하플로그룹 C2 (Y-DNA): 두 판 사이의 차이

내용 삭제됨 내용 추가됨

인라인

2019년 11월 14일 (목) 18:09 판

하플로그룹 C-M217 또는 하플로그룹 C2는 인류 Y-염색체 DNA 하플로그룹의 일종으로, 중앙아시아, 시베리아, 북아메리카 원주민에게서 흔히 발견된다. 특히, 부랴트족, 에벤족, 에벤크족, 이텔멘족^[1], 카자흐족, 코랴크족^[1], 몽골족, 네기달족^[1], 니브흐족^[1], 우데게족^[1] 남성에게서 M217이 비교적 고빈도로 관찰된다.^[2]^[3] 예전에는 하플로그룹 C3로 알려져 있었다.

계통수

C2 (previously C3) M217 몽골족, 카자흐족, 부랴트족, 다우르족, 칼미크족, 하자라족, 만주족, 시버족, 오로촌족, 코랴크족, 이텔멘족에게서 대표적으로 나타나며, 기타 퉁구스계 민족(아이누족, 한민족, 중국 한족, 베트남족, 니브흐족, 알타이족, 투바족, 위구르족, 우즈베크족, 키르기스족, 노가이족, 크림 타타르족)에게서도 보통 수준의 빈도로 나타남.^[4]^[3]^[1]^[5]^[6]^[7] 또한 일본인이나 북코카서스인(아바진인, 아디게인, 타바사란인, 아프간 타지크족, 파슈툰인 등)에게서도 낮은 빈도로 나타남.^[8]
- C2a M93 일본인에게서 산발적으로 관찰됨^[9]
- C2b L1373, F1396
  - C2b1 F4032
    - C2b1a F1699
      - C2b1a1 F3918
        C2b1a1a P39 여러 북아메리카 원주민 민족에게서 나타남, 예를 들어, 나데네(Na-Dené), 알곤킨(Algonquian), 수(Siouan)어족 화자 인구와 연관되어 있음^[10]
        C2b1a1a1 BY1360/Z30568
        
        C2b1a1a2 Z38874
        
        C2b1a1b FGC28881.2
        C2b1a1b1 F1756, F3985
        C2b1a1b1a F3830
        C2b1a1b1a1 Z32844
        
        C2b1a1b1a2 Z603.2
        C2b1a1b1a2a F11787/FGC28896
        
        C2b1a1b1b Y10420/Z30402 체코, 폴란드, 카자흐스탄^[11]
        
        C2b1a1b2 B77 코랴크인^[12]
      - C2b1a2 (previously C3c) M48
        C2b1a2a M77 카자흐족, 오이라트족, 칼미크족, 외몽골인, 유카기르족, 니브흐족, 이텔멘족, 우데게족 등 북퉁구스계에서 고빈도로, 기타 남퉁구스계, 곧 내몽골인, 부랴트족, 투바족, 야쿠트족, 축치족, 키르기스족, 위구르족, 우즈베크족, 카라칼파크족, 타지크족에게서 중등 빈도로 관측됨^[1]^[13]^[14]
        
        C2b1a2b B90 코랴크인에게서 흔히 발견되며, 에벤크족, 에벤족, 유카기르족 등에게서 간혹 발견됨
      - C2b1a3 M504
        C2b1a3a M401 카자흐족,(특히 Zhuz와 Kerey 계), 하자라족, 몽골족, 키르기스족, 우즈베크족, 둥간족, 타지크족, 파슈툰족, 투르크멘족
        C2b1a3a1 F3796
        C2b1a3a1a F9700 킵차크 칸국계(중세), 부랴트족, 타타르스탄, 랴오닝, 키르기스스탄 나린 주, 러시아 랴잔 주, 하자라인, 카자흐스탄 동카자흐스탄 주, 우크라이나
        
        C2b1a3a1b F3960
        
        C2b1a3a1c SK1072 위구르, 칼미크
        
        C2b1a3a2 F10283 만주인 (아이신기오로)^[15]
      - C2b1a4 F9992/Y12018/Z30601 슬로바키아, 잠무 카슈미르
        C2b1a4a Z22425
        
        C2b1a4b Z30635 슬로바키아 프레쇼프 지역, 920 +- 25 BP uncal의 중부 스텝 지역의 킵차크^[16]^[11]
      - C2b1a5 B79 코랴크^[12]
  - C2b2 Z31698 일본
- C2c C-F1067 콩기라트
  - C2c1 F2613/Z1338
    - C2c1a Z1300
      - C2c1a1 CTS2657
        C2c1a1* CTS2657(xCTS8579, Z31664) 중국 (Beijing, Jiangsu, Hubei), 한국
        
        C2c1a1a CTS8579
        C2c1a1a1 M407 부랴트족, Hamnigan 부랴트, 소요트, 카자흐의 콩기라트 등의 일부 샘플에서 고빈도로 관찰됨, 몽골족과 칼미크족에게서 중등 빈도로, 몇몇 기타 카자흐족 (Naimans, Albans, Alshyns), 바이족, 캄보디아족, 에벤크족, 한족, 일본인, 한국인^[17], 만주족, 텔레우트족, 투자족, 투바족, 위구르족, 야쿠트족 등에게서 드물게 확인됨^[18]^[19]^[20]
        C2c1a1a1* M407(xF3850) 아르메니아인
        
        C2c1a1a1a F3850
        C2c1a1a1a1 F8465 부랴트인, 몽골인, 야쿠트인
        
        C2c1a1a1a2 SK1027 한족 중국인
        
        C2c1a1a1a3 F3753 지린, 위구르
        
        C2c1a1a1a4 F3916 일본, 샨둥, 위구르
        
        C2c1a1a2 CTS4449 중국 (Beijing, Gansu, Fujian), 한국, 파키스탄 (하자라인)
        
        C2c1a1b Z31664 중국
      - C2c1a2 K700/Z12209, F3880
        C2c1a2a F1319 베이징 (한족), 샨둥, 일본 (사가현), 부탄, 방글라데시
        C2c1a2a1 F3777
        
        C2c1a2a2 F10056/Z36838
        
        C2c1a2b CTS3385 베이징 (한족), 한국, 체첸
        C2c1a2b2 FGC45548
    - C2c1b F845 한족, 킨족, 다이족, 하니족, 투자족, 부랑족, 거라오족, 몽족, 야쿠어족, 한국인, 일본인에게서 발견됨
      - C2c1b1 K511 윈난 (다이족)
        C2c1b1a K516
      - C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036
        C2c1b2* F5477/SK1036 구이저우, 도쿄
        
        C2c1b2b SK1038
        C2c1b2b* SK1038 허난, 서울
        
        C2c1b2b1 MF1020 베이징, 허베이
      - C2c1b3 CTS4187
      - C2c1b4 FGC39587 샨둥, 장쑤, 쓰촨, 허난, 허베이
      - C2c1b5 CTS2123/S4350
      - C2c1b6 Z45272
      - C2c1b7 F15371 샨쓰, 안후이
      - C2c1b8 Z45349
      - C2c1b9 Z45354
  - C2c2 CTS4660 후지안 (한족), 윈난 (다이족)

같이 보기

인류 Y-염색체 DNA (Y-DNA) 하플로그룹 계보

Y-염색체 아담

A

A1b

A1a-T

A1a

A2-T

A2

A3

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJK

IJ

K

I

J

LT

K(xLT)

I1

I2

J1

J2

L

T

M

NO

P

S

O

N

Q

R

O1

O2

R1

R2

O1a

O1b

R1a

R1b

O1b1

O1b2

인구에 따른 Y 염색체 하플로그룹 · 역사적 인물들의 하플로그룹 목록

각주

↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, 외. (January 2002). “The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes”. 《Am. J. Hum. Genet.》 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
↑ Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, 외. (September 2001). “Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes”. 《Am. J. Hum. Genet.》 69 (3): 615–28. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
↑ ^가 ^나 Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, 외. (2006). “Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes”. 《J. Hum. Genet.》 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
↑ Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, 외. (April 2006). “Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times”. 《Genetics》 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
↑ Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, T; Matsuo, M; Marzuki, S; Omoto, K; Horai, S (2004). “Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages”. 《Journal of Human Genetics》 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
↑ Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, 외. (August 2001). “The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity”. 《Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.》 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
↑ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Kokshunova L, Stoneking M (December 2005). “Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks”. 《Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.》 128 (4): 846–54. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20159. PMID 16028228.
↑ Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
↑ Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, 외. (November 2000). “Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations”. 《Nat. Genet.》 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.
↑ Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). “High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas”. 《Mol. Biol. Evol.》 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
↑ ^가 ^나 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 as of January 4, 2017
↑ ^가 ^나 Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114.
↑ Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M (October 2006). “Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts”. 《Hum. Genet.》 120 (3): 334–53. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541.
↑ Khar'kov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedev OF, 외. (2008). “[The origin of Yakuts: analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes]”. 《Mol. Biol. (Mosk.)》 (러시아어) 42 (2): 226–37. PMID 18610830.
↑ Lan-Hai Wei, Shi Yan, Ge Yu, et al. (2016), "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty." Journal of Human Genetics (2016), 1–5. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.142
↑ Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, et al. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." Nature, volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
↑ Park, Jin; Lee, Young; Kim, Young; -1#Myung, Hwan Na; 외. (2013). “Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA”. 《Forensic Science International: Genetics》 7: 75–81. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014.
↑ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Xue-, XB; Qi, Bin; Jin, L; Ma, RZ; Su, B (2010). “Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia”. 《Journal of Human Genetics》 55 (7): 428–35. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. PMID 20448651.
↑ Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." PLoS ONE 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748
↑ Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al. (2010) "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." Annals of Human Genetics 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x

[Lell2002-1] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, 외. (January 2002). “The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes”. 《Am. J. Hum. Genet.》 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.

[Karafet2001-2] Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, 외. (September 2001). “Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes”. 《Am. J. Hum. Genet.》 69 (3): 615–28. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.

[Hammer2006-3] 가 ^나 Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, 외. (2006). “Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes”. 《J. Hum. Genet.》 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.

[Xue2006-4] Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, 외. (April 2006). “Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times”. 《Genetics》 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.

[Tajima2004-5] Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, T; Matsuo, M; Marzuki, S; Omoto, K; Horai, S (2004). “Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages”. 《Journal of Human Genetics》 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.

[Wells2001-6] Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, 외. (August 2001). “The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity”. 《Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.》 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.

[Nasidze2005-7] Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Kokshunova L, Stoneking M (December 2005). “Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks”. 《Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.》 128 (4): 846–54. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20159. PMID 16028228.

[8] Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288

[Underhill2000-9] Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, 외. (November 2000). “Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations”. 《Nat. Genet.》 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.

[Zegura2004-10] Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). “High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas”. 《Mol. Biol. Evol.》 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.

[YFull-11] 가 ^나 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 as of January 4, 2017

[Karmin2015-12] 가 ^나 Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114.

[Pakendorf2006-13] Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M (October 2006). “Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts”. 《Hum. Genet.》 120 (3): 334–53. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541.

[Kharkov2008-14] Khar'kov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedev OF, 외. (2008). “[The origin of Yakuts: analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes]”. 《Mol. Biol. (Mosk.)》 (러시아어) 42 (2): 226–37. PMID 18610830.

[Wei2016-15] Lan-Hai Wei, Shi Yan, Ge Yu, et al. (2016), "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty." Journal of Human Genetics (2016), 1–5. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.142

[Damgaard2018a-16] Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, et al. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." Nature, volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

[Park2013-17] Park, Jin; Lee, Young; Kim, Young; -1#Myung, Hwan Na; 외. (2013). “Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA”. 《Forensic Science International: Genetics》 7: 75–81. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014.

[HuaZhong2010-18] Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Xue-, XB; Qi, Bin; Jin, L; Ma, RZ; Su, B (2010). “Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia”. 《Journal of Human Genetics》 55 (7): 428–35. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. PMID 20448651.

[DiCristofaro2013-19] Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." PLoS ONE 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748

[Malyarchuk2010-20] Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al. (2010) "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." Annals of Human Genetics 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x

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@@ 41번째 줄: / 41번째 줄: @@
 ******'''C2c1a1* CTS2657(xCTS8579, Z31664)''' 중국 (Beijing, Jiangsu, Hubei), 한국
 ******'''C2c1a1a CTS8579'''
-*******'''C2c1a1a1 M407''' 부랴트족, Hamnigan 부랴트, [[소요트]], 카자흐의 [[혼기라트]] 등의 일부 샘플에서 고빈도로 관찰됨, [[몽골족]]과 [[칼미크]]족에게서 중등 빈도로, 몇몇 기타 [[카자흐족]] (Naimans, Albans, Alshyns), 바이족, 캄보디아족, 에벤크족, 한족, 일본인, 한국인<ref name = "Park2013">{{저널 인용| last1 = Park | first1 = Jin | last2 = Lee | first2 = Young | last3 = Kim | first3 = Young | last4 = -1#Myung | first4 = Hwan Na| year = 2013 | title = Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA | url = | journal = Forensic Science International: Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 75–81 | doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014|display-authors=etal}}</ref>, 만주족, 텔레우트족, 투자족, 투바족, 위구르족, 야쿠트족 등에게서 드물게 확인됨<ref name=HuaZhong2010>{{저널 인용| last1=Zhong | first1=Hua | last2=Shi | first2=Hong | last3=Xue- | first3= XB| last4=Qi | first4=Bin | last5=Jin | year=2010 | first5=L | last6=Ma | first6=RZ | last7=Su | first7=B | title=Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia | url=| journal=Journal of Human Genetics | volume= 55| issue=7| pages= 428–35| pmid=20448651 | doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.40 }}</ref><ref name = "DiCristofaro2013">Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748</ref><ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al. (2010) "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x</ref>
+*******'''C2c1a1a1 M407''' 부랴트족, Hamnigan 부랴트, [[소요트]], 카자흐의 [[콩기라트]] 등의 일부 샘플에서 고빈도로 관찰됨, [[몽골족]]과 [[칼미크]]족에게서 중등 빈도로, 몇몇 기타 [[카자흐족]] (Naimans, Albans, Alshyns), 바이족, 캄보디아족, 에벤크족, 한족, 일본인, 한국인<ref name = "Park2013">{{저널 인용| last1 = Park | first1 = Jin | last2 = Lee | first2 = Young | last3 = Kim | first3 = Young | last4 = -1#Myung | first4 = Hwan Na| year = 2013 | title = Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA | url = | journal = Forensic Science International: Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 75–81 | doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014|display-authors=etal}}</ref>, 만주족, 텔레우트족, 투자족, 투바족, 위구르족, 야쿠트족 등에게서 드물게 확인됨<ref name=HuaZhong2010>{{저널 인용| last1=Zhong | first1=Hua | last2=Shi | first2=Hong | last3=Xue- | first3= XB| last4=Qi | first4=Bin | last5=Jin | year=2010 | first5=L | last6=Ma | first6=RZ | last7=Su | first7=B | title=Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia | url=| journal=Journal of Human Genetics | volume= 55| issue=7| pages= 428–35| pmid=20448651 | doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.40 }}</ref><ref name = "DiCristofaro2013">Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748</ref><ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al. (2010) "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x</ref>
 ********'''C2c1a1a1* M407(xF3850)''' 아르메니아인
 ********'''C2c1a1a1a F3850'''