종분화 실험: 두 판 사이의 차이
"Laboratory experiments of speciation" 문서를 번역하여 만듦 |
표 추가 |
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{{진화생물학}}[[파일:Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg|오른쪽|섬네일| [[말토스|맥아당]]과 [[녹말|전분]] 배지에서 두 줄의 [[노랑초파리|초파리]]를 사육하는 동종성 종분화 실험]] |
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[[근소적 종분화|종분화]]에 대한 실험은 잡종화, 강화, [[창시자 효과]] 등 모두에 대해 수행되었다. 대부분의 실험은 파리, 특히 [[초파리]]로 이루어졌다.<ref name="Coyne&Orr2004">{{인용|출판사=Sinauer Associates}}</ref> 그러나 더 최근의 연구에서는 효모, 곰팡이, 심지어 바이러스까지도 이용하여 실험했다. |
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실험실 실험(Laboratory experiment)은 개체군 크기가 작고 세대가 제한되어 있기 때문에 변종 종분화(동종 및 주변)에 도움이 되지 않는다고 제안되었다.<ref name="Florin&Odeen20023">{{Citation|title=Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation|author=Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|year=2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> 자연 연구에서 얻은 대부분의 추정치는 종분화에 수십만 년에서 수백만 년이 걸린다는 것을 나타낸다.<ref>{{Citation|title="Patterns of Speciation in ''Drosophila''" Revisited|author1=Coyne, Jerry A.|author1-link=Jerry Coyne|author2=Orr, H. Allen|author2-link=H. Allen Orr|journal=Evolution|year=1997|volume=51|issue=1|pages=295–303|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02412.x|pmid=28568795|doi-access=free}}</ref> 다른 한편으로, 많은 종은 3000세대 미만에서 동종분화를 하고 있는 [[부어|원양]], [[저어|해저 지역]]에서 산란하는 유럽 가자미(''Platichthys flesus'')와 같이 더 빠르고 최근에 종분화한 것으로 생각된다.<ref>{{Citation|title=Extraordinarily rapid speciation in a marine fish|author1=Momigliano, Paolo|author2=Jokinen, Henri|author3=Fraimout, Antoine|author4=Florin, Ann-Britt|author5=Norkko, Alf|author6=Merilä, Juha|journal=PNAS|year=2017|volume=114|issue=23|pages=6074–6079|doi=10.1073/pnas.1615109114|pmid=28533412|pmc=5468626|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/23/6074.full.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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[[파일:Drosophila_speciation_experiment.svg|오른쪽|섬네일| [[말토스|맥아당]] 과 [[녹말|전분]] 배지에서 두 줄의 [[노랑초파리|초파리]] 를 사육하는 동종성 종분화 실험의 단순화]] |
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[[근소적 종분화|종분화]]에 대한 실험은 잡종화, 강화, [[창시자 효과]] 등 모두에 대해 수행되었다. 대부분의 실험은 파리, 특히 [[초파리]]로 이루어졌다.<ref name="Coyne&Orr2004">{{인용|출판사=Sinauer Associates}}</ref> 그러나 더 최근의 연구에서는 효모, 곰팡이, 심지어 바이러스까지 도 이용하여 실험했다. |
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실험실 실험(Laboratory experiment)은 개체군 크기가 작고 세대가 제한되어 있기 때문에 변종 종분화(동종 및 주변)에 도움이 되지 않는다고 제안되었다.<ref name="Florin&Odeen20023">{{Citation|title=Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation|author=Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|year=2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> 자연 연구에서 얻은 대부분의 추정치는 종분화에 수십만 년에서 수백만 년이 걸린다는 것을 나타낸다.<ref>{{Citation|title="Patterns of Speciation in ''Drosophila''" Revisited|author1=Coyne, Jerry A.|author1-link=Jerry Coyne|author2=Orr, H. Allen|author2-link=H. Allen Orr|journal=Evolution|year=1997|volume=51|issue=1|pages=295–303|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02412.x|pmid=28568795|doi-access=free}}</ref> 다른 한편으로, 많은 종은 3000세대 미만에서 동종분화를 하고 있는 [[부어|원양]] 및 [[저어|해저 지역]]에서 산란하는 유럽 가자미(''Platichthys flesus'')와 같이 더 빠르고 최근에 종분화한 것으로 생각된다.<ref>{{Citation|title=Extraordinarily rapid speciation in a marine fish|author1=Momigliano, Paolo|author2=Jokinen, Henri|author3=Fraimout, Antoine|author4=Florin, Ann-Britt|author5=Norkko, Alf|author6=Merilä, Juha|journal=PNAS|year=2017|volume=114|issue=23|pages=6074–6079|doi=10.1073/pnas.1615109114|pmid=28533412|pmc=5468626|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/23/6074.full.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== 실험 목록 == |
== 실험 목록 == |
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15번째 줄: | 14번째 줄: | ||
# 2009년 제임스 D. 프라이. <ref name="Fry2003">Fry, James D. (2009). Laboratory Experiments on Speciation. In Garland, Theodore & Rose, Michael R. "Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments". Pp. 631–656. {{Doi|10.1525/california/9780520247666.003.0020}}</ref> |
# 2009년 제임스 D. 프라이. <ref name="Fry2003">Fry, James D. (2009). Laboratory Experiments on Speciation. In Garland, Theodore & Rose, Michael R. "Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments". Pp. 631–656. {{Doi|10.1525/california/9780520247666.003.0020}}</ref> |
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==표== |
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이 표는 이 간행물에서 검토한 연구 및 데이터를 요약한 것이다. 또한 여러 현대적 실험을 참조하며 포괄적이지 않다. |
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이 표는 이 간행물에서 검토한 연구 및 데이터를 요약한 것이다. 또한 여러 현대적 실험을 참조하며 포괄적이지 않다. |
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표에서 세대 열에서 세미콜론으로 구분된 여러 숫자는 여러 실험이 수행되었음을 나타낸다. 복제(괄호 안)는 실험에 사용된 모집단의 수, 즉 실험이 복제된 횟수를 나타낸다. 다양한 유형의 선택이 실험 모집단에 부과되었으며 선택 유형 열로 표시된다. 각 실험의 음성 또는 양성 결과는 생식 분리 컬럼에 의해 제공된다. |
표에서 세대 열에서 세미콜론으로 구분된 여러 숫자는 여러 실험이 수행되었음을 나타낸다. 복제(괄호 안)는 실험에 사용된 모집단의 수, 즉 실험이 복제된 횟수를 나타낸다. 다양한 유형의 선택이 실험 모집단에 부과되었으며 선택 유형 열로 표시된다. 각 실험의 음성 또는 양성 결과는 생식 분리 컬럼에 의해 제공된다. |
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[[접합 전 생식 격리]]는 개체군에서 생식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 없음을 의미한다(효과적으로 긍정적인 결과). [[접합 후 격리]]는 번식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 있었지만 불임 상태이거나 생존할 수 없었음을 의미한다(양성 결과도 마찬가지임). 음성 결과는 "없음"으로 표시된다. 즉, 실험에서 생식적 격리가 발생하지 않았다는 뜻이다. |
[[접합 전 생식 격리]](Pre-zygotic)는 개체군에서 생식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 없음을 의미한다(효과적으로 긍정적인 결과). [[접합 후 격리]](Post-zygotic)는 번식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 있었지만 불임 상태이거나 생존할 수 없었음을 의미한다(양성 결과도 마찬가지임). 음성 결과는 "없음"으로 표시된다. 즉, 실험에서 생식적 격리가 발생하지 않았다는 뜻이다. |
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표의 내용과 용어는 영문판을 그대로 사용하였다. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+종분화 실험에 대한 표<ref name="Coyne&Orr2004" /><ref name="Rice&Hostert1993">{{Citation|title=Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?|year=1993|author=Rice, William R. & Hostert, Ellen E.|journal=Evolution|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1637–1653|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x|pmid=28568007|s2cid=42100751}}</ref><ref name="Kirkpatrick&Ravigne2002">{{Citation|title=Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments|author=Kirkpatrick, Mark & Ravigné, Virginie|journal=The American Naturalist|year=2002|volume=159|pages=S22–S35|doi=10.1086/338370|pmid=18707367|s2cid=16516804}}</ref><ref name="Florin&Odeen2002">{{Citation|title=Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation|author=Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|year=2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fry2003" /> |
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!종 |
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!특성 |
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!세대 |
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!테스트 |
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!선택형 |
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!유전적 부동 |
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!생식적 격리 |
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!출처 |
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!실험한 해 |
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|- |
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|''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' |
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|[[Escape response]] |
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|18 |
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|[[Vicariant]], reinforcement, parapatric/ |
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sympatric |
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|Indirect; divergent |
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|Yes |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Grant & Mettler<ref>{{Citation|title=Disruptive and stabilizing selection on the" escape" behavior of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Grant, B. S. & Mettler, L. E. |journal=Genetics |year=1969 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=625–637 |doi=10.1093/genetics/62.3.625 |pmc=1212303 |pmid=17248452 }}</ref> |
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|1969 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|[[Animal locomotion|Locomotion]] |
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|112 |
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|Vicariant |
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|Indirect; divergent |
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|No |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Burnet & Connolly<ref>Burnet, B. & Connolly, K. (1974). Activity and sexual behavior in ''Drosophila melanogaster''. In Abeelen, J. H. V. F. (eds). ''The Genetics of Behaviour''. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Pp. 201–258.</ref> |
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|1974 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|Temperature, [[humidity]] |
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|70–130 |
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|Vicariant |
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|Indirect; divergent |
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|Yes |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Kilias et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=A Multifactorial Genetic Investigation of Speciation Theory Using ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Kilias, G., Alahiotis, S. N., & Pelecanos, M. |journal=Evolution |year=1980 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=730–737 |doi=10.2307/2408027 |pmid=28563991 |jstor=2408027 }}</ref> |
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|1980 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|[[Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|DDT]] adaptation |
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|600 [25 years, +15 years] |
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|Vicariant |
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|Direct |
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|No |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Boake et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Forty years of solitude: life-history divergence and behavioural isolation between laboratory lines of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Boake, C. R. B., Mcdonald, K., Maitra, S., Ganguly, R. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00505.x |pmid=14635883 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|2003 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
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|17, 9, 9, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7 |
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|Vicariant; parapatric/ |
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sympatric |
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|Direct, divergent |
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| |
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|Pre-zygotic in vicariance; none with gene flow |
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|Barker & Karlsson<ref>{{Citation|title=Effects of population size and selection intensity on responses to disruptive selection in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Barker, J. S. F. & Karlsson, L. J. E. |journal=Genetics |year=1974 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=715–735 |doi=10.2307/2407287 |jstor=2407287 |pmid=4217303 |pmc=1213230 }}</ref> |
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|1974 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
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|40; 50 |
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|Reinforcement |
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|Direct; divergent |
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| |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Crossley<ref>{{Citation|title=Changes in Mating Behavior Produced by Selection for Ethological Isolation Between Ebony and Vestigial Mutants of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Crossley, Stella A. |journal=Evolution |year=1974 |volume=28 |issue=4 | pages=631–647 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00795.x |pmid=28564833 |s2cid=35867118 }}</ref> |
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|1974 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|Locomotion |
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|45 |
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|Vicariant |
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|Direct; divergent |
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|No |
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|None |
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|van Dijken & Scharloo<ref>{{Citation|title=Divergent selection on locomotor activity in ''Drosophila melanogaster''. I. Selection response |author=van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. |journal=Behavior Genetics |year=1979 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=543–553 | doi=10.1007/BF01067350 |pmid=122270 |s2cid=39352792 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Divergent selection on locomotor activity in ''Drosophila melanogaster''. II. Test for reproductive isolation between selected lines |author=van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. |year=1979 |journal=Behavior Genetics |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=555–561 |doi=10.1007/BF01067351 |pmid=122271 |s2cid=40169222 }}</ref> |
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|1979 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
|||
| |
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|Reinforcement |
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|Direct; divergent |
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| |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Wallace<ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence of isolated populations of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' | author=Wallace, B. |journal=Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Genetics |year=1953 |volume=9 | pages=761–764}}</ref> |
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|1953 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
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|36; 31 |
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|Reinforcement |
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|Direct; divergent |
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| |
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|Pre-zygotic |
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|Knight<ref>{{Citation|title=Selection for sexual isolation within a species |author=Knight, G. R., Robertson, Alan, & Waddington, C. H. |journal=Evolution | year=1956 | volume=10 |issue=1 | pages=14–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1956.tb02825.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|1956 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|[[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid|EDTA]] adaptation |
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|25, 25, 25, 14 |
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|Semi-allopatric, reinforcement |
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|Indirect; divergent |
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|No |
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|Post-zygotic |
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|Robertson<ref>{{Citation|title=A test of sexual isolation in ''Drosophila'' |author=Robertson, Forbes W. |journal=Genetical Research |year=1966 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.1017/S001667230001003X |pmid=5922518 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The ecological genetics of growth in ''Drosophila'' 8. Adaptation to a New Diet |year=1966 |author=Robertson, Forbes W. |journal=Genetical Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=165–179 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300010028 |pmid=5922517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|1966 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
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|25 (8) |
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|Vicariant; reinforcement; parapatric; sympatric |
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|Direct |
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| |
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|None |
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|Hostert<ref>{{Citation|title=Reinforcement: a new perspective on an old controversy |author=Hostert, Ellen E. |journal=Evolution |year=1997 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=697–702 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03653.x |pmid=28568598 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|1997 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|Abdominal [[chaeta]] |
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number |
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|21–31 |
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|Vicariant |
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|Direct |
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|Yes |
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|None |
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|Santibanez & Waddington<ref>{{Citation|title=The origin of sexual isolation between different lines within a species |author=Koref Santibañez, S. & Waddington, C. H. |journal=Evolution |year=1958 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=485–493 |doi=10.2307/2405959 |jstor=2405959 }}</ref> |
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|1958 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|[[Morphology of Diptera|Sternopleural]] chaeta number |
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|32 |
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|Vicariant, reinforcement, parapatric/ |
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sympatric |
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|Direct |
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|No |
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|None |
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|Barker & Cummins<ref>{{Citation|title=The effect of selection for sternopleural bristle number in mating behaviour in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |year=1969 |author=Barker, J. S. F. & Cummins, L. J. |journal=Genetics |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=713–719 |doi=10.1093/genetics/61.3.713 |pmid=17248436 |pmc=1212235 }}</ref> |
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|1969 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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|[[Phototaxis]], [[geotaxis]] |
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|20 |
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|Vicariant |
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| |
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|No |
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|None |
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|Markow<ref>{{Citation|title=A genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Markow, Therese Ann |journal=Genetics |year=1975 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=527–534 |doi=10.1093/genetics/79.3.527 |pmc=1213291 |pmid=805084 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mating preferences are not predictive of the direction of evolution in experimental populations of ''Drosophila'' |year=1981 |author=Markow, Therese Ann |journal=Science |volume=213 |issue=4514 |pages=1405–1407 |doi=10.1126/science.213.4514.1405 |pmid=17732575 |s2cid=15497733 }}</ref> |
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|1975; 1981 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
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| |
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|Peripatric |
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| |
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|Yes |
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| |
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|Rundle et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Single founder-flush events and the evolution of reproductive isolation |author=Rundle, H. D., Mooers, Arne Ø. & Whitlock, Michael C. |journal=Evolution |year=1998 |volume=52 |issue= 6|pages=1850–1855 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02263.x |pmid=28565304 |s2cid=24502821 }}</ref> |
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|1998 |
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|- |
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|''D. melanogaster'' |
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| |
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| |
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|Vicariant; peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
|Yes |
|||
| |
|||
|Mooers et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=The effects of selection and bottlenecks on male mating success in peripheral isolates |author=Mooers, Arne Ø., Rundle, Howard D. & Whitlock, Michael C. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1999 |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=437–444 |doi=10.1086/303186 |pmid=29586617 |s2cid=4411105 }}</ref> |
|||
|1999 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
|12 |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Thoday & Gibson<ref>{{Citation|title=Isolation by disruptive selection |author=Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. |journal=Nature |year=1962 |volume=193 |issue=4821 |pages=1164–1166 |pmid=13920720 |doi=10.1038/1931164a0 |s2cid=5156234 }}</ref> |
|||
|1962 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|None |
|||
|Thoday & Gibson<ref>{{Citation|title=The probability of isolation by disruptive selection |author=Thoday, J. M. & Gibson, J. B. |journal=Nature |year=1970 |volume=104 |issue=937 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.1086/282656|s2cid=85333360 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Reproductive isolation by disruptive selection: Did it occur? |author=Scharloo, W. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1971 |volume=105 |issue=941 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1086/282706 |s2cid=84204545 }}</ref> |
|||
|1970; 1971 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
|16 |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Indirect |
|||
| |
|||
|None |
|||
|Spiess & Wilke<ref>{{Citation|title=Still another attempt to achieve assortive mating by disruptive selection in ''Drosophila'' |author=Spiess, E. B. & Wilke, C. M. |journal=Evolution |year=1984 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=505–515 |doi=10.2307/2408700 |jstor=2408700 |pmid=28555983 }}</ref> |
|||
|1954 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Direct; divergent |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Ehrman<ref>{{Citation|title=Natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1971 |volume=105 |issue= 945|pages=479–483 |doi=10.1086/282739 |s2cid=85401244 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=More on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1973 |volume=107 |issue=954 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.1086/282835 |s2cid=83780632 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Still more on natural selection and the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1979 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=148–150 |doi=10.1086/283371 |s2cid=85237458 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Fourth report on natural selection for the origin of reproductive isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Naturalist |year=1983 |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=290–293 |doi=10.1086/284059 |s2cid=83654887 }}</ref> |
|||
|1971; 1973; 1979; 1983 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
|Sternopleural chaeta number |
|||
|5; 27; 27; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1 |
|||
|Parapatric/ |
|||
sympatric |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|None |
|||
|Chabora<ref>{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection for sternopleural chaeta number in various strains of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Chabora, Alice J. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1968 |volume=102 |issue=928 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1086/282565 |s2cid=84885812 }}</ref> |
|||
|1968 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|None |
|||
|Scharloo<ref>{{Citation|title=Stabilizing and disruptive selection on a mutant character in ''Drosophila''. I. The phenotypic variance and its components. |author=Scharloo, W., Hoogmoed, M. S. & Kuile, A. T. |journal=Genetics |year=1967 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=709–726 |doi=10.1093/genetics/56.4.709 |pmc=1211648 |pmid=6061662 }}</ref> |
|||
|1967 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
|1, 1 |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Coyne & Grant<ref>{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection on I-maze activity in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Coyne, Jerry A. & and Grant, Bruce |journal=Genetics |year=1972 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1093/genetics/71.1.185 |pmc=1212770 |pmid=17248572 }}</ref> |
|||
|1972 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
|25 |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Rice<ref>{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection on habitat preference and the evolution of reproductive isolation: an exploratory experiment |author=Rice, W. R. |journal=Evolution |year=1985 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=645–656 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00401.x |pmid=28561974 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1985 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
|25 |
|||
| |
|||
|Disruptive |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Rice & Salt<ref>{{Citation|title=Speciation via disruptive selection on habitat preference |author=Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1988 |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=911–917 |doi=10.1086/284831 |s2cid=84876223 }}</ref> |
|||
|1988 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
|35; 35 |
|||
|Sympatric |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Rice & Salt<ref>{{Citation|title=The evolution of reproductive isolation as a correlated character under sympatric conditions: experimental evidence |author=Rice, William R. & Salt, George, W. |journal=Evolution |year=1990 |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1140–1152 |doi=10.2307/2409278 |jstor=2409278 |pmid=28563894 }}</ref> |
|||
|1990 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
|[[Sodium chloride|NaCl]] and [[Copper(II) sulfate|CuSO<sub>4</sub>]] levels in food |
|||
|[3 years in allopatry, 1 in sympatry] |
|||
|Allopatric; reinforcement; sympatric |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic in allopatry, none in sympatry |
|||
|Wallace<ref>{{Citation|title=''Drosophila melanogaster'' populations selected for resistances to NaCl and CuSO<sub>4</sub> in both allopatry and sympatry |author=Wallace, B. |journal=Journal of Heredity |year=1982 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |pmid=6802898 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109572 }}</ref> |
|||
|1982 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Ehrman et al.<ref>Ehrman, Lee, White, Marney A. & Wallace, B. (1991). A long-term study involving ''Drosophila melanogaster'' and toxic media. In Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B., & Maclntyre, R. J. (eds). Evolutionary biology, vol. 25. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 175–209</ref> |
|||
|1991 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Fukatami & Moriwaki<ref>{{Citation|title=Selection for sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster by a modification of Koopman's method |year=1970 |author=Fukatami, A & Moriwaki, D. |journal=The Japanese Journal of Genetics |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=193–204 |doi=10.1266/jjg.45.193 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1970 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila simulans]]'' |
|||
|[[Morphology of Diptera|Scutellar bristles]], development speed, wing width; [[Desiccation tolerance|desiccation resistance]], [[fecundity]], [[ethanol]] resistance; [[courtship display]], re-mating speed, [[Lek mating|lek behavior]]; [[pupa]]tion height, clumped egg laying, general activity |
|||
|[3 years] |
|||
|Vicariant; peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
|Yes |
|||
|Post-zygotic |
|||
|Ringo et al.<ref name="Ringoetal1985">{{Citation|title=An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation|author1=Ringo, John|author2=Wood, David|author3=Rockwell, Robert|author4=Dowse, Harold|journal=The American Naturalist|year=1985|volume=126|issue=5|pages=642–661|doi=10.1086/284445|s2cid=84819968}}</ref> |
|||
|1985 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila paulistorum]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|131; 131 |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Direct |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Dobzhansky et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Partially Successful Attempt to Enhance Reproductive Isolation Between Semispecies of ''Drosophila paulistorum'' |author1=Dobzhansky, Theodosius |author2=Pavlovsky, O. |author3=Powell, J. R. |journal=Evolution |year=1976 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=201–212 |doi=10.2307/2407696 |jstor=2407696 |pmid=28563045 }}</ref> |
|||
|1976 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. paulistorum'' |
|||
| |
|||
|[5 years] |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky<ref>{{Citation |title=Spontaneous origin of an incipient species in the ''Drosophila paulistorum'' complex |author=Dobzhansky, Theodosius & Pavlovsky, O. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1966 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=723–733 |pmid=5219677 |pmc=224220 |doi=10.1073/pnas.55.4.727 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1966 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila willistoni]]'' |
|||
|[[pH]] adaptation |
|||
|34–122 |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Indirect; divergent |
|||
|No |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Kalisz & Cordeiro<ref>{{Citation|title=Adaptation of ''Drosophila willistoni'' experimental populations to extreme pH medium |author=de Oliveira, Alice Kalisz & Cordeiro, Antonio Rodrigues |journal=Heredity |year=1980 |volume=44 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1038/hdy.1980.11 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1980 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura]]'' |
|||
|[[Carbohydrate]] source |
|||
|12 |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Indirect |
|||
|Yes |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Dodd<ref>{{Citation|title=Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author=Dodd, Diane M. B. |journal=Evolution |year=1989 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1308–1311 |doi=10.2307/2409365 |jstor=2409365 |pmid=28564510 }}</ref> |
|||
|1989 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
|Temperature adaptation |
|||
|25–60 |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Direct |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Ehrman<ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' 1. Rudiments of sexual isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=Genetical Research |year=1964 |volume=5 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300001099 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' 2. Longevity |author=Mouradael, K. |journal=Genetical Research |volume=6 |year=1965 |pages=139–146 |pmid=14297592 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300004006 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura 3. Divergence in Body Size |author=Anderson, Wyatt, W. |journal=Genetical Research |year=1966 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=255–266 |doi=10.1017/S0016672300009666 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura: IV. Relative viability |author=Kitagawa, Osamu |journal=Genetical Research |year=1967 |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=303–312 |doi=10.1017/S001667230001106X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic divergence in M. Vetukhiv's experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura''. 5. A further study of rudiments of sexual isolation |author=Ehrman, Lee |journal=American Midland Naturalist |year=1969 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=272–276 |doi=10.2307/2423835 |jstor=2423835 }}</ref> |
|||
|1964; |
|||
1969 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
|Phototaxis, geotaxis |
|||
|5–11 |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Indirect |
|||
|No |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|del Solar<ref>{{Citation|title=Sexual isolation caused by selection for positive and negative phototaxis and geotaxis in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author=del Solar, Eduardo |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1966 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=484–487 |pmc=224398 |pmid=5229969 |doi=10.1073/pnas.56.2.484|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1966 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Vicariant; peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Powell<ref>{{Citation|title=The Founder-Flush Speciation Theory: An Experimental Approach |author=Powell, Jeffrey R. |journal=Evolution |year=1978 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=465–474 |doi=10.2307/2407714 |jstor=2407714 |pmid=28567948 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Founder-Flush Speciation: An Update of Experimental Results with ''Drosophila'' |author=Dodd, Diane M. B. & Powell, Jeffrey R. |year=1985 |journal=Evolution |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1388–1392 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05704.x |pmid=28564258 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1978; 1985 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Peripatric; vicariant |
|||
| |
|||
|Yes |
|||
| |
|||
|Galiana et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Founder-flush speciation in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'': a large scale experiment |author=Galiana, Augustí, Moya, Andres & Ayala, Fransisco J. |journal=Evolution |year=1993 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=432–444 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02104.x |pmid=28568735 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1993 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
|Temperature [[Photoperiodism|photoperiod]]; food |
|||
|37 (78) [33–34 months] |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
|Yes |
|||
|None |
|||
|Rundle<ref>{{Citation|title=Divergent environments and population bottlenecks fail to generate premating isolation in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author=Rundle, Howard D. |journal=Evolution |year=2003 |volume=57 | issue=11 |pages=2557–2565 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01499.x |pmid=14686531 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2003 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura &'' |
|||
''[[Drosophila persimilis]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|22; 16; 9 |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Direct; divergent |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Koopman<ref>{{Citation|title=Natural Selection for Reproductive Isolation Between ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' and ''Drosophila persimilis'' |author=Koopman, Karl F. |journal=Evolution |year=1950 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.2307/2405390 |jstor=2405390 }}</ref> |
|||
|1950 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura &'' |
|||
''D. persimilis'' |
|||
| |
|||
|18 (4) |
|||
| |
|||
|Direct |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Kessler<ref>{{Citation|title=Selection For and Against Ethological Isolation Between ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' and ''Drosophila persimilis'' |author=Kessler, Seymour |journal=Evolution |year=1966 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.2307/2406597 |jstor=2406597 |pmid=28562900 }}</ref> |
|||
|1966 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila mojavensis]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|12 |
|||
| |
|||
|Direct |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Koepfer<ref>{{Citation|title=Selection for Sexual Isolation Between Geographic Forms of ''Drosophila mojavensis''. I Interactions Between the Selected Forms |author=Koepfer, H. Roberta |journal=Evolution |year=1987 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=37–48 |doi=10.2307/2408971 |jstor=2408971 |pmid=28563762 }}</ref> |
|||
|1987 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. mojavensis'' |
|||
|Development time |
|||
|13 |
|||
| |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
|Yes |
|||
|None |
|||
|Etges<ref>{{Citation|title=Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilis ''Drosophila mojavensis''. IV. Correlated responses in behavioral isolation to artificial selection on a life-history trait |author=Etges, W. J. |journal=American Naturalist |year=1998 |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.1086/286154 |pmid=18811406 |s2cid=17689372 }}</ref> |
|||
|1998 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila adiastola]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
|Yes |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Arita & Kaneshiro<ref>{{Citation|title=Ethological Isolation Between Two Stocks of ''Drosophila Adiastola'' Hardy |author=Arita, Lorna H. & Kaneshiro, Kenneth Y. |journal=Hawaiian Entomological Society |year=1979 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 }}</ref> |
|||
|1974 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila silvestris]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
|Yes |
|||
| |
|||
|Ahearn<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation in a laboratory stock of ''Drosophila silvestris'' | author=Ahearn, J. N. |journal=Experientia |year=1980 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=63–64 |doi=10.1007/BF02003975 | s2cid=43809774 }}</ref> |
|||
|1980 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Housefly|Musca domestica]]'' |
|||
|Geotaxis |
|||
|38 |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Indirect |
|||
|No |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Soans et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Allopatric and Sympatric Populations |author1=Soans, A. Benedict |author2=Pimentel, David |author3=Soans, Joyce S. |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1974 |volume=108 |issue=959 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1086/282889 |s2cid=84913547 }}</ref> |
|||
|1974 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''M. domestica'' |
|||
|Geotaxis |
|||
|16 |
|||
|Vicariant |
|||
|Direct; divergent |
|||
|No |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Hurd & Eisenburg<ref>{{Citation|title=Divergent Selection for Geotactic Response and Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of Houseflies |author=Hurd, L. E. & Eisenberg, Robert M. |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1975 |volume=109 |issue=967 |pages=353–358 |doi=10.1086/283002 |s2cid=85084378 }}</ref> |
|||
|1975 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''M. domestica'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
|Yes |
|||
| |
|||
|Meffert & Bryant<ref>{{Citation|title=Mating propensity and courtship behavior in serially bottlenecked lines of the housefly |author=Meffert, L. M. & Bryant, E. H. |journal=Evolution |year=1991 |volume=45 |issue= 2|pages=293–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04404.x |pmid=28567864 |s2cid=13379387 }}</ref> |
|||
|1991 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''M. domestica'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Regan et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=A direct experimental test of founder-flush effects on the evolutionary potential for assortative mating |author1=Regan, J. L. |author2=Meffert, L. M. |author3=Bryant, E. H. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=302–312 |pmid=14635869 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00521.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2003 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Melon fly|Bactrocera cucurbitae]]'' |
|||
|Development time |
|||
|40–51 |
|||
| |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
|Yes |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Miyatake & Shimizu<ref>{{Citation|title=Genetic correlations between life-history and behavioral traits can cause reproductive isolation |author=Miyatake, Takahisa & Shimizu, Toru |journal=Evolution |year=1999 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2307/2640932 |pmid=28565193 |jstor=2640932 }}</ref> |
|||
|1999 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Zea mays]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|6; 6 |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Direct; divergent |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Paterniani<ref>{{Citation|title=Selection for Reproductive Isolation between Two Populations of Maize, ''Zea mays'' L. |author=Paterniani, E. | journal=Evolution |year=1969 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=534–547 |doi=10.2307/2406851 |jstor=2406851 |pmid=28562870 }}</ref> |
|||
|1969 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila grimshawi]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Peripatric |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Jones, Widemo, & Arrendal<ref>{{Citation|title=Sexual selection and peripatric speciation: the Kaneshiro model revisited |author=Ödeen, Anders & Florin, Ann-Britt |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2002 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00378.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|N/A |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Leu & Murry<ref>{{Citation|title=Experimental evolution of mating discrimination in budding yeast |author=Leu, J. Y. & Murray, A. W. |journal=Current Biology |year=2006 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=280–286 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.028 |pmid=16461281 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2006 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Harper & Lambert<ref>{{Citation|title=The population genetics of reinforcing selection |year=1983 |author=Harper, A. A. & Lambert, D. M. |journal=Genetica |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1007/BF00123305 |s2cid=7947934 }}</ref> |
|||
|1983 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Tribolium castaneum]]'' |
|||
|[[Pupa]]<nowiki/>l weight |
|||
|15 (6) |
|||
| |
|||
|Disruptive |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Halliburton & Gall<ref>{{Citation|title=Disruptive selection and assortative mating in ''Tribolium castaneum'' |year=1981 |author=Halliburton, Richard & Gall, G. A. E. |journal=Evolution |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=829–843 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04947.x |pmid=28581046 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1983 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
|Geotaxis |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Lofdahl et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Incipient reproductive isolation and evolution in laboratory ''Drosophila melanogaster'' selected for geotaxis |author1=Lofdahl, L. Katharine |author2=Hu, Dan |author3=Ehrman, Lee |author4=Hirsch, Jerry |author5=Skoog, Linda |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=1992 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80307-0 |s2cid=53257556 }}</ref> |
|||
|1992 |
|||
|- |
|||
|D. pseudoobscura |
|||
| |
|||
|[10 years] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Moya et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Founder-effect speciation theory: failure of experimental corroboration |author1=Moya, A. |author2=Galiana, A. |author3=Ayala, F. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1995 |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=3983–3986 |pmid=7732017 |pmc=42086 |doi=10.1073/pnas.92.9.3983 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1995 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Neurospora]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Dettman et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Divergent adaptation promotes reproductive isolation among experimental populations of the filamentous fungus ''Neurospora'' |author1=Dettman, Jeremy R. |author2=Anderson, James B. |author3=Kohn, Linda M. |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2008 |volume=8 |issue=35 |pages=35 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-35 |pmid=18237415 |pmc=2270261 }}</ref> |
|||
|2008 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''S. cerevisiae'' |
|||
| |
|||
|500 |
|||
| |
|||
|Divergent |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Dettman et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast|year=2007|author1=Dettman, Jeremy R. |author2=Sirjusingh, Caroline |author3=Kohn, Linda M. |author4=Anderson, James B. |journal=Nature|volume=447|issue=7144|pages=585–588|doi=10.1038/nature05856|pmid=17538619|s2cid=4382609}}</ref> |
|||
|2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Sepsis cynipsea]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|35 |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Martin & Hosken<ref>{{Citation|title=The evolution of reproductive isolation through sexual conflict |author=Martin, Oliver Y. & Hosken, David J. |journal=Nature |year=2003 |volume=423 |issue=6943 |pages=979–982 |doi=10.1038/nature01752 |pmid=12827200 |s2cid=4379725 }}</ref> |
|||
|2003 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Wigby & Chapman<ref>{{Citation|title=No evidence that experimental manipulation of sexual conflict drives premating reproductive isolation in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Wigby, S. & Chapman, T. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2006 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1033–1039 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01107.x |pmid=16780504 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2006 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
|Sexual conflict |
|||
|48–52 (4; 4; 4) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Bacigalupe et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sexual conflict does not drive reproductive isolation in experimental populations of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' |author1=Bacigalupe, L. D. |author2=Crudgington, H. S. |author3=Hunter, F. |author4=Moore, A. J. |author5=Snook, R. R. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2007 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1763–1771 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01389.x |pmid=17714294 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. serrata'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Rundle et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Divergent selection and the evolution of signal traits and mating preferences |author1=Rundle, Howard D. |author2=Chenoweth, Steve F. |author3=Doughty, Paul |author4=Blows, Mark W. |journal=PLOS Biology |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e368 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030368 |pmid=16231971 |pmc=1262626 }}</ref> |
|||
|2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila serrata]] & D. birchii'' |
|||
|Mate recognition |
|||
|9 (3; 3) |
|||
|Reinforcement |
|||
|Natural |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Higgie et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Natural selection and the reinforcement of mate recognition |author1=Higgie, Megan |author2=Chenoweth, Steve F. |author3=Blows, Mark W. |journal=Science |year=2000 |volume=290 |issue=5491 |pages=519–521 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5491.519 |pmid=11039933 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:10714/Higgie_et_al_200.pdf }}</ref> |
|||
|2000 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Lambda phage|''Enterobacteria phage λ'']] |
|||
|''[[Escherichia coli]]'' receptor exploitation |
|||
|35 cycles (6) |
|||
|Vicariant, sympatric |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Pre-zygotic |
|||
|Meyer et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry |author1=Meyer, Justin R. |author2=Dobias, Devin T. |author3=Medina, Sarah J. |author4=Servilio, Lisa |author5=Gupta, Animesh |author6=Lenski, Richard E. |journal=Science |year=2016 |volume=354 |issue=6317 |pages=1301–1304 |doi=10.1126/science.aai8446 |pmid=27884940 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2016 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Tetranychus urticae]] |
|||
|Resistance to host plant toxin |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Overmeer<ref>{{Citation|title=Intersterility as a Consequence of Insecticide Selections in ''Tetranychus urticae'' Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) |author=Overmeer, W. P. J. |journal=Nature |year=1966 |volume=209 |issue=321 |pages=321 |doi=10.1038/209321a0 |pmid=5950361 |s2cid=4190896 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1966 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''T. urticae'' |
|||
|Resistance to host plant toxin |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Fry<ref>{{Citation|title=The role of adaptation to host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation: Negative evidence from ''Tetranychus urticae'' Koch |author=Fry, James D. |journal=Experimental & Applied Acarology |year=1999 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=379–387 |doi=10.1023/A:1006245711950 |s2cid=2329637 |hdl=2027.42/41783 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|1999 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''Helianthus annus'' × ''H. petiolaris'' and ''H. anomalus'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Hybrid |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Rieseburg et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Role of Gene Interactions in Hybrid Speciation: Evidence from Ancient and Experimental Hybrids |year=1996 |author1=Rieseberg, L. H. |author2=Sinervo B. |author3=Linder, C. R. |author4=Ungerer, M.C. |author5=Arias, D. M. |journal=Science |volume=272 |issue=5262 |pages=741–745 |doi=10.1126/science.272.5262.741 |pmid=8662570 |s2cid=39005242 }}</ref> |
|||
|1996 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''S. cerevisiae'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Greig et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Hybrid speciation in experimental populations of yeast |author1=Greig, Duncan |author2=Louis, Edward J. |author3=Borts, Rhona H. |author4=Travisano, Michael |journal=Science |year=2002 |volume=298 |issue=5599 |pages=1773–1775 |doi=10.1126/science.1076374 |pmid=12459586 |s2cid=29972396 }}</ref> |
|||
|2002 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. melanogaster'' |
|||
|[[Life history theory|Life history]] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Ghosh & Joshi<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution of reproductive isolation as a by-product of divergent life-history evolution in laboratory populations of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' |author=Ghosh, Shampa M. & Joshi, Amitabh |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2012 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=3214–3226 |doi=10.1002/ece3.413 |pmid= 23301185|pmc=3539013 }}</ref> |
|||
|2012 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Drosophila subobscura]]'' |
|||
|Mate behavior |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Bárbaro et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution of mating behavior between two populations adapting to common environmental conditions |author1=Bárbaro, Margarida |author2=Mira, Mário S. |author3=Fragata, Inês |author4=Simões, Pedro |author5=Lima, Margarida |author6=Lopes-Cunha, Miguel |author7=Kellen, Bárbara |author8=Santos, Josiane |author9=Varela, Susana A. M. |author10=Matos, Margarida |author11=Magalhães, Sara |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2015 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1617 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1454 |pmid= 25937905|pmc=4409410 }}</ref> |
|||
|2015 |
|||
|- |
|||
|Digital organisms |
|||
| |
|||
|~42,000; ~850 (20) |
|||
|Ecological |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Post-zygotic |
|||
|Anderson & Harmon<ref>{{Citation|title=Ecological and Mutation-Order Speciation in Digital Organisms |author=Anderson, Carlos J. R. & Harmon, Luke |journal=The American Naturalist |year=2014 |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1086/674359 |pmid=24464199 |s2cid=30400444 }}</ref> |
|||
|2014 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Complete reproductive isolation |
|||
|Seike et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Molecular coevolution of a sex pheromone and its receptor triggers reproductive isolation in ''Schizosaccharomyces pombe'' |author1=Seike, Taisuke |author2=Nakamura, Taro |author3=Shimoda, Chikashi |journal=PNAS |year=2015 |volume=112 |issue=14 |pages=4405–4410 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501661112 |pmid= 25831518|pmc=4394278 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|2015 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''D. pseudoobscura'' |
|||
|Courtship song |
|||
|130 |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Debelle et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution of divergent female mating preference in response to experimental sexual selection |author1=Debelle, Allan |author2=Ritchie, Michael G. |author3=Snook, Rhonda R. |journal=Evolution |year=2014 |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=2524–2533 |doi=10.1111/evo.12473 |pmid= 24931497|pmc=4262321 }}</ref> |
|||
|2014 |
|||
|- |
|||
|''[[Callosobruchus maculatus]]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|40 (16) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Debelle et al.<ref>{{Citation|title=Natural selection hampers divergence of reproductive traits in a seed beetle |author1=Fricke, C |author2=Andersson, C. |author3=Arnqvist, G. |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2010 |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=1857–1867 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02050.x |pmid= 20646133|s2cid=13815274 }}</ref> |
|||
|2010 |
|||
|} |
|||
== 각주 == |
== 각주 == |
||
<references />{{진화2}} |
|||
[[분류:종분화]] |
[[분류:종분화]] |
||
[[분류:생물학 실험]] |
[[분류:생물학 실험]] |
2022년 7월 20일 (수) 16:45 판
생물학 관련 문서 |
진화생물학 |
---|
원리 |
자연의 역사 |
진화론의 역사 |
응용 분야 |
사회적 영향 |
종분화에 대한 실험은 잡종화, 강화, 창시자 효과 등 모두에 대해 수행되었다. 대부분의 실험은 파리, 특히 초파리로 이루어졌다.[1] 그러나 더 최근의 연구에서는 효모, 곰팡이, 심지어 바이러스까지도 이용하여 실험했다.
실험실 실험(Laboratory experiment)은 개체군 크기가 작고 세대가 제한되어 있기 때문에 변종 종분화(동종 및 주변)에 도움이 되지 않는다고 제안되었다.[2] 자연 연구에서 얻은 대부분의 추정치는 종분화에 수십만 년에서 수백만 년이 걸린다는 것을 나타낸다.[3] 다른 한편으로, 많은 종은 3000세대 미만에서 동종분화를 하고 있는 원양, 해저 지역에서 산란하는 유럽 가자미(Platichthys flesus)와 같이 더 빠르고 최근에 종분화한 것으로 생각된다.[4]
실험 목록
현재 확인할 수 있는 6개의 출판물이 종분화에 대한 실험적 연구를 편집, 검토 및 분석하려고 시도했다.
- 1985년 존 링고, 데이비드 우드, 로버트 록웰, 해롤드 다우즈[5]
- 1993년 William R. Rice 와 Ellen E. [6]
- 2002년 Ann-Britt Florin 과 Anders Ödeen.[7]
- 2002년 Mark Kirkpatrick 과 Virginie Ravigné.[8]
- 2004년 Jerry A. Coyne 및 H. Allen Orr[1]
- 2009년 제임스 D. 프라이. [9]
표
이 표는 이 간행물에서 검토한 연구 및 데이터를 요약한 것이다. 또한 여러 현대적 실험을 참조하며 포괄적이지 않다.
표에서 세대 열에서 세미콜론으로 구분된 여러 숫자는 여러 실험이 수행되었음을 나타낸다. 복제(괄호 안)는 실험에 사용된 모집단의 수, 즉 실험이 복제된 횟수를 나타낸다. 다양한 유형의 선택이 실험 모집단에 부과되었으며 선택 유형 열로 표시된다. 각 실험의 음성 또는 양성 결과는 생식 분리 컬럼에 의해 제공된다.
접합 전 생식 격리(Pre-zygotic)는 개체군에서 생식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 없음을 의미한다(효과적으로 긍정적인 결과). 접합 후 격리(Post-zygotic)는 번식하는 개체가 자손을 낳을 수 있었지만 불임 상태이거나 생존할 수 없었음을 의미한다(양성 결과도 마찬가지임). 음성 결과는 "없음"으로 표시된다. 즉, 실험에서 생식적 격리가 발생하지 않았다는 뜻이다.
표의 내용과 용어는 영문판을 그대로 사용하였다.
종 | 특성 | 세대 | 테스트 | 선택형 | 유전적 부동 | 생식적 격리 | 출처 | 실험한 해 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drosophila melanogaster | Escape response | 18 | Vicariant, reinforcement, parapatric/
sympatric |
Indirect; divergent | Yes | Pre-zygotic | Grant & Mettler[13] | 1969 |
D. melanogaster | Locomotion | 112 | Vicariant | Indirect; divergent | No | Pre-zygotic | Burnet & Connolly[14] | 1974 |
D. melanogaster | Temperature, humidity | 70–130 | Vicariant | Indirect; divergent | Yes | Pre-zygotic | Kilias et al.[15] | 1980 |
D. melanogaster | DDT adaptation | 600 [25 years, +15 years] | Vicariant | Direct | No | Pre-zygotic | Boake et al.[16] | 2003 |
D. melanogaster | 17, 9, 9, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7 | Vicariant; parapatric/
sympatric |
Direct, divergent | Pre-zygotic in vicariance; none with gene flow | Barker & Karlsson[17] | 1974 | ||
D. melanogaster | 40; 50 | Reinforcement | Direct; divergent | Pre-zygotic | Crossley[18] | 1974 | ||
D. melanogaster | Locomotion | 45 | Vicariant | Direct; divergent | No | None | van Dijken & Scharloo[19][20] | 1979 |
D. melanogaster | Reinforcement | Direct; divergent | Pre-zygotic | Wallace[21] | 1953 | |||
D. melanogaster | 36; 31 | Reinforcement | Direct; divergent | Pre-zygotic | Knight[22] | 1956 | ||
D. melanogaster | EDTA adaptation | 25, 25, 25, 14 | Semi-allopatric, reinforcement | Indirect; divergent | No | Post-zygotic | Robertson[23][24] | 1966 |
D. melanogaster | 25 (8) | Vicariant; reinforcement; parapatric; sympatric | Direct | None | Hostert[25] | 1997 | ||
D. melanogaster | Abdominal chaeta
number |
21–31 | Vicariant | Direct | Yes | None | Santibanez & Waddington[26] | 1958 |
D. melanogaster | Sternopleural chaeta number | 32 | Vicariant, reinforcement, parapatric/
sympatric |
Direct | No | None | Barker & Cummins[27] | 1969 |
D. melanogaster | Phototaxis, geotaxis | 20 | Vicariant | No | None | Markow[28][29] | 1975; 1981 | |
D. melanogaster | Peripatric | Yes | Rundle et al.[30] | 1998 | ||||
D. melanogaster | Vicariant; peripatric | Yes | Mooers et al.[31] | 1999 | ||||
D. melanogaster | 12 | Reinforcement | Divergent | Pre-zygotic | Thoday & Gibson[32] | 1962 | ||
D. melanogaster | None | Thoday & Gibson[33][34] | 1970; 1971 | |||||
D. melanogaster | 16 | Reinforcement | Indirect | None | Spiess & Wilke[35] | 1954 | ||
D. melanogaster | Reinforcement | Direct; divergent | Pre-zygotic | Ehrman[36][37][38][39] | 1971; 1973; 1979; 1983 | |||
D. melanogaster | Sternopleural chaeta number | 5; 27; 27; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1 | Parapatric/
sympatric |
None | Chabora[40] | 1968 | ||
D. melanogaster | None | Scharloo[41] | 1967 | |||||
D. melanogaster | 1, 1 | Coyne & Grant[42] | 1972 | |||||
D. melanogaster | 25 | Rice[43] | 1985 | |||||
D. melanogaster | 25 | Disruptive | Pre-zygotic | Rice & Salt[44] | 1988 | |||
D. melanogaster | 35; 35 | Sympatric | Pre-zygotic | Rice & Salt[45] | 1990 | |||
D. melanogaster | NaCl and CuSO4 levels in food | [3 years in allopatry, 1 in sympatry] | Allopatric; reinforcement; sympatric | Pre-zygotic in allopatry, none in sympatry | Wallace[46] | 1982 | ||
D. melanogaster | Reinforcement | Ehrman et al.[47] | 1991 | |||||
D. melanogaster | Reinforcement | Fukatami & Moriwaki[48] | 1970 | |||||
Drosophila simulans | Scutellar bristles, development speed, wing width; desiccation resistance, fecundity, ethanol resistance; courtship display, re-mating speed, lek behavior; pupation height, clumped egg laying, general activity | [3 years] | Vicariant; peripatric | Yes | Post-zygotic | Ringo et al.[49] | 1985 | |
Drosophila paulistorum | 131; 131 | Reinforcement | Direct | Pre-zygotic | Dobzhansky et al.[50] | 1976 | ||
D. paulistorum | [5 years] | Vicariant | Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky[51] | 1966 | ||||
Drosophila willistoni | pH adaptation | 34–122 | Vicariant | Indirect; divergent | No | Pre-zygotic | Kalisz & Cordeiro[52] | 1980 |
Drosophila pseudoobscura | Carbohydrate source | 12 | Vicariant | Indirect | Yes | Pre-zygotic | Dodd[53] | 1989 |
D. pseudoobscura | Temperature adaptation | 25–60 | Vicariant | Direct | Ehrman[54][55][56][57][58] | 1964;
1969 | ||
D. pseudoobscura | Phototaxis, geotaxis | 5–11 | Vicariant | Indirect | No | Pre-zygotic | del Solar[59] | 1966 |
D. pseudoobscura | Vicariant; peripatric | Pre-zygotic | Powell[60][61] | 1978; 1985 | ||||
D. pseudoobscura | Peripatric; vicariant | Yes | Galiana et al.[62] | 1993 | ||||
D. pseudoobscura | Temperature photoperiod; food | 37 (78) [33–34 months] | Vicariant | Divergent | Yes | None | Rundle[63] | 2003 |
D. pseudoobscura & | 22; 16; 9 | Reinforcement | Direct; divergent | Pre-zygotic | Koopman[64] | 1950 | ||
D. pseudoobscura &
D. persimilis |
18 (4) | Direct | Pre-zygotic | Kessler[65] | 1966 | |||
Drosophila mojavensis | 12 | Direct | Pre-zygotic | Koepfer[66] | 1987 | |||
D. mojavensis | Development time | 13 | Divergent | Yes | None | Etges[67] | 1998 | |
Drosophila adiastola | Peripatric | Yes | Pre-zygotic | Arita & Kaneshiro[68] | 1974 | |||
Drosophila silvestris | Peripatric | Yes | Ahearn[69] | 1980 | ||||
Musca domestica | Geotaxis | 38 | Vicariant | Indirect | No | Pre-zygotic | Soans et al.[70] | 1974 |
M. domestica | Geotaxis | 16 | Vicariant | Direct; divergent | No | Pre-zygotic | Hurd & Eisenburg[71] | 1975 |
M. domestica | Peripatric | Yes | Meffert & Bryant[72] | 1991 | ||||
M. domestica | Regan et al.[73] | 2003 | ||||||
Bactrocera cucurbitae | Development time | 40–51 | Divergent | Yes | Pre-zygotic | Miyatake & Shimizu[74] | 1999 | |
Zea mays | 6; 6 | Reinforcement | Direct; divergent | Pre-zygotic | Paterniani[75] | 1969 | ||
Drosophila grimshawi | Peripatric | Jones, Widemo, & Arrendal[76] | N/A | |||||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Leu & Murry[77] | 2006 | ||||||
D. melanogaster | Reinforcement | Harper & Lambert[78] | 1983 | |||||
Tribolium castaneum | Pupal weight | 15 (6) | Disruptive | Halliburton & Gall[79] | 1983 | |||
D. melanogaster | Geotaxis | Divergent | Lofdahl et al.[80] | 1992 | ||||
D. pseudoobscura | [10 years] | Moya et al.[81] | 1995 | |||||
Neurospora | Divergent | Dettman et al.[82] | 2008 | |||||
S. cerevisiae | 500 | Divergent | Dettman et al.[83] | 2007 | ||||
Sepsis cynipsea | 35 | Martin & Hosken[84] | 2003 | |||||
D. melanogaster | Wigby & Chapman[85] | 2006 | ||||||
D. pseudoobscura | Sexual conflict | 48–52 (4; 4; 4) | Bacigalupe et al.[86] | 2007 | ||||
D. serrata | Rundle et al.[87] | 2005 | ||||||
Drosophila serrata & D. birchii | Mate recognition | 9 (3; 3) | Reinforcement | Natural | Pre-zygotic | Higgie et al.[88] | 2000 | |
Enterobacteria phage λ | Escherichia coli receptor exploitation | 35 cycles (6) | Vicariant, sympatric | Pre-zygotic | Meyer et al.[89] | 2016 | ||
Tetranychus urticae | Resistance to host plant toxin | Overmeer[90] | 1966 | |||||
T. urticae | Resistance to host plant toxin | Fry[91] | 1999 | |||||
Helianthus annus × H. petiolaris and H. anomalus | Hybrid | Rieseburg et al.[92] | 1996 | |||||
S. cerevisiae | Greig et al.[93] | 2002 | ||||||
D. melanogaster | Life history | Ghosh & Joshi[94] | 2012 | |||||
Drosophila subobscura | Mate behavior | Bárbaro et al.[95] | 2015 | |||||
Digital organisms | ~42,000; ~850 (20) | Ecological | Post-zygotic | Anderson & Harmon[96] | 2014 | |||
Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Complete reproductive isolation | Seike et al.[97] | 2015 | |||||
D. pseudoobscura | Courtship song | 130 | Debelle et al.[98] | 2014 | ||||
Callosobruchus maculatus | 40 (16) | Debelle et al.[99] | 2010 |
각주
- ↑ 가 나 다 , Sinauer Associates
|제목=
이(가) 없거나 비었음 (도움말) 인용 오류: 잘못된<ref>
태그; "Coyne&Orr2004"이 다른 콘텐츠로 여러 번 정의되었습니다 - ↑ Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders (2002), “Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation”, 《Journal of Evolutionary Biology》 15 (1): 10–19, doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x
- ↑ Coyne, Jerry A.; Orr, H. Allen (1997), “"Patterns of Speciation in Drosophila" Revisited”, 《Evolution》 51 (1): 295–303, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02412.x, PMID 28568795
- ↑ Momigliano, Paolo; Jokinen, Henri; Fraimout, Antoine; Florin, Ann-Britt; Norkko, Alf; Merilä, Juha (2017), “Extraordinarily rapid speciation in a marine fish” (PDF), 《PNAS》 114 (23): 6074–6079, doi:10.1073/pnas.1615109114, PMC 5468626, PMID 28533412
- ↑ Ringo, John; Wood, David; Rockwell, Robert; Dowse, Harold (1985), “An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation”, 《The American Naturalist》 126 (5): 642–661, doi:10.1086/284445, S2CID 84819968
- ↑ Rice, William R. & Hostert, Ellen E. (1993), “Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?”, 《Evolution》 47 (6): 1637–1653, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x, PMID 28568007, S2CID 42100751
- ↑ Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders (2002), “Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation”, 《Journal of Evolutionary Biology》 15 (1): 10–19, doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x
- ↑ Kirkpatrick, Mark & Ravigné, Virginie (2002), “Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments”, 《The American Naturalist》 159: S22–S35, doi:10.1086/338370, PMID 18707367, S2CID 16516804
- ↑ 가 나 Fry, James D. (2009). Laboratory Experiments on Speciation. In Garland, Theodore & Rose, Michael R. "Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments". Pp. 631–656. doi 10.1525/california/9780520247666.003.0020
- ↑ Rice, William R. & Hostert, Ellen E. (1993), “Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?”, 《Evolution》 47 (6): 1637–1653, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x, PMID 28568007, S2CID 42100751
- ↑ Kirkpatrick, Mark & Ravigné, Virginie (2002), “Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments”, 《The American Naturalist》 159: S22–S35, doi:10.1086/338370, PMID 18707367, S2CID 16516804
- ↑ Florin, Ann-Britt & Ödeen, Anders (2002), “Laboratory environments are not conducive for allopatric speciation”, 《Journal of Evolutionary Biology》 15 (1): 10–19, doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00356.x
- ↑ Grant, B. S. & Mettler, L. E. (1969), “Disruptive and stabilizing selection on the" escape" behavior of Drosophila melanogaster”, 《Genetics》 62 (3): 625–637, doi:10.1093/genetics/62.3.625, PMC 1212303, PMID 17248452
- ↑ Burnet, B. & Connolly, K. (1974). Activity and sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. In Abeelen, J. H. V. F. (eds). The Genetics of Behaviour. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Pp. 201–258.
- ↑ Kilias, G., Alahiotis, S. N., & Pelecanos, M. (1980), “A Multifactorial Genetic Investigation of Speciation Theory Using Drosophila melanogaster”, 《Evolution》 34 (4): 730–737, doi:10.2307/2408027, JSTOR 2408027, PMID 28563991
- ↑ Boake, C. R. B., Mcdonald, K., Maitra, S., Ganguly, R. (2003), “Forty years of solitude: life-history divergence and behavioural isolation between laboratory lines of Drosophila melanogaster”, 《Journal of Evolutionary Biology》 16 (1): 83–90, doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00505.x, PMID 14635883
- ↑ Barker, J. S. F. & Karlsson, L. J. E. (1974), “Effects of population size and selection intensity on responses to disruptive selection in Drosophila melanogaster”, 《Genetics》 78 (2): 715–735, doi:10.2307/2407287, JSTOR 2407287, PMC 1213230, PMID 4217303
- ↑ Crossley, Stella A. (1974), “Changes in Mating Behavior Produced by Selection for Ethological Isolation Between Ebony and Vestigial Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster”, 《Evolution》 28 (4): 631–647, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00795.x, PMID 28564833, S2CID 35867118
- ↑ van Dijken, F. R. & Scharloo, W. (1979), “Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection response”, 《Behavior Genetics》 9 (6): 543–553, doi:10.1007/BF01067350, PMID 122270, S2CID 39352792
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- ↑ Ringo, John; Wood, David; Rockwell, Robert; Dowse, Harold (1985), “An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation”, 《The American Naturalist》 126 (5): 642–661, doi:10.1086/284445, S2CID 84819968
- ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Pavlovsky, O.; Powell, J. R. (1976), “Partially Successful Attempt to Enhance Reproductive Isolation Between Semispecies of Drosophila paulistorum”, 《Evolution》 30 (2): 201–212, doi:10.2307/2407696, JSTOR 2407696, PMID 28563045
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- ↑ Kessler, Seymour (1966), “Selection For and Against Ethological Isolation Between Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis”, 《Evolution》 20 (4): 634–645, doi:10.2307/2406597, JSTOR 2406597, PMID 28562900
- ↑ Koepfer, H. Roberta (1987), “Selection for Sexual Isolation Between Geographic Forms of Drosophila mojavensis. I Interactions Between the Selected Forms”, 《Evolution》 41 (1): 37–48, doi:10.2307/2408971, JSTOR 2408971, PMID 28563762
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- ↑ Paterniani, E. (1969), “Selection for Reproductive Isolation between Two Populations of Maize, Zea mays L.”, 《Evolution》 23 (4): 534–547, doi:10.2307/2406851, JSTOR 2406851, PMID 28562870
- ↑ Ödeen, Anders & Florin, Ann-Britt (2002), “Sexual selection and peripatric speciation: the Kaneshiro model revisited”, 《Journal of Evolutionary Biology》 15 (2): 301–306, doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00378.x
- ↑ Leu, J. Y. & Murray, A. W. (2006), “Experimental evolution of mating discrimination in budding yeast”, 《Current Biology》 16 (3): 280–286, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.028, PMID 16461281
- ↑ Harper, A. A. & Lambert, D. M. (1983), “The population genetics of reinforcing selection”, 《Genetica》 62 (1): 15–23, doi:10.1007/BF00123305, S2CID 7947934
- ↑ Halliburton, Richard & Gall, G. A. E. (1981), “Disruptive selection and assortative mating in Tribolium castaneum”, 《Evolution》 35 (5): 829–843, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04947.x, PMID 28581046
- ↑ Lofdahl, L. Katharine; Hu, Dan; Ehrman, Lee; Hirsch, Jerry; Skoog, Linda (1992), “Incipient reproductive isolation and evolution in laboratory Drosophila melanogaster selected for geotaxis”, 《Animal Behaviour》 44 (4): 783–786, doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80307-0, S2CID 53257556
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