모멘트 규모: 두 판 사이의 차이

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
내용 삭제됨 내용 추가됨
편집 요약 없음
태그: m 모바일 웹
36번째 줄: 36번째 줄:


== 참고 문헌 ==
== 참고 문헌 ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}{{refbegin}}
* {{저널 인용| author=Choy GL, Boatwright JL | 제목=Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] | volume=100 | issue=B9 | year=1995 | pages=18205–28 | doi=10.1029/95JB01969}}
* {{Citation
* {{저널 인용| author=Utsu,T., 2002 | 제목=Relationships between magnitude scales, in: Lee, W.H.K, Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C., and Kisslinger, C., editors, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, two volumes, International Geophysics, vol. 81-A, pages 733-746}}
|first1= Katsuyuki
|last1= Abe
|date= 1982
|title= Magnitude, seismic moment and apparent stress for major deep earthquakes
|journal= Journal of Physics of the Earth
|issn= 1884-2305
|volume= 30
|issue= 4
|pages= 321–330
|doi= 10.4294/jpe1952.30.321
|url= https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpe1952/30/4/30_4_321/_pdf
|doi-access= free
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Aki
|first1= Keiiti
|author-link= Keiiti Aki
|date= 1966a
|title= Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 1. A statistical analysis
|journal= Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute
|volume= 44
|pages= 23–72
|url= http://www.iris.edu/seismo/quakes/1964niigata/Aki1966a.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Aki
|first1= Keiiti
|date= 1966b
|title= Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum
|journal= Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute
|volume= 44
|pages= 73–88
|url= http://www.iris.edu/seismo/quakes/1964niigata/Aki1966b.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Keiiti |last1= Aki
|date= April 1972
|title= Earthquake Mechanism
|journal= Tectonophysics
|volume= 13 |issue= 1–4 |pages= 423–446
|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(72)90032-7
|bibcode= 1972Tectp..13..423A
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Keiiti |last1= Aki
|first2= Paul G. |last2= Richards
|year= 2002
|title= Quantitative Seismology
|edition= 2nd
|isbn= 0-935702-96-2
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Ari
|last1= Ben-Menahem
|date= August 1995
|title= A Concise Hiistory of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 85
|issue= 4
|pages= 1202–1225
|url= https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce597m/Handouts/ConciseHistory_BenMenahem.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= G. C.
|last1= Beroza
|first2= Hiroo
|last2= Kanamori
|date= 2015
|chapter= 4.01 Earthquake Seismologoy: An Introduction and Overview
|volume= 4: Earthquake Seismology
|editor-first1= Gerald
|editor-last1= Schubert
|title= Treatise on Geophysics
|edition= 2nd
|doi= 10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00069-5
|isbn= 9780444538024
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg6dBAAAQBAJ
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Bormann
|last2= Di Giacomo
|date= 2011
|title= The moment magnitude ''M''<sub>w</sub> and the energy magnitude ''M''<sub>e</sub>: common roots and differences
|journal= Journal of Seismology
|volume= 15
|issue= 2
|pages= 411–427
|doi= 10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2
|url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00646919/document
|bibcode= 2011JSeis..15..411B
|s2cid= 130294359
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Peter
|last1= Bormann
|first2= Joachim
|last2= Saul
|date= 2009
|title= Earthquake Magnitude
|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science
|volume= 3
|pages= 2473–2496
|url= http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:238827:1/component/escidoc:238826/13221.pdf
}}.

<!-- {{Harvnb|Bormann|Wendt|Di Giacomo|2013|p=}} -->
* {{Citation
|first1= Peter
|last1= Bormann
|first2= Siegfried
|last2= Wendt
|first3= Dominico
|last3= Di Giacomo
|date= 2013
|chapter= Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters
|chapter-url= http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:108170:12/component/escidoc:364681/Chapter_3.pdf
|editor1-last= Bormann
|title= New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
|journal=
|doi= 10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3
|url= http://bib.telegrafenberg.de/publizieren/vertrieb/nmsop/
|access-date= 2017-08-15
|archive-date= 2019-08-04
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190804200233/http://bib.telegrafenberg.de/publizieren/vertrieb/nmsop/
|url-status= dead
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Alan
|last1= Boyle
|title= Quakes by the numbers
|publisher= [[MSNBC]]
|date= May 12, 2008
|url= http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/05/12/1012798.aspx
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080513201915/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/05/12/1012798.aspx
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= May 13, 2008
|quote= That original scale has been tweaked through the decades, and nowadays calling it the "Richter scale" is an anachronism. The most common measure is known simply as the moment magnitude scale.
|access-date= 2008-05-12
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Perry |last1= Byerly
|date= 20 May 1960
|title= Earthquake Mechanisms
|journal= Science
|volume= 131 |issue= 3412 |pages= 1493–1496
|doi= 10.1126/science.131.3412.1493
|pmid= 17802489
|bibcode= 1960Sci...131.1493B
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= George L.
|last1= Choy
|first2= John L.
|last2= Boatwright
|date= 10 September 1995
|title= Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume= 100
|number= B9
|pages= 18205–28
|doi= 10.1029/95JB01969
|bibcode= 1995JGR...10018205C
|url= http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JB01969.shtml
|access-date= 21 March 2010
|archive-date= 6 June 2011
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004440/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JB01969.shtml
|url-status= dead
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Dahlen |first1= F. A.
|date= February 1977
|title= The balance of energy in earthquake faulting
|journal= Geophysical Journal International
|volume= 48 |issue= 2 |pages= 239–261
|doi= 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb01298.x
|bibcode= 1977GeoJ...48..239D
|doi-access= free}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Nicholas |last1= Deichmann
|date= August 2006
|title= Local Magnitude, a Moment Revisited
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 96 |issue= 4a |pages= 1267–1277
|doi= 10.1785/0120050115
|citeseerx= 10.1.1.993.2211
|bibcode= 2006BuSSA..96.1267D
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Dziewonski
|last2= Chou
|last3= Woodhouse
|date= April 10, 1981
|title= Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume= 86
|issue= B4
|pages= 2825–2852
|doi= 10.1029/JB086iB04p02825
|url= http://www.openseismo.org/contributors/Lee/MoWorking_Backups/Mo2012_0424backup/MoWorking_DONE/Papers_NotUsed_DONE/0_BeforeGCMT/653_DCW81_Dziewonski-etal_JGR1981_p2825.pdf
|bibcode= 1981JGR....86.2825D
|access-date= May 7, 2019
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190507231243/http://www.openseismo.org/contributors/Lee/MoWorking_Backups/Mo2012_0424backup/MoWorking_DONE/Papers_NotUsed_DONE/0_BeforeGCMT/653_DCW81_Dziewonski-etal_JGR1981_p2825.pdf
|archive-date= May 7, 2019
|url-status= dead
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Dziewonski |first1= Adam M.
|last2= Gilbert |first2= Freeman
|date= 1976
|title= The effect of small aspherical perturbations on travel times and a re-examination of the corrections for ellipticity
|journal= Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
|volume= 44 |issue= 1 |pages= 7–17
|doi= 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00271.x
|bibcode = 1976GeoJ...44....7D
|doi-access= free
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Beno
|last1= Gutenberg
|author1-link= Beno Gutenberg
|date= January 1945a
|title= Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 35
|issue= 1
|pages= 3–12
|doi= 10.1785/BSSA0350010003
|bibcode= 1945BuSSA..35....3G
|url= http://authors.library.caltech.edu/47674/1/3.full.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Beno
|last1= Gutenberg
|date= April 1945b
|title= Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 35
|issue= 2
|pages= 57–69
|doi= 10.1785/BSSA0350020057
|bibcode= 1945BuSSA..35...57G
|url= http://authors.library.caltech.edu/47727/1/117.full.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Beno
|last1= Gutenberg
|first2= Charles F.
|last2= Richter
|author1-link= Beno Gutenberg
|author2-link= Charles F. Richter
|date= April 1956a
|title= Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration (Second Paper)
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 46
|issue= 2
|pages= 105–145
|doi= 10.1785/BSSA0460020105
|url= https://authors.library.caltech.edu/48033/1/105.full.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Beno
|last1= Gutenberg
|first2= Charles F.
|last2= Richter
|date= 1956b
|title= Magnitude and energy of earthquakes
|journal= Annali di Geofisica
|volume= 9
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–15
|url= https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/issue/view/438
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Hanks
|first1= Thomas C.
|last2= Kanamori
|first2= Hiroo
|author-link1= Thomas C. Hanks
|date= May 10, 1979
|title= A Moment magnitude scale
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume= 84
|issue= B5
|pages= 2348–50
|doi= 10.1029/JB084iB05p02348
|bibcode= 1979JGR....84.2348H
|url= http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKjgr79d.pdf
|url-status= unfit
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100821063413/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKjgr79d.pdf
|archive-date= August 21, 2010
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1 = Hirokichi
|last1 = Honda
|date = 1962
|title = Earthquake Mechanism and Seismic Waves
|journal = Journal of Physics of the Earth
|volume = 10
|issue = 2
|pages = 1–98
|doi = 10.4294/jpe1952.10.2_1
|url = https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpe1952/10/2/10_2_1/_pdf
}}.

* {{Cite isc|mode=cs2|EHB}}

<!-- {{Harvnb|Julian|Miller|Foulger|1998|p=}} -->
* {{Citation
|first1= Bruce R. |last1= Julian
|first2= Angus D. |last2= Miller
|first3= G. R. |last3= Foulger
|date= November 1998
|title= Non-Double-Couple Earthquakes 1. Theory
|journal= Reviews of Geophysics
|volume= 36 |issue= 4 |pages= 525–549
|doi=10.1029/98rg00716
|bibcode= 1998RvGeo..36..525J
|doi-access= free
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Hiroo
|last1= Kanamori
|author-link1= Hiroo Kanamori
|date= July 10, 1977
|title= The energy release in great earthquakes
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume= 82
|issue= 20
|pages= 2981–2987
|url= http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKjgr77.pdf
|doi= 10.1029/jb082i020p02981
|bibcode= 1977JGR....82.2981K
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Hiroo
|last1= Kanamori
|date= February 2, 1978
|title= Quantification of Earthquakes
|journal= Nature
|volume= 271
|issue= 5644
|pages= 411–414
|doi= 10.1038/271411a0
|url= http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKnat78.pdf
|bibcode= 1978Natur.271..411K
|s2cid= 4185100
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Hiroo
|last1= Kanamori
|first2= Don L.
|last2= Anderson
|date= October 1975
|title= Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 65
|issue= 5
|pages= 1073–1095
|url= http://authors.library.caltech.edu/48527/1/1073.full.pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Ioannis G.
|last1= Kassaras
|first2= Vasilis
|last2= Kapetanidis
|date= 2018
|chapter= Resolving the Tectonic Stress by the Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms. Application in the Region of Greece. A Tutorial
|editor-first1= Sebastiano
|editor-last1= D'Amico
|title= Moment Tensor Solutions: A Useful Tool for Seismotectonics
|pages= 405–452
|doi= 10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_19
|isbn= 978-3-319-77358-2
|chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325104183
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Kostrov |first1= B. V.
|date= 1974
|title= Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rock [in Russian]
|journal= Izvestiya, Akademi Nauk, USSR, Physics of the solid earth [Earth Physics]
|volume= 1 |pages= 23–44 (English Trans. 12–21)
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Takuo |last1= Maruyama
|date= January 1963
|title= On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism
|journal= Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute
|volume= 41 |pages= 467–486
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Teru |last1= Miyake
|date= October–December 2017
|title= Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution
|journal= Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
|volume= 65–66 |pages= 112–120
|doi= 10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002
|pmid= 29195644
|bibcode= 2017SHPSA..65..112M
|hdl= 10220/44522
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Josè |last1= Pujol
|date= March–April 2003b
|title= The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial
|journal= Seismological Research Letters
|volume= 74 |issue= 2 |pages= 163–168
|doi= 10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163
|citeseerx= 10.1.1.915.6064
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Charles F.
|last1= Richter
|author1-link= Charles F. Richter
|date= January 1935
|title= An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 25
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–32
|doi= 10.1785/BSSA0250010001
|bibcode= 1935BuSSA..25....1R
|url= http://authors.library.caltech.edu/47921/1/1.full%20(1).pdf
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Charles F. |last1= Richter
|date= 1958
|title= Elementary Seismology
|publisher= W. H. Freeman
|lccn= 58-5970
|isbn= 978-0716702115
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1 = William
|last1 = Stauder
|date = 1962
|chapter = The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes
|editor-first1 = H. E.
|editor-last1 = Landsberg
|editor-first2 = J.
|editor-last2 = Van Mieghem
|title = Advances in Geophysics
|volume = 9
|pages = 1–76
|lccn = 52-1226
|doi = 10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1jpFdGjkOicC
|isbn = 9780120188093
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= J.A. |last1= Steketee
|date= 1958a
|title= On Volterra's dislocations in a semi-infinite elastic medium
|journal= Canadian Journal of Physics
|volume= 36 |issue= 2 |pages= 192–205
|doi= 10.1139/p58-024
|bibcode= 1958CaJPh..36..192S
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= J.A. |last1= Steketee
|date= 1958b
|title= Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations
|journal= Canadian Journal of Physics
|volume= 36 |issue= 9 |pages= 1168–1198
|doi= 10.1139/p58-123
|bibcode= 1958CaJPh..36.1168S
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Yasumoto
|last1= Suzuki
|date= June 2001
|title= Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone
|journal= Episodes
|volume= 24
|issue= 2
|pages= 118–123
|url= http://52.172.159.94/index.php/epi/article/download/62638/48849
|doi= 10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006
|doi-access= free
}}.

* {{Citation
|last1= Thatcher |first1= Wayne
|last2= Hanks |first2= Thomas C.
|date= December 10, 1973
|title= Source parameters of southern California earthquakes
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume= 78 |issue= 35|pages= 8547–8576
|doi= 10.1029/JB078i035p08547 |bibcode=1973JGR....78.8547T
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= S. |last1= Tsuboi
|first2= K. |last2= Abe
|first3= K. |last3= Takano
|first4= Y. |last4= Yamanaka
|date= April 1995
|title= Rapid Determination of ''M<sub>w</sub>'' from Broadband ''P'' Waveforms
|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
|volume= 85 |issue= 2 |pages= 606–613
}}.

<!-- {{Harvnb|Udías|1991|p=}} -->
* {{Citation
|last1= Udías |first1= Agustín
|date= 1991
|title= Source Mechanism of Earthquakes
|journal= Advances in Geophysics
|volume= 33 |pages= 81–140
|doi= 10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0
|isbn= 9780120188338
|bibcode= 1991AdGeo..33...81U
}}.

* {{citation
|last1= Utsu |first1= T.
|date= 2002
|title= Relationships between magnitude scales
|editor1-last= Lee |editor1-first= W.H.K.
|editor2-last= Kanamori |editor2-first= H.
|editor3-last= Jennings |editor3-first= P.C.
|editor4-last= Kisslinger |editor4-first= C.
|work= International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology
|publisher= Academic Press |series= International Geophysics
|number= 81 |volume= A |pages= 733–46
}}.

* {{Citation
|first1= Anupama
|last1= Venkataraman
|first2= H.
|last2= Kanamori
|date= 11 May 2004
|title= Observational constraints on the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume= 109
|issue= B05302
|pages= B05302
|doi= 10.1029/2003JB002549
|url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1029/2003JB002549/asset/jgrb13848.pdf?v=1&t=j61xh1a7&s=74860b9e8876bceb84c519db9ed4f76787d5c43a
|bibcode= 2004JGRB..109.5302V
}}.
{{refend}}{{div col end}}


== 외부 링크 ==
== 외부 링크 ==

2022년 9월 10일 (토) 10:54 판

모멘트 규모(Moment magnitude scale, 약자 MMS, 기호 )는 지진이 발생할 때 방출되는 에너지의 크기를 측정하기 위한 단위이다.[1] 1979년에, 모멘트 규모는 1935년에 개발된 릭터 규모를 대체하기 위해 개발되었다. 모멘트 규모와 릭터 규모의 식은 다르지만 모멘트 규모는 릭터 규모와 비슷한 값을 갖는다. 모멘트 규모는 미국 지질조사국에서 최근 발생한 지진의 규모를 나타내는 데 사용되고 있다.[2]

모멘트 규모와 릭터 규모 모두 로그 함수를 사용한다. 모멘트 규모가 1씩 증가하면 방출되는 에너지는 약 32배 (≒)만큼 커지게 된다.

릭터 규모와의 차이

1935년 찰스 릭터는 규모 3.0 ~ 7.0 사이의 중진의 방출되는 에너지의 크기를 나타내기 위해 릭터 규모를 개발하였다. 릭터 규모는 지진계의 기록과 관측소와 진원 사이의 거리에 따라 규모를 산출하였다. 따라서 이는 측정에 한계를 갖고 있었고, 대부분의 강진은 규모가 7에 가까운 값을 갖게 되었다. 또한 진원에서 600km 이상 떨어져 있을 경우 릭터 규모는 신뢰성이 떨어지게 되었다.[2]

캘리포니아 공대의 지진학자 톰 행크스가나모리 히로오는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 1979년에 모멘트 규모를 개발하였다. 따라서 중진에 대해서는 릭터 규모와 비슷한 값을 갖는다. 다른 규모 단위와는 달리, 모멘트 규모는 지진의 규모 측정에 상한선이 없다. 하지만 모멘트 규모는 소규모 지진에 대해서는 문제점을 가지고 있다.[1] 이러한 이유로 미국 지질조사국에서는 대부분의 수를 차지하는 규모 4.0 미만의 지진에 대해서는 모멘트 규모를 사용하지 않고, 릭터 규모와 같은 다른 단위를 사용한다.

모멘트 규모와 릭터 규모 모두 지진의 흔들림의 정도(토양, 깊이, 진원과의 거리 등에 따라 결정)를 나타내지는 않는다. 둘은 단지 지진이 방출하는 에너지의 양만을 나타낸다.

공식

규모와 에너지의 관계에서 규모가 1이 증가하게 되면 진폭은 10배정도 증가하고 에너지의 양은 약 30배 증가하게 된다. 공식은 다음과 같다.[3]

 : 표면파 진폭  : 표면파 주기  : 진앙거리  : 진원깊이  : 진원깊이 보정 계수  : 진앙거리 보정 계수

파생 단위

모멘트 규모를 측정하기 위해 다양한 방법이 개발되었으며 모멘트 규모를 측정하는 방법에 따라 아래의 다양한 하위 파생 단위로 갈라진다.[4]

  • Mwb - 주기 10초에서 100초의 장주기 실체파의 모멘트 텐서 역전에 기초하여 측정한다.
  • Mwr - 국지적 거리(최대 1,800 km 이내)에서 측정한 지진파의 전체를 모멘트 텐서 역전하여 측정한다. RMT라고 부르기도 한다.
  • Mwc - 중주기 혹은 장주기 실체파와 표면파의 센트로이드 모멘트 텐서 역전에 기초해 측정한다.
  • Mww - W상(P파가 도착했을 당시 주기 100-1,000초가 넘는 초장주파의 상)에서 센트로이드 모멘트 텐서 역전에 기초해 측정한다.
  • Mwp 혹은 Mi - 쓰보이 세이지[5]가 연안에 근접한 지역에서 일어난 거대지진의 쓰나미 위험성을 P파를 통해 빠르게 추정하기 위해 개발한 척도로, 나중에 통상적인 원거리 발생 지진에서도 쓰이게 확장되었다.[6]
  • Mwpd - 단층 파열 지속시간을 고려한 지속시간-진폭 계산 척도로 Mw에서 볼 수 있는 것보다 더 오래 지속되는(=더 느린) 단층 파열로 방출한 에너지를 좀 더 정확하게 측정할 수 있다.[7]

같이 보기

각주

  1. Hanks, Thomas C.; Kanamori, Hiroo (05/1979). “Moment magnitude scale”. 《Journal of Geophysical Research》 84 (B5): 2348–2350. doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348. 2007년 10월 6일에 확인함. 
  2. USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy
  3. “모멘트 규모”. 한국지질자원연구원. 
  4. USGS Technical Terms used on Event Pages.
  5. Tsuboi 등. 1995.
  6. Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.2, p. 135.
  7. Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.3, pp. 137–128.

참고 문헌

  • Aki, Keiiti; Richards, Paul G. (2002), 《Quantitative Seismology》 2판, ISBN 0-935702-96-2 .
  • Bormann, Peter; Saul, Joachim (2009), 〈Earthquake Magnitude〉 (PDF), 《Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science》 3, 2473–2496쪽 .
  • Boyle, Alan (2008년 5월 12일), 《Quakes by the numbers》, MSNBC, 2008년 5월 13일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서, 2008년 5월 12일에 확인함, That original scale has been tweaked through the decades, and nowadays calling it the "Richter scale" is an anachronism. The most common measure is known simply as the moment magnitude scale. .
  • Dziewonski, Adam M.; Gilbert, Freeman (1976), “The effect of small aspherical perturbations on travel times and a re-examination of the corrections for ellipticity”, 《Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society》 44 (1): 7–17, Bibcode:1976GeoJ...44....7D, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00271.x .
  • Kostrov, B. V. (1974), “Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rock [in Russian]”, 《Izvestiya, Akademi Nauk, USSR, Physics of the solid earth [Earth Physics]》 1: 23–44 (English Trans. 12–21) .
  • Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), “On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism”, 《Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute》 41: 467–486 .
  • Tsuboi, S.; Abe, K.; Takano, K.; Yamanaka, Y. (April 1995), “Rapid Determination of Mw from Broadband P Waveforms”, 《Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America》 85 (2): 606–613 .
  • Utsu, T. (2002), Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C., 편집., “Relationships between magnitude scales”, 《International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology》, International Geophysics (Academic Press) A (81), 733–46쪽 .

외부 링크