아홈 왕국

아홈 왕국
아홈 왕국
	문장
	; 1826년 아홈 왕국의 강역.
수도	차라이데오; (1253–1397); 차라구아 ; (1397–?); 바카타; 가르가온 ; (1540–1707); 랑푸르 ; (1707–1794); 조르하트 ; (1794–1826);
정치
정치체제	관료적 봉건제 및 과두군주제
차오파 / 스와르가데오; 1228년 ~ 1268년; 1497년 ~ 1539년; 1603년 ~ 1641년; 1696년 ~ 1714년; 1833년 ~ 1838년	; 수카파(초대); 수훙뭉; 수셍파; 수크룽파; 푸란다르 싱하(말대)
지리
1826년 어림 면적	41,957.807 km2
인문
공통어	아삼어, 아홈어
데모님	아삼인
인구
1711년 어림	2,880,000명 ;
종교
종교	아홈 종교, 에카사나 다르마, 샤크티교, 이슬람교

아홈 왕국( /ˈɑːhɔːm/, 1228년 ~ 1826년) 브라마푸트라 계곡(오늘날의 아삼주)에 있는 중세 후기^[5] 왕국으로 북동인도에서 무굴 제국의 확장에 직면했음에도 불구하고 거의 600년 동안 독립을 유지했다. 몽마오(오늘날의 중국 윈난성) 출신의 타이족 왕자 수카파에 의해 설립된 이 왕국은 젖은 쌀 농업을 기반으로 한 브라마푸트라 상류 지역의 몽족으로 시작되었다. 이 왕국은 16세기 수흥문 치하에서 갑자기 확장되었고,^[6] 성격이 다민족화되어 브라마푸트라 계곡 전체의 정치적, 사회적 삶에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 이 왕국은 모아모리아 반란의 부상으로 약해졌고 그 후 반복적인 버마의 아삼 침공으로 몰락했다. 제1차 영국-버마 전쟁과 1826년 얀다보조약 이후 버마의 패배로 이 왕국의 통치권은 영국 동인도 회사의 손으로 넘어갔다.

식민지 시대와 그 이후 시대에 아홈 왕국이라고 불리게 되었지만, 말기에 가면 아홈인들은 인구의 10% 미만을 차지하는 등 대체로 다민족 성격을 띄고 있었다.^[7] 다민족으로 구성된 사람들은 아홈화로 알려진 과정으로 인해 아홈 인구의 일부가 되었다. 이 왕국의 주민인 아홈인들의 정체성은 유동적이었다. 왕은 누가 아홈인에 속하는지 여부를 통제했다.^[8] 아홈인은 처음에 그들의 왕국을 1401년까지 몽둔순캄(아삼어: xunor-xophura)이라고 불렀지만, 나중에는 아삼을 국호로 채택했다.^[9] 1838년 이후 영국이 지배하던 지방과 이후 인도의 아삼주는 이 이름으로 알려지게 되었다. 왕국은 다른 타이계 국가들, 특히 몽광 (나라)과 19세기 통치가 끝날 때까지 긴밀한 정치적 관계를 유지했다.

각주[편집]

↑ "After 1770 started its period of decline-civil wars and depopulation followed by foreign occupations culminating in the final eclipse of 1826 by its take-over by the British." (Guha 1983:9)
↑ (Gohain 1974:68)
↑ "(T)he Ahom system was in reality both 'monarchical' and 'aristocratical' as Captain Welsh pointed out long ago" (Sarkar 1992:3)
↑ Sarkar (1992, 6–7쪽)
↑ Nitul Kumar Gogoi (2006). 《Continuity and Change Among the Ahom》. Concept Publishing Company. 65–쪽. ISBN 978-81-8069-281-9.
↑ "The Chutiya power began to decline with the beginning of the 16th century. Taking advantage of an anarchical condition in the Chutia kingdom under the rule of inefficient Dhirnarayan (c1504–1523), the Ahom King Suhungmung or Dihingia Raja (1497-1539) annexed the kingdom in 1523"(Dutta 1985)
↑ "The Ahoms were never numerically dominant in the state they built and, at the time of 1872 and 1881 censuses, they formed hardly one-tenth of the populations relevant to the erstwhile Ahom territory (i.e, by and large, the Brahmaputra Valley without the Goalpara district.)" (Guha 1983)
↑ (Saikia 2004) By emphasizing the fluidity of this identity, the swargadeos controlled and directed the continuous movement within and beyond this group which, in turn, never allowed for developing any sense of loyalty to or cohesiveness of the group. Ahom was not an identity to die for in precolonial Assam; in fact, nobody could ever claim ownership of this label because it was left to the discretion of the swargodeo to award or demote a person to and from this status
↑ "Tributes seem to have flowed to their original state in Upper Burma from Mungdungshunkham and probably the covert colonialism ended in 1401 when the boundary between Mungdungshunkham and the Nara kingdom was finally fixed at the Patkai hills. There is reason to believe that the name Mungdunshunkham is closely associated with this covert colonialism of the time and it automatically disappeared when Mungdunshunkham became Asom after their new name Ahom.(Buragohain 1988)

참고 문헌[편집]

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Baruah, S. L. (1993), 《Last Days of Ahom Monarchy》, New Delhi
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Hazarika, Bijay Bhusan (1987), 《Political life in Assam during the nineteenth century》, Gian Publishing House, ISBN 9788121200691
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Dutt, K.N. (1958). “MAHARAJA PURANDAR SINGHA (A 'rois fainant' of nineteenth-century Assam)”. 《Proceedings of the Indian History Congress》 21: 463–471.
Baruah, S. L. (1978). “The Muslim Population in Pre-British Assam: Their Social Status and Role in Cultural History”. 《Proceedings of the Indian History Congress》 39: 570–580. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44139398.
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[end-year-1] "After 1770 started its period of decline-civil wars and depopulation followed by foreign occupations culminating in the final eclipse of 1826 by its take-over by the British." (Guha 1983:9)

[2] (Gohain 1974:68)

[3] "(T)he Ahom system was in reality both 'monarchical' and 'aristocratical' as Captain Welsh pointed out long ago" (Sarkar 1992:3)

[4] Sarkar (1992, 6–7쪽)

[Gogoi2006-5] Nitul Kumar Gogoi (2006). 《Continuity and Change Among the Ahom》. Concept Publishing Company. 65–쪽. ISBN 978-81-8069-281-9.

[6] "The Chutiya power began to decline with the beginning of the 16th century. Taking advantage of an anarchical condition in the Chutia kingdom under the rule of inefficient Dhirnarayan (c1504–1523), the Ahom King Suhungmung or Dihingia Raja (1497-1539) annexed the kingdom in 1523"(Dutta 1985)

[7] "The Ahoms were never numerically dominant in the state they built and, at the time of 1872 and 1881 censuses, they formed hardly one-tenth of the populations relevant to the erstwhile Ahom territory (i.e, by and large, the Brahmaputra Valley without the Goalpara district.)" (Guha 1983)

[8] (Saikia 2004) By emphasizing the fluidity of this identity, the swargadeos controlled and directed the continuous movement within and beyond this group which, in turn, never allowed for developing any sense of loyalty to or cohesiveness of the group. Ahom was not an identity to die for in precolonial Assam; in fact, nobody could ever claim ownership of this label because it was left to the discretion of the swargodeo to award or demote a person to and from this status

[rbphd-mdsk2assam-9] "Tributes seem to have flowed to their original state in Upper Burma from Mungdungshunkham and probably the covert colonialism ended in 1401 when the boundary between Mungdungshunkham and the Nara kingdom was finally fixed at the Patkai hills. There is reason to believe that the name Mungdunshunkham is closely associated with this covert colonialism of the time and it automatically disappeared when Mungdunshunkham became Asom after their new name Ahom.(Buragohain 1988)

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