사용자:Kwj2772/번역실

en:Yamato class battleship  야마토급 전함

야마토급 전함(大和型戦艦 야마토가타센칸^[*])은 72,800톤의 배수량을 가진 역사상 가장 큰 일본 제국 해군의 전함이다. 야마토급은 1.36톤의 포탄을 발사할 수 있는 460mm (18.1 인치)의 함포를 탑재했다. The Yamato class battleships (大和型戦艦, Yamatogatasenkan) of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were the largest naval vessels of World War II and were the largest, heaviest battleships ever constructed to this day, displacing 72,800 metric tons (at full load). The class carried the largest naval artillery ever fitted to any warship - 460 mm (18.1 in) guns which fired 2,998lb (1.36 tonnes) shells.

Design and construction

Line drawing of Musashi as she appeared in October 1944

제1차 세계대전 이후 일본 해군의 전략은 미국 해군과 같은 적을 상대로 위협을 줄 수 있는 함대를 건설하는 것이었다. 1922년 일본이 워싱턴 해군 조약에 가입하면서 이 계획은 축소되었지만, 일본 제국 해군은 기술 연구를 계속했고, 46cm의 주 무장을 탑재할 새로운 전함을 건설했다. Japanese naval strategy after World War I included plans for the construction of a fleet powerful enough to intimidate likely opponents, in particular the United States Navy. Although these plans were curtailed by Japan's participation in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, the IJN continued technical studies and by 1933 had concluded that any new class of battleship would feature main armament of 46 cm.

International sanctions in 1934 led Japan to announce its withdrawal from the Washington Treaty, by which time the IJN was already at work on the design for a super-battleship that would be known as the Yamato class.

Preliminary studies called for a ship featuring a main battery comprising at least eight 46 cm guns, a secondary battery comprising four turrets armed with either triple 15.3 cm or double 20 cm guns, defensive armor capable of withstanding a bombardment equivalent to the ship's own main battery from a range of 20,000 to 35,000 meters, a top speed of 30 knots, and a cruising range of 8,000 nautical miles (14,800 km) at a speed of 18 knots.

The earliest version of Plan No. A-140 ("A" indicating "battleship" and "140" indicating that this was the 140th warship designed by the IJN) was completed in March 1935, showing a ship 294 m long at the waterline with a 41.2 m beam, a 10.4 m draught, and a trial displacement of 69,500 long tons. One notable feature of this and other early designs is that all three turrets of the main battery are concentrated forward of the ship's superstructure.

In all, 22 different preliminary designs were drawn up during the period lasting until October 1935, when Plan Nos. A-140F3 and A-140F4 were issued.

Refinement of the design continued as detailed studies were made, and testing of models in a model basin led to the adoption of a semitransom stern and a bulbous bow, which reduced hull resistance by 8%, and when Plan No. A-140F5 was issued in July 1936, it called for a ship 253 m long at the waterline with a 38.9 m beam, a 10.4 m draught, and a trial displacement of 65,200 long tons.

Plan No. A-140F6 was finalized at the end of March 1937, and a construction order issued at the beginning of August to the Kure Naval Arsenal , where a construction dock was deepened, gantry crane capacity increased to 100 metric tonnes, and part of the dock roofed over to prevent observation of work. Construction began on 4 November 1937 and continued for nearly three years. Yamato was launched on 8 August 1940 and commissioned on 16 December 1941. Although the United States military knew the ships were being built, a line drawing captured at Tulagi in August 1942 was the first information on their appearance. This was subsequently matched to aerial photographs of the Truk anchorage, although the ship had initially been interpreted as an island because of its size.

Construction of the second hull began six months later at the Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard, where Musashi was launched on 1 November 1940 and commissioned 5 August 1942.

Construction of Hull Number 110 began in May 1940 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal and was not expected to be completed until 1945. Following devastation of Japan's carrier forces at the Battle of Midway, however, the decision was made to convert this hull to an aircraft carrier and expedite its completion. Shinano was launched 8 October 1944 and commissioned the following 19 November.

A total of five Yamato class battleships were planned. Hull Number 111 was scrapped in 1943 when only 30% complete, and a proposed fifth hull, Number 797, proposed in the 1942 5th Supplementary Program, was never ordered.

Plans for a "super Yamato class", with 50.8 cm guns, provisionally designated as Hull Number 798 and Hull Number 799, were abandoned in 1942.

전투

독일 전함 틸피츠와 같이, 야마토함과 무사시함은 전쟁 중 직접적인 전투가 적었다. 무사시함은 전쟁 중 연합군 전함과 교전한 적이 없고, 야마토함은 1944년 10월, 레이테 만 해전에서 미국의 호위 항공모함과 구축함에 발포하는 데에 그쳤다. 이 전투가 야마토급 전함이 적함과 교전한 것이 처음이자 마지막이 되었다. 당시 야마토함은 46cm 함포 104발을 발사해 호위 항공모함 1척과 구축함 1척을 격침시켰다.

야마토함과 무사시함은 항공기의 공격을 받아 격침되었다. 무사시함은 1944년 10월 24일 레이테 만 해전에서 반복적인 항공기의 공격을 받아 격침되었다. 약 17기의 어뢰와 20개의 폭탄을 맞고 2,400명의 승무원 중 1,700명이 무사시함과 운명을 같이했다.

야마토급 전함의 마지막 전투로, 야마토함과 9척의 일본 전함은 오키나와 해전에서 연합군에 자살 공격을 감행한다. 텐고 작전이라고 불리는 이 계획의 목표는 오키나와 서쪽에 상륙하는 미군을 지원하는 함대를 공격하는 것이었다. 한 척이 격침되면 생존자는 배를 버리고, 상륙한 미군과 전투를 벌였다. 1945년 4월 7일, 야마토함은 미군 함재기의 공격을 받아 15개의 폭탄과 최소 13기의 어뢰를 맞고 침몰했다. 3,332명의 승무원 중 300명 미만만이 생존하였다.

야마토급의 군함

함번	이름	제작	건조	진수	취역	기타
1	야마토	쿠레 조선소	1937년 11월 4일	1940년 8월 8일	1941년 12월 16일	1945년 4월 7일 텐고 작전 중 격침
2	무사시	미쓰비시 나가사키 조선소	1938년 3월 29일	1940년 11월 1일	1942년 8월 5일	1944년 10월 24일 레이테 만 해전 중 격침
110	시나노	요코스카 조선소	1940년 5월 4일			1942년에 중단되어 9월에 항공모함 시나노로 전환됨
111	키	쿠레 조선소	1940년 11월 7일			1942년 3월에 중단되어 폐기됨. 고철은 전함 이세와 전함 휴우가에 사용됨
797						카이-야마토급. 1942년 6월에 취소됨

References

• Nakamura, Masao, ed. Yamato-gata Senkan (Yamato Class Battleships). GAKKEN, Tokyo ISBN 4-05-601261-X
• Daiji Katagiri, Ship Name Chronicles of the Imperial Japanese Navy Combined Fleet, Kōjinsha (Japan), June 1988, ISBN 4-7698-0386-9

Media

The popular anime series Space Battleship Yamato by Leiji Matsumoto revolved around the crew of a space battleship built out of the wreck of the Yamato. It was released in the US as Starblazers.

Junya Sato wrote and directed the film Otoko-tachi no Yamato (English title: Yamato) in 2005.

In the computer game Starcraft, the 'Battlecruiser' Terran unit has a special move called the Yamato Cannon, which is a massive, single, concentrated blast of energy. This may have been inspired by the Wave Motion Gun, the main weapon added to the Yamato in the anime series.

The American channel PBS has produced a documentary "Sinking The Supership" about Yamato's final voyage.

Jeremy Clarkson in his book 'I know you got soul' chose the Yamoto as one of the machines in history with a soul.

In the upcoming Command and Conquer game Red Alert 3, the faction Empire of the Rising Sun (which is Japan) have a battleship named the Shogun. The Shogun is inspired by Yamato.

External links

• WW2DB: Yamato-class Battleship with 37 photographs
• Japanese Imperial Navy - Plancia di Comando