사용자:게임쉘리/번역장

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

영위백 문서를 번역하는 번역장입니다 다이어트 음료 다이어트 음료는 무설탕 음료이다. 다이어트 음료는 살을 빼거나, 설탕 섭취를 줄일수 있는 음료이다.

역사[편집]

다이어트 음료는 1878년 사카린의 발견 이후 만들어져 왔다. [1] 다이어트 음료는 1949년 스페인마드리드에서 사이클라메이트를 사용하면서 본격적으로 판매되었다. 1952년 노 칼로리 진저에일(다이어트 음료)이 만들어졌다. 노 칼로리 진저에일은 당뇨병과 설탕을 먹을수 없는 환자들을 위해 만들어졌다.

미국에선 음료의 설탕 대신에 사이클라메이트 칼슘을 사용했다. 미국인들의 체중이 늘어나자 커쉬는 다이어트 음료를 판매하기 시작했고 1953년까지 뉴욕과 주변 지역에서 인기를 얻었다.[2] Canada Dry followed with Canada Dry Glamor in 1954.[3]

In 1958, Royal Crown Cola introduced their own cyclamate and saccharin sweetened dietetic beverage, Diet Rite. Following highly successful trials in Chicago and North Carolina, RC began marketing Diet Rite nationwide for the general public in 1962. It shortly became the 4th-best selling soda in the US, behind only Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and RC Cola itself.[2]

The following year (1963), Dr Pepper released a diet version of its own soft drink, "Dietetic Dr. Pepper" (later renamed to Sugar Free Dr. Pepper, then Diet Dr. Pepper), although it sold slowly due to the misconception that it was meant solely for diabetic consumption. The same year, The Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soft drink market with Tab, followed up by Pepsi with Patio Diet Cola (shortly renamed to Diet Pepsi). Coca-Cola added Fresca in 1966.

All of the above products were originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin, which soon proved disastrous. In 1969, an experiment at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that a cyclamate combination caused bladder cancer in laboratory rats,[4] quickly followed up by another from Abbott Labs (a manufacturer of cyclamate). This finding was quickly accepted in the medical field and by the public as evidence that cyclamate was carcinogenic in humans.[5][6] Per the Delaney amendment, the FDA immediately announced a ban on cyclamate in food and drink products, to take effect in 1970. Diet sodas were quickly reformulated with saccharin alone (in the hopes that consumers would tolerate the metallic aftertaste), but the market share of diet sodas rapidly fell from 20% to 3% overall.[2][7]

After further studies in the 1980s linked saccharin to cancer as well, most manufacturers switched to aspartame in 1983.[2][8]

By the early 1990s, a wide array of companies had their own diet refreshments on supermarket shelves. Tab made a comeback during the late 1990s after new studies demonstrated that saccharin is not an important factor in the risk of cancer. Nevertheless, The Coca-Cola Company has maintained its 1984 reformulation, replacing some of the saccharin in Tab with NutraSweet.

By 2002, some beverage companies had diversified to include such flavors as vanilla and lemon among their products and diet drinks were soon being produced with those flavors as well (see Diet Vanilla Coke, Diet Pepsi Vanilla). By 2004, several alcohol companies had released sugar-free or "diet" alcoholic products too.[2]

Sweeteners[편집]

Several different sweeteners are used to replace sugar in low-calorie diet beverages. The primary compounds worldwide are aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamates (outside the US), acesulfame potassium ("Ace K"), and stevia.

The ideal goal in artificial sweetening is to replicate the exact taste and texture effects of sucrose with one or more of these non-caloric sweeteners. Despite decades of research and development, this goal remains elusive.[9][10] Most sweeteners carry a marked aftertaste, often described as "bitter" or "metallic".[9][11] The perception of this aftertaste has been studied intensively,[12][13] and appears to be based on genetic factors that vary from person to person.[9][14]

In recent years, rising consumer preference for "natural" products and concern over the possible health effects of artificial sweeteners has spurred demand for stevia-based sweeteners and driven manufacturers to seek novel phytochemicals.[9][11]

Diet Coke is the number one selling diet soft drink in the world.

Aspartame[편집]

Aspartame, commonly known by the brand name NutraSweet, is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. The 1982 introduction of aspartame-sweetened Diet Coke accelerated this trend. Today, at least in the United States, "diet" is nearly synonymous with the use of aspartame in beverages.

Neotame and advantame are further derivatives of aspartame. They received FDA approval in 1998 and 2014 respectively. Due to its high efficiency (20,000 times sucrose) which enables use of minute quantities for sweetening, advantame has the advantage of being safe to consume for individuals with phenylketonuria. As such, products sweetened with it are not required to carry a phenylalanine warning label.[15]

Cyclamates[편집]

In 1970, the Food and Drug Administration banned cyclamates in the United States based on the results of a study which found that it caused bladder cancer in rats in combination with saccharin. This effect was later revealed to be specific to rodents; neither saccharin nor cyclamate are now considered human carcinogens. Nevertheless, cyclamate remains banned in the US.[1]

Sucralose and acesulfame potassium; "sugar-free" soft drinks[편집]

Recently, two other sweeteners have been used with increasing frequency: sucralose (marketed as Splenda) and acesulfame potassium ("Sunett" or "Ace K"). The K in "Ace K" represents the chemical symbol for potassium. Acesulfame potassium is usually combined with aspartame, sucralose, or saccharin rather than alone and its use is particularly common among smaller beverage producers (e.g. Big Red). Diet Rite is the non-aspartame diet soft drink brand with the highest sales today; it uses a combination of sucralose and acesulfame potassium.[출처 필요]

In the US, sucralose and Ace-K received FDA approval for use in soft drinks in 1998.[15]

Advocates say drinks employing these sweeteners have a more natural sugar-like taste than those made just with aspartame, and do not have a strong aftertaste. The newer aspartame-free drinks can also be safely consumed by phenylketonurics, because they do not contain phenylalanine. Critics say the taste is not better, merely different, or note that the long-term health risks of all or certain artificial sweeteners is unclear.[출처 필요]

The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more "normal" (sugar-like) than the older diet soft drinks have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the "diet" label entirely in favor of "sugar-free", implying that the taste is good enough to drink even when not trying to lose weight. (This idea was first floated by Diet Coke in 1984, with the tagline, "Just For the Taste of It.")[출처 필요]

In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company announced it would produce a sucralose-containing formulation of Diet Coke known as Diet Coke with Splenda, but that it would continue to produce the aspartame version as well. There were also rumors that a sugar-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, also sweetened with sucralose, was being formulated as well. This formulation was eventually called Coca-Cola Zero, though it is sweetened with aspartame in conjunction with acesulfame potassium.[출처 필요]

Stevia[편집]

Stevia-based sweeteners incorporate steviol glycosides, sweet-tasting compounds produced in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant.

Initially launched in Argentina in 2013, Coca-Cola Life is made with a mix of stevia and sugar as its sweeteners. Pepsi has also released a variant of their cola sweetened with stevia and sugar, called Pepsi Next.

Amount of artificial sweeteners in diet soft drinks[편집]

The table below displays milligrams of sweetener and phosphorus in a 12-ounce (≈355 ml) serving of canned soft drink, as provided by the manufacturers in the US market in 2012. Fountain drinks may contain different sweeteners or different amounts of the same sweeteners.[16][17][18]

Beverage Aspartame (mg) Acesulfame K (mg) Sucralose (mg) Phosphorus (mg)
Diet Coke 188 188
 
0 0 27 27
 
Coke Zero Sugar 87 87
 
47 47
 
0 54 54
 
Diet Pepsi 124 124
 
32 32
 
0 33 33
 
Diet Pepsi Lime 125 125
 
32 32
 
0 89 89
 
Diet Pepsi Vanilla 125 125
 
32 32
 
0 89 89
 
Pepsi Max 125 125
 
32 32
 
0 42 42
 
Pepsi Next 36 36
 
18 18
 
14 14
 
33 33
 
Diet Dr. Pepper 185 185
 
0 0 50 50
 
Diet Mountain Dew 86 86
 
27 27
 
27 27
 
0
Sprite Zero Sugar 75 75
 
51 51
 
0 0
Fresca 75 75
 
51 51
 
0 0
Barq's Diet Root Beer 99 99
 
61 61
 
0 0

Health concerns[편집]

Many consumers are concerned about possible health effects of sugar substitutes and caffeine overuse.[19][20]

Reviews and dietetic professionals have concluded that moderate use of non-nutritive sweeteners as a safe replacement for sugars can help limit energy intake and assist with managing blood glucose and weight.[21][22][23][24]

Nomenclature[편집]

In countries outside of the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, the term "light" is often used instead of "diet"; sometimes, even in countries that do not speak English, the word "light" in English is used (e.g., "Coca-Cola Light" in Spain).[25] The formulation of these is slightly different than the "diet"-named versions and thus the taste is slightly different.

Reduced-calorie drinks[편집]

In an effort to profit on the surging popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo both released reduced-calorie versions of their flagship colas in 2004. The products contain approximately half the sugar of the regular versions. The Pepsi variant, Pepsi Edge, is sweetened with sucralose and corn syrup. The sweetening of the Coca-Cola variant, Coca-Cola C2, is a combination of corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame potassium and sucralose. Pepsi discontinued Edge in 2005, citing lackluster sales. Coca-Cola soon followed suit. Pepsi then released Pepsi Max in 2012.

Half of the sugar of a can of regular cola still exceeds the daily sugar allowance of some popular low-carbohydrate diets. It is possible that these soft drinks were targeted to so-called "carb-conscious consumers", who are paying attention to their carbohydrate intake but not trying to drastically reduce it.

Consumption[편집]

According to a study by the National Center for Health Statistics, about one-fifth of the US population ages 2 years and over consumed diet drinks on a given day in 2009‒2010, and 11% consumed 16 fluid oz. of diet drinks or more. Overall, the percentage consuming diet drinks was higher among females compared with males. The percentage consuming diet drinks was similar for females and males at all ages except among 12- to 19-year-olds, where a higher percentage of females than males consumed diet drinks. A higher percentage of non-Hispanic white people consumed diet drinks compared with non-Hispanic black and Hispanic people. The study included calorie-free and low-calorie versions of soft drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, sports drinks, and carbonated water.[26]

Regulation[편집]

Diet soda is defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value.[27]

각주[편집]

  1. Kroger, Manfred; Meister, Kathleen; Kava, Ruth (2006). “Low-calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues”. 《Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety》 (영어) 5 (2): 35–47. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00081.x. ISSN 1541-4337. 
  2. Benjamin Siegel "Sweet Nothing: The Triumph of Diet Soda", American Heritage, June/July 2006.
  3. “What Was the First Diet Soda?”. 《culinarylore.com》 (미국 영어). 2014년 2월 16일. 2019년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  4. Bryan GT, Ertürk E (February 1970). “Production of mouse urinary bladder carcinomas by sodium cyclamate”. 《Science》 167 (3920): 996–8. Bibcode:1970Sci...167..996B. doi:10.1126/science.167.3920.996. PMID 5411183. S2CID 31923633. 
  5. Knowles HC, Kipnis DM, Ricketts HT (December 1969). “Cyclamates and artificial sweeteners”. 《Diabetes》 18 (12): 867–8. doi:10.2337/diab.18.12.867. PMID 5361448. S2CID 8151196. 
  6. Burbank F, Fraumeni JF (July 1970). “Synthetic sweetener consumption and bladder cancer trends in the United States”. 《Nature》 227 (5255): 296–7. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..296B. doi:10.1038/227296a0. PMID 5428205. S2CID 4159061. 
  7. “The Tragic History of RC Cola”. 《www.mentalfloss.com》 (영어). 2016년 4월 14일. 2019년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  8. “The Bittersweet History of Sugar Substitutes”. 《The New York Times》 (미국 영어). 1987년 3월 29일. ISSN 0362-4331. 2019년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  9. Kowitt, Beth (2017년 2월 22일). “The Hunt for the Perfect Sugar”. 《Fortune》. 2019년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  10. Chang, Kenneth (2012년 6월 11일). “Artificial Sweeteners: The Challenges of Tricking the Taste Buds”. 《Well》 (미국 영어). 2019년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  11. Stanford, Duane (2015년 3월 19일). “Scientists Are Racing to Build a Better Diet Soda”. 《Bloomberg Businessweek》. 2019년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  12. Kuhn C, Bufe B, Winnig M, Hofmann T, Frank O, Behrens M, 외. (November 2004). “Bitter taste receptors for saccharin and acesulfame K”. 《The Journal of Neuroscience》 24 (45): 10260–5. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1225-04.2004. PMC 6730199. PMID 15537898. 
  13. Riera CE, Vogel H, Simon SA, le Coutre J (August 2007). “Artificial sweeteners and salts producing a metallic taste sensation activate TRPV1 receptors”. 《American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology》 293 (2): R626–34. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2007. PMID 17567713. 
  14. Allen AL, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Hayes JE (June 2013). “Bitterness of the non-nutritive sweetener acesulfame potassium varies with polymorphisms in TAS2R9 and TAS2R31”. 《Chemical Senses》 38 (5): 379–89. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt017. PMC 3657735. PMID 23599216. 
  15. Clifford J, Maloney K (Jan 2016). “Sugar and Sweeteners”. 《Coloradu State University Extension》. 2018년 11월 7일에 확인함. 
  16. Franz, Mary MS, RD, LD. Diabetes Self-Management, "AMOUNTS OF SWEETENERS IN POPULAR DIET SODAS" http://static.diabetesselfmanagement.com/pdfs/DSM0310_012.pdf
  17. “Official Site for PepsiCo Beverage Information | Find”. Pepsicobeveragefacts.com. 2014년 8월 6일. 2012년 3월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2014년 8월 10일에 확인함. 
  18. Wickham E (January 2014). “Phosphorus Content in Commonly Consumed Beverages”. 《Journal of Renal Nutrition》 24 (1): e1–e4. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.10.002. 
  19. “Coffee Health Risks – Harvard Health Publications”. Health.harvard.edu. 2012년 5월 31일. 2012년 10월 22일에 확인함. 
  20. “Sweetener scrutiny: Are sugar substitutes a helpful tool or an ineffective crutch? - amednews.com”. Ama-assn.org. 2012년 10월 22일에 확인함. 
  21. Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, Higgs S, Lluch A, Ness AR, 외. (March 2016). “Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies”. 《International Journal of Obesity》 40 (3): 381–94. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.177. PMC 4786736. PMID 26365102. 
  22. Miller PE, Perez V (September 2014). “Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 100 (3): 765–77. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.082826. PMC 4135487. PMID 24944060. 
  23. Shankar P, Ahuja S, Sriram K (2013년 12월 1일). “Non-nutritive sweeteners: review and update”. 《Nutrition》 29 (11–12): 1293–9. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.024. PMID 23845273. 
  24. Fitch C, Keim KS (May 2012). “Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners” (PDF). 《Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics》 112 (5): 739–58. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.009. PMID 22709780. 
  25. coca cola light – Google Search
  26. Fakhouri TH, 외. (2012). 《Consumption of Diet Drinks in the United States 2009–2010》. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. 
  27. “Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value”. 《www.fns.usda.gov》. Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210 (영어). Food and Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 2013년 9월 13일. 2017년 8월 4일에 확인함.