초당 명령 수: 두 판 사이의 차이

내용 삭제됨 내용 추가됨

인라인

2016년 11월 25일 (금) 03:06 판

초당 명령 수(Instructions per second, IPS)는 컴퓨터의 프로세서 속도 측정 단위이다.

이 용어는 TIPS(팁스, thousand instructions per second), MIPS(밉스, million instructions per second), GIPS(깁스, billion instructions per second)와 같은 값으로 표현하는 것이 일반적이다.

계산

IPS는 다음과 같이 계산할 수 있다.^[1]

{\text{IPS}}={\text{sockets}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\text{clock}}\times {\frac {\text{IPs}}{\text{cycle}}}

kIPS

표준 벤치마크를 사용할 수 있기 이전에, 컴퓨터의 평균 속도는 kIPS(킵스, Thousand instructions per second) 단위로 명령 결과를 계산하였다. 가장 대중적인 것으로는 과학 목적을 위해 IBM의 잭 클락 깁슨이 만든 깁슨 믹스였다.^[2]

MIPS

MIPS(밉스, million instructions per second)는 초당 100만 개의 명령을 수행할 수 있는 능력을 말한다. 컴퓨터의 수행 속도를 나타내는 단위로 사용된다. 하지만 기종에 따라 같은 작업을 하는데 필요한 명령의 수가 다르기 때문에 컴퓨터의 성능을 완벽하게 반영한다고 보기는 어려우며, 서로 다른 아키텍처의 프로세서 간 성능을 비교할 경우는 보통 벤치마크 테스트를 통해 측정한다.

IPS 타임라인

프로세서 / 시스템	Dhrystone MIPS / MIPS	D IPS / 초당 클럭 사이클	D IPS / 초당 클럭 사이클 / 다이 당 코어	연도	출처
유니박 I	0.002 MIPS @ 2.25 MHz	0.0008	0.0008	1951	^[3]
인텔 4004	0.092 MIPS @ 740 kHz (Not Dhrystone)	0.124	0.124	1971	^[4]
IBM System/370 Model 158	0.64 MIPS @ 8.696 MHz	0.0736	0.0736	1972	^[5]
인텔 8080	0.29 MIPS @ 2 MHz	0.145	0.145	1974	^[6]
MOS 6502	0.43 MIPS @ 1 MHz	0.43	0.43	1975	^[7]
Intel 8080A	0.435 MIPS @ 3 MHz	0.145	0.145	1976	^[6]
자일로그 Z80	0.58 MIPS @ 4 MHz	0.145	0.145	1976	^[7]
모토로라 6809	0.42 MIPS @ 1 MHz	0.42	0.42	1977	^[7]
Motorola 6802	0.5 MIPS @ 1 MHz	0.5	0.5	1977	^[8]
IBM System/370 Model 158-3	0.73 MIPS @ 8.696 MHz	0.0839	0.0839	1977	^[5]
VAX-11/780	1 MIPS @ 5 MHz	0.2	0.2	1977	^[5]
인텔 8086	0.33 MIPS @ 5 MHz	0.066	0.066	1978	^[6]
후지쯔 MB8843	2 MIPS @ 2 MHz (Not Dhrystone)	1	1	1978	^[9]
인텔 8088	0.75 MIPS @ 10 MHz	0.075	0.075	1979	^[6]
모토로라 68000	1.4 MIPS @ 8 MHz	0.175	0.175	1979	^[7]
Zilog Z8001/Z8002	1.5 MIPS @ 6 MHz	0.25	0.25	1979	^[10]
인텔 8035/8039/8048	6 MIPS @ 6 MHz (Not Dhrystone)	1	1	1980	^[11]
후지쯔 MB8843/MB8844	6 MIPS @ 6 MHz (Not Dhrystone)	1	1	1980	^[9]
Zilog Z80/Z80H	1.16 MIPS @ 8 MHz	0.145	0.145	1981	^[7]^[12]
Motorola 6802	1.79 MIPS @ 3.58 MHz	0.5	0.5	1981	^[8]^[13]
Zilog Z8001/Z8002B	2.5 MIPS @ 10 MHz	0.25	0.25	1981	^[10]
MOS 6502	2.522 MIPS @ 5.865 MHz	0.43	0.43	1981	^[7]^[13]
Intel 286	1.28 MIPS @ 12 MHz	0.107	0.107	1982	^[5]
모토로라 68000	2.188 MIPS @ 12.5 MHz	0.175	0.175	1982	^[7]
모토로라 68010	2.407 MIPS @ 12.5 MHz	0.193	0.193	1982	^[14]
NEC V20	4 MIPS @ 8 MHz	0.5	0.5	1982	^[15]
LINKS-1 컴퓨터 그래픽스 시스템 (257-processor)	642.5 MIPS @ 10 MHz	2.5	0.25	1982	^[16]
텍사스 인스트루먼츠 TMS32010	5 MIPS @ 20 MHz	0.25	0.25	1983	^[17]
NEC V20	5 MIPS @ 10 MHz	0.5	0.5	1983	^[15]
모토로라 68010	3.209 MIPS @ 16.67 MHz	0.193	0.193	1984	^[14]
모토로라 68020	4.848 MIPS @ 16 MHz	0.303	0.303	1984	^[18]
히타치 HD63705	2 MIPS @ 2 MHz	1	1	1985	^[19]^[20]
Intel i386DX	2.15 MIPS @ 16 MHz	0.134	0.134	1985	^[5]
Hitachi-Motorola 68HC000	3.5 MIPS @ 20 MHz	0.175	0.175	1985	^[7]
Intel 8751	8 MIPS @ 8 MHz	1	1	1985	^[21]
세가 아케이드 시스템 보드 목록 (4-processor)	16.33 MIPS @ 10 MHz	4.083	0.408	1985	^[22]
ARM2	4 MIPS @ 8 MHz	0.5	0.5	1986
텍사스 인스트루먼츠 TMS34010	6 MIPS @ 50 MHz	0.12	0.12	1986	^[23]
NEC V70	6.6 MIPS @ 20 MHz	0.33	0.33	1987	^[24]
모토로라 68030	9 MIPS @ 25 MHz	0.36	0.36	1987	^[25]^[26]
Gmicro/200	10 MIPS @ 20 MHz	0.5	0.5	1987	^[27]
텍사스 인스트루먼츠 TMS320C20	12.5 MIPS @ 25 MHz	0.5	0.5	1987	^[28]
아날로그 디바이스 ADSP-2100	12.5 MIPS @ 12.5 MHz	1	1	1987	^[29]
Texas Instruments TMS320C25	25 MIPS @ 50 MHz	0.5	0.5	1987	^[28]
모토로라 68020	10 MIPS @ 33 MHz	0.303	0.303	1988	^[18]
모토로라 68030	18 MIPS @ 50 MHz	0.36	0.36	1988	^[26]
남코 시스템 21 (10-프로세서)	73.927 MIPS @ 25 MHz	2.957	0.296	1988	^[30]
Intel i386DX	4.3 MIPS @ 33 MHz	0.13	0.13	1989	^[5]
Intel i486DX	8.7 MIPS @ 25 MHz	0.348	0.348	1989	^[5]
NEC V80	16.5 MIPS @ 33 MHz	0.5	0.5	1989	^[24]
인텔 i860	25 MIPS @ 25 MHz	1	1	1989	^[31]
Atari Hard Drivin' (7-processor)	33.573 MIPS @ 50 MHz	0.671	0.0959	1989	^[32]
NEC SX-3 (4-processor)	680 MIPS @ 400 MHz	1.7	0.425	1989	^[33]
모토로라 68040	44 MIPS @ 40 MHz	1.1	1.1	1990	^[34]
남코 시스템 21 (Galaxian³) (96-processor)	1,660.386 MIPS @ 40 MHz	41.51	0.432	1990	^[35]
AMD Am386	9 MIPS @ 40 MHz	0.225	0.225	1991	^[36]
Intel i486DX	11.1 MIPS @ 33 MHz	0.336	0.336	1991	^[5]
인텔 i860	50 MIPS @ 50 MHz	1	1	1991	^[31]
인텔 i486DX2	25.6 MIPS @ 66 MHz	0.388	0.388	1992	^[5]
알파 21064	86 MIPS @ 150 MHz	0.573	0.573	1992	^[5]
알파 21064	135 MIPS @ 200 MHz	0.675	0.675	1993	^[5]^[37]
MIPS R4400	85 MIPS @ 150 MHz	0.567	0.567	1993	^[38]
Gmicro/500	132 MIPS @ 66 MHz	2	2	1993	^[39]
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 601	157.7 MIPS @ 80 MHz	1.971	1.971	1993	^[40]
SGI Onyx RealityEngine² (36-processor)	2,640 MIPS @ 150 MHz	17.6	0.489	1993	^[41]
Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator (36-processor)	2,880 MIPS @ 150 MHz	19.2	0.533	1993	^[38]
ARM7	40 MIPS @ 45 MHz	0.889	0.889	1994	^[42]
인텔 DX4	70 MIPS @ 100 MHz	0.7	0.7	1994	^[6]
모토로라 68060	110 MIPS @ 75 MHz	1.33	1.33	1994
펜티엄	188 MIPS @ 100 MHz	1.88	1.88	1994	^[43]
Microchip PIC16F	5 MIPS @ 20 MHz	0.25	0.25	1995	^[44]
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603e	188 MIPS @ 133 MHz	1.414	1.414	1995	^[45]
ARM 7500FE	35.9 MIPS @ 40 MHz	0.9	0.9	1996
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603ev	423 MIPS @ 300 MHz	1.41	1.41	1996	^[45]
펜티엄 프로	541 MIPS @ 200 MHz	2.7	2.7	1996	^[46]
Hitachi SH-4	360 MIPS @ 200 MHz	1.8	1.8	1997	^[47]^[48]
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 750	525 MIPS @ 233 MHz	2.3	2.3	1997
자일로그 eZ80	80 MIPS @ 50 MHz	1.6	1.6	1999	^[49]
펜티엄 III	2,054 MIPS @ 600 MHz	3.4	3.4	1999	^[43]
Sega Naomi Multiboard (32-processor)	6,400 MIPS @ 200 MHz	32	1	1999	^[50]
Freescale MPC8272	760 MIPS @ 400 MHz	1.9	1.9	2000	^[51]
AMD Athlon	3,561 MIPS @ 1.2 GHz	3.0	3.0	2000
Silicon Recognition ZISC 78	8,600 MIPS @ 33 MHz	260.6	260.6	2000	^[52]
ARM11	515 MIPS @ 412 MHz	1.25	1.25	2002	^[53]
AMD Athlon XP 2500+	7,527 MIPS @ 1.83 GHz	4.1	4.1	2003	^[43]
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition	9,726 MIPS @ 3.2 GHz	3.0	3.0	2003
Microchip PIC10F	1 MIPS @ 4 MHz	0.25	0.25	2004	^[54]^[55]
ARM Cortex-M3	125 MIPS @ 100 MHz	1.25	1.25	2004	^[56]
Nios II	190 MIPS @ 165 MHz	1.13	1.13	2004	^[57]
MIPS32 4KEc	356 MIPS @ 233 MHz	1.5	1.5	2004	^[58]
비아 C7	1,799 MIPS @ 1.3 GHz	1.4	1.4	2005	^[59]
ARM Cortex-A8	2,000 MIPS @ 1.0 GHz	2.0	2.0	2005	^[60]
AMD Athlon FX-57	12,000 MIPS @ 2.8 GHz	4.3	4.3	2005
AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (2-core)	14,564 MIPS @ 2.0 GHz	7.3	3.6	2005	^[61]
ARM Cortex-R4	450 MIPS @ 270 MHz	1.66	1.66	2006	^[62]
MIPS32 24K	604 MIPS @ 400 MHz	1.51	1.51	2006	^[63]
PS3 Cell BE (PPE only)	10,240 MIPS @ 3.2 GHz	3.2	3.2	2006
IBM 제논 (프로세서) (3-core)	19,200 MIPS @ 3.2 GHz	6.0	2.0	2005
AMD Athlon FX-60 (2-core)	18,938 MIPS @ 2.6 GHz	7.3	3.6	2006	^[61]
인텔 코어 2 Extreme X6800 (2-core)	27,079 MIPS @ 2.93 GHz	9.2	4.6	2006	^[61]
인텔 코어 2 Extreme QX6700 (4-core)	49,161 MIPS @ 2.66 GHz	18.4	4.6	2006	^[64]
MIPS64 20Kc	1,370 MIPS @ 600 MHz	2.3	2.3	2007	^[65]
P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M	8,800 MIPS @ 1.8 GHz	4.4	4.4	2007	^[66]
Qualcomm Scorpion (Cortex A8-like)	2,100 MIPS @ 1 GHz	2.1	2.1	2008	^[53]
Intel Atom N270	3,846 MIPS @ 1.6 GHz	2.4	2.4	2008	^[67]
인텔 코어 2 Extreme QX9770 (4-core)	59,455 MIPS @ 3.2 GHz	18.6	4.6	2008	^[64]
인텔 코어 i7 920 (4-core)	82,300 MIPS @ 2.93 GHz	28.089	7.022	2008	^[68]
ARM Cortex-M0	45 MIPS @ 50 MHz	0.9	0.9	2009	^[69]
ARM Cortex-A9 (2-core)	7,500 MIPS @ 1.5 GHz	5.0	2.5	2009	^[70]
AMD Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition	42,820 MIPS @ 3.0 GHz	14.3	3.5	2009	^[71]
AMD Phenom II X6 1100T	78,440 MIPS @ 3.3 GHz	23.7	3.9	2010	^[68]
인텔 코어 i7 Extreme Edition 980X (6-core)	147,600 MIPS @ 3.33 GHz	44.7	7.46	2010	^[72]
ARM Cortex A5	1,256 MIPS @ 800 MHz	1.57	1.57	2011	^[60]
ARM Cortex A7	2,850 MIPS @ 1.5 GHz	1.9	1.9	2011	^[53]
Qualcomm Krait (Cortex A15-like, 2-core)	9,900 MIPS @ 1.5 GHz	6.6	3.3	2011	^[53]
AMD E-350 (2-core)	10,000 MIPS @ 1.6 GHz	6.25	3.125	2011	^[73]
Nvidia Tegra 3 (Quad core Cortex-A9)	13,800 MIPS @ 1.5 GHz	9.2	2.5	2011
Samsung Exynos 5250 (Cortex-A15-like 2-core	14,000 MIPS @ 2.0 GHz	7.0	3.5	2011	^[74]
인텔 코어 i5-2500K 4-core	83,000 MIPS @ 3.3 GHz	25.152	6.288	2011	^[75]
인텔 코어 i7 875K	92,100 MIPS @ 2.93 GHz	31.4	7.85	2011	^[76]
AMD FX-8150 (8-core)	90,749 MIPS @ 3.6 GHz	25.2	3.15	2011	^[77]
인텔 코어 i7 2600K	117,160 MIPS @ 3.4 GHz	34.45	8.61	2011	^[78]
인텔 코어 i7 Extreme Edition 3960X (6-core)	176,170 MIPS @ 3.3 GHz	53.38	8.89	2011	^[79]
AMD FX-8350	97,125 MIPS @ 4.2 GHz	23.1	2.9	2012	^[77]^[80]
AMD FX-9590	115,625 MIPS @ 5.0 GHz	23.1	2.9	2012	^[68]
인텔 코어 i7 3770K	106,924 MIPS @ 3.9 GHz	27.4	6.9	2012	^[77]
인텔 코어 i7 3630QM	113,093 MIPS @ 3.2 GHz	35.3	8.83	2012	^[81]
인텔 코어 i7 4770K	133,740 MIPS @ 3.9 GHz	34.29	8.57	2013	^[77]^[80]^[82]
인텔 코어 i7 5960X	238,310 MIPS @ 3.0 GHz	79.4	9.92	2014	^[83]
라즈베리 파이	4,744 MIPS @ 1.0 GHz	4.744	1.186	2014	^[84]
인텔 코어 i7 6950X	317,900 MIPS @ 3.0 GHz	106	10.6	2016	^[85]
프로세서 / 시간	Dhrystone MIPS / MIPS	D IPS / 초당 클럭 사이클	D IPS / 초당 클럭 사이클 / 다이 당 코어	연도	출처

각주

↑ "Nodes, Sockets, Cores and FLOPS, Oh, My" by Dr. Mark R. Fernandez, Ph.D.
↑ Gibson, J.C. (1970). 《The Gibson Mix》 (Technical Report TR 00.2043). Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: IBM Systems Development Division.
↑ 《US Steel News》. 15-20. Industrial Relations Department of The United States Steel Corporation of Delaware. 1950\x{2013}1955. 29쪽.
↑ “MCS4 > IntelP4004”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 ^아 ^자 ^차 ^카 “Cost of CPU Performance Through Time 1944-2003”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 “Intel Processors”. 2012년 4월 24일. 2012년 4월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 ^아 Drolez, Ludovic. “Lud's Open Source Corner”.
↑ ^가 ^나 2 CPI [1]
↑ ^가 ^나 1 instruction per cycle [2]
↑ ^가 ^나 4 CPI [3] = 0.25 클럭당 명령어 처리 횟수
↑ “intel :: dataSheets :: 8048 8035 HMOS Single Component 8-Bit Microcomputer DataSheet 1980”.
↑ “Sega G80 Hardware Reference”. 1997년 10월 25일. 2012년 2월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
↑ ^가 ^나 “System 16 - Irem M27 Hardware (Irem)”.
↑ ^가 ^나 10% faster [4] than 68000 (0.175 MIPS per MHz [5])
↑ ^가 ^나 NEC V20/V30: 250 1 E-9 ss per instruction @ 8 MHz
↑ LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System: 257× Zilog Z8001 [6] @ 10 MHz [7] (2.5 MIPS [8]) each
↑ “TMS320C1x DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS” (PDF).
↑ ^가 ^나 “32-Bit Microprocessor-NXP”.
↑ “ZTAT (ZeroTurnAroundTime) Microcomputers” (PDF). 2014년 10월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
↑ http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-13/DSA-246134.pdf
↑ 1 instruction per cycle [9]
↑ Sega System 16: Hitachi-Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (1.75 MIPS), NEC-Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz (0.58 MIPS) [10] [11], Intel 8751 @ 8 MHz [12] (8 MIPS [13]), Intel 8048 @ 6 MHz [14] (6 MIPS [15])
↑ Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (1989년 1월 23일). “InfoWorld”. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – Google Books 경유.
↑ ^가 ^나 http://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=59745&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8
↑ Inc, Ziff Davis (1987년 11월 24일). “PC Mag”. Ziff Davis, Inc. – Google Books 경유.
↑ ^가 ^나 “Enhanced 32-Bit Processor-NXP”.
↑ “TRON VLSI CPU Introduction”.
↑ ^가 ^나 “060 1987 Drivers Eyes + 1989 Winning Run” (PDF). 《The history of racing games》. June 2007.
↑ “Analog Devices - datasheet pdf” (PDF).
↑ Namco System 21 hardware: 5× Texas Instruments TMS320C20 @ 25 MHz (62.5 MIPS [16]), 2× Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz [17] (4.301 MIPS [18]), Motorola 68020 [19] @ 12.5 MHz (3.788 MIPS [20]), Hitachi HD63705 @ 2.048 MHz [21] (2.048 MIPS [22]), Motorola 6809 @ 3.072 MHz [23] (1.29 MIPS [24])
↑ ^가 ^나 “Intel i860-based Bus Boards”.
↑ Atari Hard Drivin' hardware: [25] Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz (1.225 MIPS [26]), Motorola 68010 @ 7 MHz (1.348 MIPS [27]), 3× Texas Instruments TMS34010 @ 50 MHz (18 MIPS [28]), Analog Devices ADSP-2100 @ 8 MHz (8 MIPS [29]), Texas Instruments TMS32010 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS [30])
↑ “SUPERCOMPUTER” 13 (4). doi:10.1515/piko.1990.13.4.205.
↑ “(Including EC, LC, and V)-NXP”.
↑ Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) hardware: [31] 80× Texas Instruments TMS320C25 @ 40 MHz (1600 MIPS [32]), 5× Motorola 68020 @ 24.576 MHz (37.236 MIPS [33]) Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz (2.15 MIPS [34]), 10× Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz (21 MIPS [35])
↑ Enterprise, I. D. G. (1991년 3월 25일). “Computerworld”. IDG Enterprise – Google Books 경유.
↑ Digital's 21064 Microprocessor, Digital Equipment Corporation (c1992) accessdate=2009-08-29
↑ ^가 ^나 “System 16 - Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator Hardware (Namco)”.
↑ Uchiyama, Kunio; Arakawa, Fumio; Narita, Susumu; Aoki, Hirokazu; Kawasaki, Ikuya; Matsui, Shigezumi; Yamamoto, Mitsuyoshi; Nakagawa, Norio; Kudo, Ikuo (1993년 9월 1일). “The Gmicro/500 Superscalar Microprocessor with Branch Buffers” 13 (5): 12\x{2013}22. doi:10.1109/40.237998 – ACM Digital Library 경유.
↑ “dhrystone”.
↑ 24× MIPS R4400 (2040 MIPS), [36] 12× Intel i860 (600 MIPS) [37]
↑ “DCTP - Saturn Specifications”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 “Charts, benchmarks CPU Charts 2004, Sandra - CPU Dhrystone”.
↑ “PIC16F84A - 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers”.
↑ ^가 ^나 “MOTOROLA P OWER PC 603 E ™ MICROPROCESSOR” (PDF).
↑ “SiSoftware \x{2013} Windows, GPGPU, Android, iOS analysers, diagnostic and benchmarking apps”.
↑ “DCTP - Hitachi's 200 MHz SH-4”.
↑ “DCTP - January 1998 News Archives”.
↑ “Zilog Sees New Lease of Life for Z80 in Internet Appliances”. 《Computergram International》. 1999.
↑ Sega Naomi Multiboard hardware: [38] [39] 16× Hitachi SH-4 @ 200 MHz (5760 MIPS [40]), 16× ARM7 @ 45 MHz (640 MIPS [41])
↑ Freescale Semiconductor - MPC8272 PowerQUICC II Processor Family
↑ “ZISC78 datasheet & application note - Datasheet Archive”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 Shimpi, Anand Lal. “ARM's Cortex A7: Bringing Cheaper Dual-Core & More Power Efficient High-End Devices”.
↑ “PIC10F200 - 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers”.
↑ “Microchip Redirect”.
↑ “Cortex-M3 Processor - ARM”.
↑ Nios II Performance Benchmarks
↑ “MIPS Architecture Enabling Growing List of Mobile Application Processors”.
↑ “mini-itx.com - epia px 10000 review”.
↑ ^가 ^나 “Cortex-A Series - ARM”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 “Charts, benchmarks CPU Charts 2007, Synthetic SiSoft Sandra XI CPU”.
↑ “Cortex-R4 Processor - ARM”.
↑ 24K
↑ ^가 ^나 “Tom's Hardware Articles - Find and Filter Our Latest Articles”.
↑ “Semiconductor IP Cores Companies”.
↑ Merritt, Rick (2007년 2월 5일). “Startup takes PowerPC to 25 W”. 《EE Times》. UBM Tech. 2012년 11월 20일에 확인함.
↑ “Benchmarks of ECS 945GCT-D with Intel Atom 1.6GHz”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 “Charts, benchmarks Desktop CPU Charts 2010, ALU Performance: SiSoftware Sandra 2010 Pro (ALU)”.
↑ “Cortex-M0 Processor - ARM”.
↑ “EEE Journal: ARM11 vs Cortex A8 vs Cortex A9 - Netbooks processors EEE PC, MSI Wind, HP, Acer Aspire, ARM Cortex vs Intel Atom”.
↑ “The Phenom II List of Overclocks - Page 21”.
↑ “OC3D :: Review :: Intel 980x Gulftown :: Synthetic Benchmarks”.
↑ “Benchmark Results: Sandra 2011 - ASRock's E350M1: AMD's Brazos Platform Hits The Desktop First”. 2011년 1월 14일.
↑ “Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website”.
↑ “Core i5 2500K and Core i7 2600K review”.
↑ “Charts, benchmarks Desktop CPU Charts 2010, ALU Performance: SiSoftware Sandra 2010 Pro (ALU)”.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 “Test: Sandra Dhrystone (MIPS) for i7-4770K, i7-3770K, FX-8350, FX-8150”.
↑ “Benchmark Results: SiSoftware Sandra 2011 - The Intel Core i7-990X Extreme Edition Processor Review”. 2011년 2월 25일.
↑ “HardOCP - Synthetic Benchmarks”.
↑ ^가 ^나 “AMD FX-8350 Black Edition vs Intel Core i7-4770K - Compare CPUs”.
↑ “Intel Core i7 3630QM Notebook Processor”.
↑ “Intel Core i7-4770K Desktop Processor”.
↑ Rob Williams (2014년 8월 29일). “Core i7-5960X Extreme Edition Review: Intel’s Overdue Desktop 8-Core Is Here”. 《Techgage》.
↑ By (2015년 2월 5일). “Benchmarking The Raspberry Pi 2”. hackaday.com.
↑ Intel InGaAs FTW (2016년 10월 16일). “Core i7-6950X Extreme Edition Deca Core benchmarks. About 6% IPC gains over Haswell-E”. 《cpubenchmark, passmark, cpuboss,geekbench,cinebench》.

[en.community.dell.com-1] "Nodes, Sockets, Cores and FLOPS, Oh, My" by Dr. Mark R. Fernandez, Ph.D.

[2] Gibson, J.C. (1970). 《The Gibson Mix》 (Technical Report TR 00.2043). Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: IBM Systems Development Division.

[3] 《US Steel News》. 15-20. Industrial Relations Department of The United States Steel Corporation of Delaware. 1950\x{2013}1955. 29쪽.

[4] “MCS4 > IntelP4004”.

[jcmit-5] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 ^아 ^자 ^차 ^카 “Cost of CPU Performance Through Time 1944-2003”.

[intel-6] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 “Intel Processors”. 2012년 4월 24일. 2012년 4월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

[retro-7] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 ^아 Drolez, Ludovic. “Lud's Open Source Corner”.

[m6802-8] 가 ^나 2 CPI [1]

[mb884x-9] 가 ^나 1 instruction per cycle [2]

[z8000-10] 가 ^나 4 CPI [3] = 0.25 클럭당 명령어 처리 횟수

[i8035-11] “intel :: dataSheets :: 8048 8035 HMOS Single Component 8-Bit Microcomputer DataSheet 1980”.

[12] “Sega G80 Hardware Reference”. 1997년 10월 25일. 2012년 2월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.

[m27-13] 가 ^나 “System 16 - Irem M27 Hardware (Irem)”.

[m68010-14] 가 ^나 10% faster [4] than 68000 (0.175 MIPS per MHz [5])

[v20-15] 가 ^나 NEC V20/V30: 250 1 E-9 ss per instruction @ 8 MHz

[16] LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System: 257× Zilog Z8001 [6] @ 10 MHz [7] (2.5 MIPS [8]) each

[17] “TMS320C1x DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS” (PDF).

[mc68020-18] 가 ^나 “32-Bit Microprocessor-NXP”.

[19] “ZTAT (ZeroTurnAroundTime) Microcomputers” (PDF). 2014년 10월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.

[20] ttp://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-13/DSA-246134.pdf

[21] 1 instruction per cycle [9]

[22] Sega System 16: Hitachi-Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (1.75 MIPS), NEC-Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz (0.58 MIPS) [10] [11], Intel 8751 @ 8 MHz [12] (8 MIPS [13]), Intel 8048 @ 6 MHz [14] (6 MIPS [15])

[23] Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (1989년 1월 23일). “InfoWorld”. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – Google Books 경유.

[ipsj-24] 가 ^나 http://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=59745&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8

[25] Inc, Ziff Davis (1987년 11월 24일). “PC Mag”. Ziff Davis, Inc. – Google Books 경유.

[mc68030-26] 가 ^나 “Enhanced 32-Bit Processor-NXP”.

[27] “TRON VLSI CPU Introduction”.

[racing-28] 가 ^나 “060 1987 Drivers Eyes + 1989 Winning Run” (PDF). 《The history of racing games》. June 2007.

[29] “Analog Devices - datasheet pdf” (PDF).

[30] Namco System 21 hardware: 5× Texas Instruments TMS320C20 @ 25 MHz (62.5 MIPS [16]), 2× Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz [17] (4.301 MIPS [18]), Motorola 68020 [19] @ 12.5 MHz (3.788 MIPS [20]), Hitachi HD63705 @ 2.048 MHz [21] (2.048 MIPS [22]), Motorola 6809 @ 3.072 MHz [23] (1.29 MIPS [24])

[i860-31] 가 ^나 “Intel i860-based Bus Boards”.

[32] Atari Hard Drivin' hardware: [25] Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz (1.225 MIPS [26]), Motorola 68010 @ 7 MHz (1.348 MIPS [27]), 3× Texas Instruments TMS34010 @ 50 MHz (18 MIPS [28]), Analog Devices ADSP-2100 @ 8 MHz (8 MIPS [29]), Texas Instruments TMS32010 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS [30])

[33] “SUPERCOMPUTER” 13 (4). doi:10.1515/piko.1990.13.4.205.

[34] “(Including EC, LC, and V)-NXP”.

[35] Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) hardware: [31] 80× Texas Instruments TMS320C25 @ 40 MHz (1600 MIPS [32]), 5× Motorola 68020 @ 24.576 MHz (37.236 MIPS [33]) Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz (2.15 MIPS [34]), 10× Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz (21 MIPS [35])

[36] Enterprise, I. D. G. (1991년 3월 25일). “Computerworld”. IDG Enterprise – Google Books 경유.

[37] Digital's 21064 Microprocessor, Digital Equipment Corporation (c1992) accessdate=2009-08-29

[magic-38] 가 ^나 “System 16 - Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator Hardware (Namco)”.

[39] Uchiyama, Kunio; Arakawa, Fumio; Narita, Susumu; Aoki, Hirokazu; Kawasaki, Ikuya; Matsui, Shigezumi; Yamamoto, Mitsuyoshi; Nakagawa, Norio; Kudo, Ikuo (1993년 9월 1일). “The Gmicro/500 Superscalar Microprocessor with Branch Buffers” 13 (5): 12\x{2013}22. doi:10.1109/40.237998 – ACM Digital Library 경유.

[40] “dhrystone”.

[41] 24× MIPS R4400 (2040 MIPS), [36] 12× Intel i860 (600 MIPS) [37]

[42] “DCTP - Saturn Specifications”.

[autogenerated0-43] 가 ^나 ^다 “Charts, benchmarks CPU Charts 2004, Sandra - CPU Dhrystone”.

[44] “PIC16F84A - 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers”.

[603e-45] 가 ^나 “MOTOROLA P OWER PC 603 E ™ MICROPROCESSOR” (PDF).

[46] “SiSoftware \x{2013} Windows, GPGPU, Android, iOS analysers, diagnostic and benchmarking apps”.

[47] “DCTP - Hitachi's 200 MHz SH-4”.

[48] “DCTP - January 1998 News Archives”.

[49] “Zilog Sees New Lease of Life for Z80 in Internet Appliances”. 《Computergram International》. 1999.

[50] Sega Naomi Multiboard hardware: [38] [39] 16× Hitachi SH-4 @ 200 MHz (5760 MIPS [40]), 16× ARM7 @ 45 MHz (640 MIPS [41])

[51] Freescale Semiconductor - MPC8272 PowerQUICC II Processor Family

[52] “ZISC78 datasheet & application note - Datasheet Archive”.

[anandtech.com-53] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 Shimpi, Anand Lal. “ARM's Cortex A7: Bringing Cheaper Dual-Core & More Power Efficient High-End Devices”.

[54] “PIC10F200 - 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers”.

[55] “Microchip Redirect”.

[56] “Cortex-M3 Processor - ARM”.

[57] Nios II Performance Benchmarks

[58] “MIPS Architecture Enabling Growing List of Mobile Application Processors”.

[59] “mini-itx.com - epia px 10000 review”.

[ARM_Cortex-A_Comparison-60] 가 ^나 “Cortex-A Series - ARM”.

[autogenerated1-61] 가 ^나 ^다 “Charts, benchmarks CPU Charts 2007, Synthetic SiSoft Sandra XI CPU”.

[62] “Cortex-R4 Processor - ARM”.

[63] 24K

[tomshardware.com-64] 가 ^나 “Tom's Hardware Articles - Find and Filter Our Latest Articles”.

[65] “Semiconductor IP Cores Companies”.

[66] Merritt, Rick (2007년 2월 5일). “Startup takes PowerPC to 25 W”. 《EE Times》. UBM Tech. 2012년 11월 20일에 확인함.

[67] “Benchmarks of ECS 945GCT-D with Intel Atom 1.6GHz”.

[autogenerated2-68] 가 ^나 ^다 “Charts, benchmarks Desktop CPU Charts 2010, ALU Performance: SiSoftware Sandra 2010 Pro (ALU)”.

[69] “Cortex-M0 Processor - ARM”.

[70] “EEE Journal: ARM11 vs Cortex A8 vs Cortex A9 - Netbooks processors EEE PC, MSI Wind, HP, Acer Aspire, ARM Cortex vs Intel Atom”.

[71] “The Phenom II List of Overclocks - Page 21”.

[72] “OC3D :: Review :: Intel 980x Gulftown :: Synthetic Benchmarks”.

[73] “Benchmark Results: Sandra 2011 - ASRock's E350M1: AMD's Brazos Platform Hits The Desktop First”. 2011년 1월 14일.

[74] “Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website”.

[75] “Core i5 2500K and Core i7 2600K review”.

[76] “Charts, benchmarks Desktop CPU Charts 2010, ALU Performance: SiSoftware Sandra 2010 Pro (ALU)”.

[cpu-world.com-77] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 “Test: Sandra Dhrystone (MIPS) for i7-4770K, i7-3770K, FX-8350, FX-8150”.

[78] “Benchmark Results: SiSoftware Sandra 2011 - The Intel Core i7-990X Extreme Edition Processor Review”. 2011년 2월 25일.

[79] “HardOCP - Synthetic Benchmarks”.

[versus.com-80] 가 ^나 “AMD FX-8350 Black Edition vs Intel Core i7-4770K - Compare CPUs”.

[81] “Intel Core i7 3630QM Notebook Processor”.

[82] “Intel Core i7-4770K Desktop Processor”.

[83] Rob Williams (2014년 8월 29일). “Core i7-5960X Extreme Edition Review: Intel’s Overdue Desktop 8-Core Is Here”. 《Techgage》.

[84] By (2015년 2월 5일). “Benchmarking The Raspberry Pi 2”. hackaday.com.

[85] Intel InGaAs FTW (2016년 10월 16일). “Core i7-6950X Extreme Edition Deca Core benchmarks. About 6% IPC gains over Haswell-E”. 《cpubenchmark, passmark, cpuboss,geekbench,cinebench》.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]