안슐루스: 두 판 사이의 차이
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Twotwo2019 (토론 | 기여) 편집 요약 없음 |
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== 같이 보기 == |
== 같이 보기 == |
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* [[대독일주의]] |
* [[대독일주의]] |
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== 참고 문헌 == |
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* Barnett, William P., and Michael Woywode. "From Red Vienna to the Anschluss: Ideological Competition among Viennese Newspapers during the Rise of National Socialism," ''American Journal of Sociology'' (2004) 109#6 pp. 1452–1499 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/381774 in JSTOR] |
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* Bukey, Evan Burr. ''Hitler's Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938–1945'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Austria-Popular-Sentiment-1938-1945/dp/0807853631/ excerpt and text search] |
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* Bukey, Evan Burr. ''Hitler's Hometown: Linz, Austria, 1908–1945'' (Indiana University Press, 1986) ISBN 0-253-32833-0. |
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* Faber, David. ''Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II'' (2010) pp 139–68 |
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* Gehl, Jürgen. ''Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss, 1931–1938'' (1963), the standard scholarly monography |
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* Hildebrand, Klaus. ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973. |
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* Low, Alfred D. "The Anschluss Movement (1918–1938) in Recent Historical Writing: German Nationalism and Austrian Patriotism," ''Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism'' (1976) 3#2 pp 212–225, historiography |
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* Parkinson, F., ed. ''Conquering the Past: Austrian Nazism Yesterday and Today'' (Wayne State University Press, 1989). ISBN 0-8143-2054-6. |
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* Pauley, Bruce F. ''Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis: A History of Austrian National Socialism'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1981) ISBN 0-8078-1456-3. |
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* Rathkolb, Oliver. "The 'Anschluss' in the Rear-View Mirror, 1938–2008: Historical Memories Between Debate and Transformation," ''Contemporary Austrian Studies'' (2009), Vol. 17, p5-28, historiography |
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* Ozment, Steven. ''A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People''. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005. |
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* Speer, Albert. ''Inside the Third Reich''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. |
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* Steininger, Wolf. ''Austria, Germany, and the Cold War: from the Anschluss to the State Treaty 1938–1955'' (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008) |
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* Wright, Herbert. "The Legality of the Annexation of Austria by Germany," ''American Journal of International Law'' (1944) 38#4 pp. 621–635 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2192795 in JSTOR]; it violated several treaties |
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=== 1차 자료 === |
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* [[George Eric Rowe Gedye|Gedye, George Eric Rowe]]. Betrayal in Central Europe. Austria and Czechoslovakia, the Fallen Bastions. New and revised edition. Harper & Brothers, New York 1939. Paperback reissue, Faber & Faber, 2009. ISBN 978-0571251896. |
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* Schuschnigg, Kurt. ''The brutal takeover: The Austrian ex-Chancellor's account of the Anschluss of Austria by Hitler'' (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971) ISBN 0-297-00321-6. |
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=== 독일어 문헌 === |
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* {{언어고리|de}} Scheuch, Manfred (2005). ''Der Weg zum Heldenplatz: eine Geschichte der österreichischen Diktatur. 1933–1938.'' ISBN 3-8258-7712-4. |
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* {{언어고리|de}} Stuckel, Eva-Maria (2001). ''Österreich, Monarchie, Operette, und Anschluss: Antisemtismus, Faschismus, und Nationalsozialismus im Fadenkreuz von Ingeborg Bachman und Elias Canetti.'' Kulturfoerderverein Ruhrg. ISBN 3-931300-09-9. |
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* [http://www.wienerzeitung.at/linkmap/personen/miklaspopup.htm Österreichs Weg zum Anschluss im März 1938]," ''Wiener Zeitung'', 25 May 1998 (detailed article the on the events of the Anschluss, in German). |
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* [http://www.doew.at/thema/thema_alt/wuv/maerz38_2/propaganda.html Die propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung]," Austrian Resistance Archive, Vienna, 1988 (accessed 10 June 2005). |
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== 바깥 고리 == |
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* [http://www.uwm.edu/People/abuchner/crisisyear.htm The Crisis Year of 1934] Buchner, A. From the Destruction of the Socialist Lager to National Socialist Coup Attempt (accessed 10 June 2005). |
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* United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Library Bibliography: [http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/index.php?content=anschluss ''Anschluss''] |
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* [http://www.historikerkommission.gv.at/ Austrian Historical Commission] |
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* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/26730/Anschluss Encyclopædia Britannica, ''Anschluss'' artilcle] |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/austria_nazism_01.shtml BBC article by Robert Knight, who served on the Historikercommission] |
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* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431000a.html Full text of the Moscow Declaration] |
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* [http://www.wiesenthal.com/ Simon Wiesenthal Center] |
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* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/mot/html/austria.htm Time magazine coverage of the events of the ''Anschluss''] |
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* [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/vienna.htm Pictures of Adolf Hitler in Vienna] |
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* [http://www.otr.com/austria.shtml ''Anschluss'' – a soundbite history of the German invasion into Austria] |
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* [http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19380313/ Map of Europe at time of Anschluss] at omniatlas.com |
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{{토막글|나치 독일}} |
{{토막글|나치 독일}} |
2015년 11월 18일 (수) 14:32 판
이 문서의 내용은 출처가 분명하지 않습니다. (2013년 8월) |
오스트리아의 역사 Geschichte Österreichs |
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오스트리아 병합(Anschluss Österreichs)은 1938년 나치 독일이 오스트리아를 병합한 사건이다. 독일어로는 안슐루스(Anschluss, 옛 철자법으로 Anschluß, "병합"이라는 뜻)이라고도 한다.
경과
1938년 3월 12일 독일 국방군은 오스트리아로 진군하였다. 한편 쿠르트 슈슈니크 오스트리아 총리는 오스트리아의 독립을 유지하기 위한 최후의 수단으로 오스트리아의 독립 유지 여부를 묻기 위한 국민투표를 3월 13일에 실시하기로 계획했으며 국민투표에서 대다수를 확보하기 위해 나치 관념론을 크게 동정한 청년 투표자를 제외시켜 투표 연령을 높였다. 아돌프 히틀러는 국민투표가 중요한 시기에 지배를 받을 것이며 나치 독일이 그것을 받아들이지 않을 것이라고 선언했다.
한편 독일 내각은 "오스트리아에서 폭동이 발생했으며 오스트리아 국민 대다수가 독일 군대의 오스트리아 진주를 요구하였다."는 내용이 담긴 신문을 발행했다. 절망에 빠진 슈슈니크는 그날 저녁 총리직을 사퇴했으며 빌헬름 미클라스 오스트리아 대통령은 새로운 총리를 임명하는 것도 거절하였다. 그러나 독일은 불과 하루 만에 내각을 포함한 빈의 대다수 의석을 차지했으며 1938년 4월 10일에 실시된 국민투표에서 오스트리아는 독일의 일부가 되었다. 독일은 아르투어 자이스잉크바르트를 오스트리아 총리로 임명했다. 오스트리아의 민주주의 체제는 제2차 세계 대전 이후에도 오스트리아가 1955년에 독립을 선언하기까지 복원되지 않았다.
같이 보기
참고 문헌
- Barnett, William P., and Michael Woywode. "From Red Vienna to the Anschluss: Ideological Competition among Viennese Newspapers during the Rise of National Socialism," American Journal of Sociology (2004) 109#6 pp. 1452–1499 in JSTOR
- Bukey, Evan Burr. Hitler's Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938–1945 (2001) excerpt and text search
- Bukey, Evan Burr. Hitler's Hometown: Linz, Austria, 1908–1945 (Indiana University Press, 1986) ISBN 0-253-32833-0.
- Faber, David. Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2010) pp 139–68
- Gehl, Jürgen. Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss, 1931–1938 (1963), the standard scholarly monography
- Hildebrand, Klaus. The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973.
- Low, Alfred D. "The Anschluss Movement (1918–1938) in Recent Historical Writing: German Nationalism and Austrian Patriotism," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism (1976) 3#2 pp 212–225, historiography
- Parkinson, F., ed. Conquering the Past: Austrian Nazism Yesterday and Today (Wayne State University Press, 1989). ISBN 0-8143-2054-6.
- Pauley, Bruce F. Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis: A History of Austrian National Socialism (University of North Carolina Press, 1981) ISBN 0-8078-1456-3.
- Rathkolb, Oliver. "The 'Anschluss' in the Rear-View Mirror, 1938–2008: Historical Memories Between Debate and Transformation," Contemporary Austrian Studies (2009), Vol. 17, p5-28, historiography
- Ozment, Steven. A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.
- Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
- Steininger, Wolf. Austria, Germany, and the Cold War: from the Anschluss to the State Treaty 1938–1955 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008)
- Wright, Herbert. "The Legality of the Annexation of Austria by Germany," American Journal of International Law (1944) 38#4 pp. 621–635 in JSTOR; it violated several treaties
1차 자료
- Gedye, George Eric Rowe. Betrayal in Central Europe. Austria and Czechoslovakia, the Fallen Bastions. New and revised edition. Harper & Brothers, New York 1939. Paperback reissue, Faber & Faber, 2009. ISBN 978-0571251896.
- Schuschnigg, Kurt. The brutal takeover: The Austrian ex-Chancellor's account of the Anschluss of Austria by Hitler (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971) ISBN 0-297-00321-6.
독일어 문헌
- (독일어) Scheuch, Manfred (2005). Der Weg zum Heldenplatz: eine Geschichte der österreichischen Diktatur. 1933–1938. ISBN 3-8258-7712-4.
- (독일어) Stuckel, Eva-Maria (2001). Österreich, Monarchie, Operette, und Anschluss: Antisemtismus, Faschismus, und Nationalsozialismus im Fadenkreuz von Ingeborg Bachman und Elias Canetti. Kulturfoerderverein Ruhrg. ISBN 3-931300-09-9.
- Österreichs Weg zum Anschluss im März 1938," Wiener Zeitung, 25 May 1998 (detailed article the on the events of the Anschluss, in German).
- Die propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung," Austrian Resistance Archive, Vienna, 1988 (accessed 10 June 2005).
바깥 고리
- The Crisis Year of 1934 Buchner, A. From the Destruction of the Socialist Lager to National Socialist Coup Attempt (accessed 10 June 2005).
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Library Bibliography: Anschluss
- Austrian Historical Commission
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Anschluss artilcle
- BBC article by Robert Knight, who served on the Historikercommission
- Full text of the Moscow Declaration
- Simon Wiesenthal Center
- Time magazine coverage of the events of the Anschluss
- Pictures of Adolf Hitler in Vienna
- Anschluss – a soundbite history of the German invasion into Austria
- Map of Europe at time of Anschluss at omniatlas.com
이 글은 나치 독일에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다. |