사용자:배우는사람/문서:위치 지도 유럽

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

아슈케나짐[편집]


아슈케나짐(히브리어: אשכנזים, 독일어: Aschkenasim, 영어: Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazim, German Jews)은 유럽에 거주하던 유대인 그룹이다. 아슈케나지 유대인(יהודי אשכנז 예후디 아슈케나즈)이라고도 불리며 세파라딤과 구별된다. 중세시대 당시 라인란트에 거주하던 유대인들의 후손이다. "아슈케나즈"는 그 당시 히브리어로 독일을 가리키는 말이었다. 이런 측면에서 아슈케나짐의 문자 그대로의 뜻은 독일계 유대인(German Jews)이다. 시간이 지나면서 아슈케나지 유대인들은 동유럽 국가들로 이주했다.

유대인 대학살[편집]

당시에 전 유럽에 존재했던 약 8백만 유대인들 중 대다수가 아슈케나짐이었고, 학살당한 6백만명의 희생자 역시 대부분 아슈케나짐이었다. 폴란드에 존재했던 330만 유대인 중 3백만 명(91%)의 폴란드 출신 유대인과 110만 명 중 90만명의 우크라이나계 유대인 (82%)들이 희생당했다. 슬라브 민족, 독일, 프랑스, 헝가리발칸 반도 출신 유대인들은 약 50~90% 정도가 학살당했다. 아슈케나짐이 아닌 유대인들이 대규모로 희생된 나라는 그리스밖에 없었다.[1] 생존한 아슈케나짐은 대부분 이스라엘, 오스트레일리아미국으로 이주했다.

Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (틀:Lang-he-n, 발음 [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Yehudei Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north. Ashkenaz is the medieval Hebrew name for this region and thus for Germany. Thus, Ashkenazim or Ashkenazi Jews are literally "German Jews." Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe came to be called "Ashkenaz" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany. (See Usage of the name for the term's etymology.) Ashkenaz is also a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10).

Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a basically Germanic language with Hebrew influence (see Jewish language). It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Spira, Warmatia and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.

카라이테 유대교(Karaite Judaism)[편집]


Karaite Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism[편집]

Most of the Modern Judaism streams developed from the Pharisee movement, which became known as Rabbinic Judaism (in Hebrew "Yahadut Rabanit" - יהדות רבנית) with the compilation of oral law into Mishna. After the destruction of the Second Temple and the Bar Kokhba revolt, the other movements disappear from historical records.

Those who did not agree with the Rabbinic oral law were later called by the name "Karaite Jews" (in Hebrew "Karaim" - קראים) - followers of the scriptures.

모듈:Location_map/multi 27번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: 지정된 위치 지도 정의를 찾을 수 없습니다. "모듈:Location map/data/유럽2"이(가) 존재하지 않습니다.

Historically, Karaite Judaism consisted of organized movements that did not accept the innovations of rabbinical Judaism and the authority of the Talmud and Exilarch after the Islamic conquest of the Middle East. In some of their older writings, the Karaites claim descent from the Sadducees. Karaism accepts only the Tanakh, not recognizing the Talmud and other rabbinical writings. In the 10th century, the Karaites are believed to have comprised about 10% of the world's Jewish population. At the time of the traveler Benjamin of Tudela in the 12th century, Karaites were widely dispersed around the eastern Mediterranean, both in Islamic areas and the Byzantine Empire. Benjamin describes Karaite communities in many of the places he visited.

In the early 20th century, small Karaite communities remained in Egypt, Turkey, the Crimea, and Lithuania. Today, there are about 30,000 Karaite Jews in the world, most of whom live in Israel. Traditionally, Rabbinic Judaism has regarded the Karaites as Jewish, but with a wrong philosophical understanding of the Torah.

주석[편집]

  1. “유대인대학살로 죽은 유대인들 예측”. Jewish Virtual Library. 2006년 5월 24일에 확인함.