성별 불일치의 원인

성별 불일치(gender incongruence) 또는 젠더 불일치는 출생 시 지정된 성별과 일치하지 않는 성별 정체성을 갖는 상태이다. 이는 트랜스젠더 또는 트랜스섹슈얼로 자신을 규정하는 사람들이 경험하며, 종종 성별 불쾌감을 초래한다.^[1] 성전환증 등 성별(젠더) 불일치의 원인은 수십 년 동안 연구되어 왔다.

트랜스젠더 뇌 연구,^[2] 특히 여성에게 끌리는 트랜스 여성(여성애)과 남성에게 끌리는 트랜스 남성(남성애)에 대한 연구는 제한적이다. 테스트된 개인 수가 적기 때문이다.^[3] 쌍둥이에 대한 연구에 따르면 성 불일치의 유전적 원인이 있을 가능성이 있지만, 관련된 정확한 유전자는 알려져 있지 않거나 완전히 이해되지 않았다.^[4]^[5]^[6]

유전학

쌍둥이의 젠더 불일치

태아기 호르몬 환경

뇌 구조

일반

남성애 대 여성애 트랜스 여성

여성애 트랜스 남성

발병

블랜차드의 유형학

같이 보기

각주

↑ Curtis R, Levy A, Martin J, Playdon ZJ, Wylie K, Reed R, Reed R (March 2009). “Transgender experiences – Information and support” (PDF). NHS. 12쪽. 2012년 1월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 7월 1일에 확인함.
↑ Altinay, Murat; Anand, Amit (2020). “Neuroimaging gender dysphoria: a novel psychobiological model”. Review. 《Brain Imaging and Behavior》 (영어) 14 (4): 1281–1297. doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00121-8 (년 이후로 접속 불가 2024-05-03). ISSN 1931-7565. PMID 31134582. S2CID 167207854.
↑ Guillamon A, Junque C, Gómez-Gil E (October 2016). “A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism”. 《Archives of Sexual Behavior》 45 (7): 1615–48. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5. PMC 4987404. PMID 27255307.
↑ Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, 외. (March 2012). “Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 9 (3): 751–7. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. PMID 22146048. Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
↑ Diamond, Milton (2013). “Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation”. 《International Journal of Transgenderism》 14 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. S2CID 144330783. Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
↑ Besser M, Carr S, Cohen-Kettenis P, Connolly P, de Sutter P, Diamond M, Di Ceglie D, Higashi Y, Jones L, Kruijver F, Martin J, Playdon Z, Ralph D, Reed T, Reid R, Reiner W, Swaab D, Terry T, Wilson P, Wylie K (2006). “Atypical Gender Development – A Review”. 《International Journal of Transgenderism》 (영어) 9 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1300/J485v09n01_04. ISSN 1553-2739.

[1] Curtis R, Levy A, Martin J, Playdon ZJ, Wylie K, Reed R, Reed R (March 2009). “Transgender experiences – Information and support” (PDF). NHS. 12쪽. 2012년 1월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 7월 1일에 확인함.

[:3-2] Altinay, Murat; Anand, Amit (2020). “Neuroimaging gender dysphoria: a novel psychobiological model”. Review. 《Brain Imaging and Behavior》 (영어) 14 (4): 1281–1297. doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00121-8 (년 이후로 접속 불가 2024-05-03). ISSN 1931-7565. PMID 31134582. S2CID 167207854.

[Guillamon_2016-3] Guillamon A, Junque C, Gómez-Gil E (October 2016). “A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism”. 《Archives of Sexual Behavior》 45 (7): 1615–48. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5. PMC 4987404. PMID 27255307.

[heylens_et_al-4] Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, 외. (March 2012). “Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 9 (3): 751–7. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. PMID 22146048. Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.

[diamond-2013-5] Diamond, Milton (2013). “Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation”. 《International Journal of Transgenderism》 14 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. S2CID 144330783. Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.

[:0-6] Besser M, Carr S, Cohen-Kettenis P, Connolly P, de Sutter P, Diamond M, Di Ceglie D, Higashi Y, Jones L, Kruijver F, Martin J, Playdon Z, Ralph D, Reed T, Reid R, Reiner W, Swaab D, Terry T, Wilson P, Wylie K (2006). “Atypical Gender Development – A Review”. 《International Journal of Transgenderism》 (영어) 9 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1300/J485v09n01_04. ISSN 1553-2739.

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