia-Art-of-the-World}} [https://archive.org/details/artofcentralasia00rowl Internet Archive]
+* {{cite book |last1=Sundermann |first1=Werner |last2=Hintze |first2=Almut |last3=de Blois |first3=François |title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams |year=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05937-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC}}
+* {{cite book |title=The ʿAbbāsid Revolution |first=M. A. |last=Shaban |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1970 |isbn=0-521-29534-3 |url={{Gbook|1_03AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=y}}}}
+* {{cite book |last=West |first=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |date=2009 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |access-date=January 18, 2015 }}
+* {{cite journal |author=Yu Taishan |date=2018 |title=The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court |journal=Eurasian Studies |volume=VI |pages=68–122 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38799949}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Zeimal |first=E.V. |title=The Circulation of Coins in Central Asia during the Early Medieval Period (Fifth–Eighth Centuries A.D.) |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=1994 |volume=8 |pages=245–267 |jstor=24048777 |issn=0890-4464}}
+* {{harvc |last=Zeimal |first=E.V. |year=1996 |c=The Kidarite kingdom in Central Asia |in1=Litvinsky |in2=Guang-da |in3=Samghabadi |pages=119–134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA119}}
+{{refend}}
+== 더 읽기 ==
+* {{ODLA|last=Dickens|first=Mark|title=Hephthalites (White Huns, Abdelai, Hayatila, Hua)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2200?rskey=sTgHue&result=10}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Grignaschi|first=M.|title=La Chute De L'Empire Hephthalite Dans Les Sources Byzantines et Perses et Le Probleme Des Avar|journal= Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungarica |volume=28 |publisher= Akademiai Kiado |location=Budapest|year=1980}}
+* {{cite book|last=Haussig|first= Hans Wilhelm|title= Die Geschichte Zentralasiens und der Seidenstraße in vorislamischer Zeit|location= Darmstadt|publisher= Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |year=1983|isbn= 3-534-07869-1}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Morony |first=M. |article=ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 |pages=203–210 |year=1986}}
+* {{cite book |author=Theophylaktos Simokates |title=Geschichte |editor=P. Schreiner}}
+== 외부 링크 ==
+* [http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/Tezcan_Apar.pdf "The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts" Dr. Mehmet Tezcan.]
+* [http://www.historicalchina.net/admin/WebEdit/UploadFile/AfrasiabXH.pdf The Anthropology of Yanda (Chinese)] pdf
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040710093544/http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/hephthalites.html The Silkroad Foundation]
+* [http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Hephthalite Columbia Encyclopedia: Hephthalites]
+* [http://www.anythinganywhere.com/commerce/coins/coinpics/indi-heph.htm Hephthalite coins]
+* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027002731/http://geocities.com/ziadnumis/home |date=27 October 2009 |title=Hephthalite History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad }}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130310060957/http://www.rick-heli.info/silkroad/eph.html The Hephthalites of Central Asia – by Richard Heli] (long article with a timeline)
+* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209163941/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/hephthalites/essay.html |date=9 February 2005 |title=The Hephthalites }} Article archived from the University of Washington's Silk Road exhibition – has a slightly adapted form of the Richard Heli timeline.
+* [http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/Tezcan_Apar.pdf (pdf)] The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts – Mehmet Tezcan
+* [https://www.academia.edu/38822653/Records_Relevant_to_the_Hephthalites_in_Ancient_Chinese_Historical_Works Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works], collected by Yu Taishan (2016).
 {{전거 통제}}
 [[분류:에프탈| ]]