고대 마케도니아인: 두 판 사이의 차이

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2023년 5월 23일 (화) 23:39 판

마케도니아인(그리스어: Μακεδόνες)는 그리스 본토 북동부의 할리아크몬강과 하류 악시오스강 주변의 충적 평야에 살았던 고대 부족이었다. 본질적으로 고대 그리스인^[1]들인 그들은 그리스 세계의 북쪽 가장자리에 있는 할리아크몬 계곡을 따라 고향에서 점차 확장하여 이웃한 비 그리스 부족, 주로 트라키아인들과 일리리아인들을 흡수하거나 몰아냈다.^[2]^[3] 그들은 고대 그리스어의 형제 언어인 고대 마케도니아어를 사용했지만,^[7] 더 일반적으로 북서부 도리스 그리스어의 방언으로 생각된다.^[16] 그러나 일부에서는 아이올리 그리스어 분류도 제안했다.^[19] 그러나 고전 시대 에 이 지역의 링구아 프랑카는 아티카 그리스어였으며 헬레니즘 시대에는 코이네 그리스어로 대체되었다.^[5] 그들의 종교적 신념은 그리스 신화의 주요 신들을 따르는 다른 그리스인들의 신념을 반영했지만, 마케도니아인들은 기원전 6세기 이후 그리스의 다른 지역에서 중단된 고대 매장 관행을 계속했다. 군주제를 제외하고 마케도니아 사회의 핵심은 귀족이었다. 이웃한 테살리아의 귀족과 마찬가지로 그들의 부는 주로 말과 소를 방목하는 데 기반을 두었다.

BC 8세기경에 건립된 마케도니아 왕국은 다양한 씨족으로 구성되어 있지만 대부분 아르게아스 왕조와 그 이름을 딴 부족과 관련이 있다. 이 왕조는 아르고스의 전설적인 테메노스의 후손인 페르디카스 1세에 의해 건립된 것으로 알려져 있으며, 마케도니아 지역은 그리스 신화의 인물인 마케돈에서 이름을 따온 것으로 보인다. 전통적으로 독립적인 가족들에 의해 통치되던 마케도니아인들은 알렉산드로스 1세(재위 498– 기원전 454)의 시기에 아르게아스 통치를 받아들인 것으로 보인다. 필리포스 2세 (기원전 359년 – 336년) 치세에, 마케도니아인들은 그들의 영토를 확장하고 트라키아로 확장되는 다른 지역들에 대한 그들의 지배력을 증가시킨 수많은 군사적 혁신들로 인정받고 있다. 이러한 영토 통합은 알렉산드로스 대왕( r. 336 – 기원전 323년)의 공적인 아케메네스 제국 정복, 디아도코이 후계 국가 의 설립, 서아시아, 그리스 및 더 넓은 지중해 세계 에서 헬레니즘 시대 의 시작을 허용했다. 마케도니아인들은 결국 제3차 마케도니아 전쟁 (기원전 171-168년)이 끝날 때 마케도니아 왕정을 해체하고 제4차 마케도니아 전쟁(기원전 150-148년) 후에 로마의 마케도니아 속주를 세운 로마 공화국에 의해 정복되었다.

고대 세계의 작가, 역사가, 정치가들은 종종 마케도니아인이 그리스인, 반그리스인 또는 심지어 야만인이라는 민족적 정체성에 대해 상충되지는 않더라도 모호한 생각을 표현했다. 이것은 마케도니아인의 정확한 민족적 정체성에 대한 현대 학자들 사이의 논쟁을 불러일으켰다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그들은 고대 올림픽 게임을 포함한 그리스 종교 및 운동 경기 참여와 같은 동시대 그리스 문화의 여러 측면을 수용했다. 펠라 저주 서판과 같은 언어학적 증거가 부족하기 때문에 대부분의 학자들은 고대 마케도니아어를 도리스 그리스어 또는 북서부 그리스어와 관련된 또 다른 그리스어 방언으로 간주한다.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

고대 마케도니아인들은 고전 및 후기 헬레니즘 예술의 생산과 육성에 참여했다. 시각 예술 측면에서 그들은 프레스코화, 모자이크, 조각품, 장식용 금속 세공품을 제작했다. 음악과 그리스 연극 의 공연 예술은 높이 평가되었으며 에우리피데스와 같은 유명한 극작가들이 마케도니아에 거주했다. 왕국은 또한 아리스토텔레스와 같은 저명한 철학자들의 존재를 끌어들였고 마케도니아 원주민들은 고대 그리스 문학, 특히 그리스 역사학 분야에 기여했다. 그들의 스포츠 및 여가 활동에는 사냥, 달리기, 전차 경주 뿐만 아니라 심포지엄으로 알려진 귀족 연회에서의 잔치와 음주가 포함되었다.

주해

각주

↑ Worthington 2014a, 10쪽; Hornblower 2008, 55–58쪽; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984, 50–51쪽; Errington 1990; Fine 1983, 607–608쪽; Hall 2000, 64쪽; Hammond 2001, 11쪽; Jones 2001, 21쪽; Osborne 2004, 127쪽; Hammond 1989, 12–13쪽; Hammond 1993, 97쪽; Starr 1991, 260, 367쪽; Toynbee 1981, 67쪽; Worthington 2008, 8, 219쪽; Chamoux 2002, 8쪽; Cawkwell 1978, 22쪽; Perlman 1973, 78쪽; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, 306쪽; O'Brien 1994, 25쪽.
↑ Trudgill 2002, 125쪽; Theodossiev 2000, 175–209쪽.
↑ Christesen & Murray 2010, 428쪽.
↑ Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
↑ ^가 ^나 Joseph, Brian D. (2001). 〈Ancient Greek〉. Garry, Jane; Rubino; Bodomo; Faber; French. 《Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present》 (영어). H. W. Wilson Company. 256쪽. ISBN 9780824209704.
↑ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
↑ Suggested by Georgiev (1966),^[4] Joseph (2001)^[5] and Hamp (2013).^[6]
↑ ^가 ^나 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). 〈The speech of the ancient Macedonians〉. 《Ancient Macedonia》 (영어). De Gruyter. 64, 77쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Masson, Olivier (2003). 〈[Ancient] Macedonian language〉. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony. 《The Oxford Classical Dictionary》 (영어) revis 3판. Oxford University Press. 905–906쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
↑ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
↑ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
↑ Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). 〈Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)〉. Giannakis, Georgios K. 《Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture》. Centre for Greek Language. 145쪽. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
↑ Matzinger, Joachim (2016). 《Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen》 (PDF) (연설) (독일어). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
↑ 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; Crespo2017라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
↑ Brixhe, Claude (2018). 〈Macedonian〉. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias. 《Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics》 (영어) 3. De Gruyter. 1862–1867쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
↑ Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),^[8] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),^[9] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),^[10] Johannes Engels (2010),^[11] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),^[12] Joachim Matzinger (2016),^[13] Emilio Crespo (2017),^[14] Claude Brixhe (2018)^[15] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).^[8]
↑ Hammond, N.G.L (1997). 《Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics》 (영어). A.M. Hakkert. 79쪽.
↑ Worthington 2012, 71쪽.
↑ Suggested by August Fick (1874),^[9] Otto Hoffmann (1906),^[9] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)^[17] and Ian Worthington (2012).^[18]
↑ Hammond 1989.
↑ . Oxford University Press. |제목=이(가) 없거나 비었음 (도움말)
↑ Meier-Brügger, Michael; Fritz, Matthias; Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003). 《Indo-European Linguistics》. Walter de Gruyter. 28쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5.
↑ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95: "This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
↑ "[W]e may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.
↑ Masson & Dubois 2000, 292쪽: "..."Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906: "Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciation (like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc.)."
↑ Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). 〈Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 299쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
↑ Crespo, Emilio (2017). 〈The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 329쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.

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Hatzopoulos, Miltiades (2002). “Perception of the Self and the Other: The Case of Macedon”. 《Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia》.
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외부 링크

[Macedonians-1] Worthington 2014a, 10쪽; Hornblower 2008, 55–58쪽; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984, 50–51쪽; Errington 1990; Fine 1983, 607–608쪽; Hall 2000, 64쪽; Hammond 2001, 11쪽; Jones 2001, 21쪽; Osborne 2004, 127쪽; Hammond 1989, 12–13쪽; Hammond 1993, 97쪽; Starr 1991, 260, 367쪽; Toynbee 1981, 67쪽; Worthington 2008, 8, 219쪽; Chamoux 2002, 8쪽; Cawkwell 1978, 22쪽; Perlman 1973, 78쪽; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, 306쪽; O'Brien 1994, 25쪽.

[2] Trudgill 2002, 125쪽; Theodossiev 2000, 175–209쪽.

[GroupedRef4-3] Christesen & Murray 2010, 428쪽.

[4] Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)

[Joseph2001-5] 가 ^나 Joseph, Brian D. (2001). 〈Ancient Greek〉. Garry, Jane; Rubino; Bodomo; Faber; French. 《Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present》 (영어). H. W. Wilson Company. 256쪽. ISBN 9780824209704.

[6] Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.

[7] Suggested by Georgiev (1966),^[4] Joseph (2001)^[5] and Hamp (2013).^[6]

[Hatzopoulos2020-8] 가 ^나 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). 〈The speech of the ancient Macedonians〉. 《Ancient Macedonia》 (영어). De Gruyter. 64, 77쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.

[OxfordClassicalDictionary-9] 가 ^나 ^다 Masson, Olivier (2003). 〈[Ancient] Macedonian language〉. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony. 《The Oxford Classical Dictionary》 (영어) revis 3판. Oxford University Press. 905–906쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.

[10] Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books

[11] Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95

[Dosuna2012-12] Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). 〈Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)〉. Giannakis, Georgios K. 《Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture》. Centre for Greek Language. 145쪽. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.

[13] Matzinger, Joachim (2016). 《Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen》 (PDF) (연설) (독일어). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

[Crespo2017-14] 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; Crespo2017라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다

[Brixhe2018-15] Brixhe, Claude (2018). 〈Macedonian〉. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias. 《Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics》 (영어) 3. De Gruyter. 1862–1867쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.

[16] Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),^[8] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),^[9] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),^[10] Johannes Engels (2010),^[11] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),^[12] Joachim Matzinger (2016),^[13] Emilio Crespo (2017),^[14] Claude Brixhe (2018)^[15] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).^[8]

[17] Hammond, N.G.L (1997). 《Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics》 (영어). A.M. Hakkert. 79쪽.

[FOOTNOTEWorthington201271-18] Worthington 2012, 71쪽.

[19] Suggested by August Fick (1874),^[9] Otto Hoffmann (1906),^[9] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)^[17] and Ian Worthington (2012).^[18]

[FOOTNOTEHammond1989-20] Hammond 1989.

[OxfordCD1b-21] . Oxford University Press. |제목=이(가) 없거나 비었음 (도움말)

[22] Meier-Brügger, Michael; Fritz, Matthias; Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003). 《Indo-European Linguistics》. Walter de Gruyter. 28쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5.

[23] Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95: "This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".

[24] "[W]e may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.

[25] Masson & Dubois 2000, 292쪽: "..."Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906: "Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciation (like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc.)."

[Hatzopoulos2017b-26] Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). 〈Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 299쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.

[Crespo2017b-27] Crespo, Emilio (2017). 〈The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 329쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[7]

[16]

[19]

[5]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[4]

[6]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[17]

[18]

@@ 7번째 줄: / 7번째 줄: @@
 고대 마케도니아인들은 [[고대 그리스 미술|고전]] 및 후기 [[헬레니즘 미술|헬레니즘 예술]]의 생산과 육성에 참여했다. [[시각 예술]] 측면에서 그들은 [[프레스코|프레스코화]], [[모자이크]], [[고대 그리스 조각|조각품]], 장식용 금속 [[금속가공|세공품]]을 제작했다. 음악과 [[고대 그리스 연극|그리스 연극]] 의 [[공연 예술]]은 높이 평가되었으며 [[에우리피데스]]와 같은 유명한 극작가들이 마케도니아에 거주했다. 왕국은 또한 [[아리스토텔레스]]와 같은 저명한 [[고대 그리스 철학|철학자]]들의 존재를 끌어들였고 마케도니아 원주민들은 [[고대 그리스 문학]], 특히 그리스 역사학 분야에 기여했다. 그들의 스포츠 및 여가 활동에는 사냥, [[달리기]], [[전차 경주]] 뿐만 아니라 [[심포지엄]]으로 알려진 귀족 연회에서의 잔치와 음주가 포함되었다.
-=== 인용 ===
+== 주해 ==
+{{reflist|group=note}}
-=== 서지 ===
+=== 각주 ===
+{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+== 서지 ==
+{{refbegin|3}}
+*{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Winthrop Lindsay|chapter=Alexander's Successors to 221 BC|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=208–224|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Roisman|editor2-first=Ian|editor2-last=Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Aldrete|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Bartell|first2=Scott|last3=Aldrete|first3=Alicia|title=Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4214-0819-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIrkd6EfuSwC}}
+*{{cite book|last=Anson|first=Edward M.|chapter=Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=3–20|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&pg=PA14| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last=Archibald|first=Zosia|chapter=Macedonia and Thrace|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Roisman|editor2-first=Ian|editor2-last=Worthington|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=326–341 |location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up}}
+*{{cite book|last=Asirvatham|first=Sulochana R.|chapter=Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece, Rome, and Beyond|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Roisman|editor2-first=Ian|editor2-last=Worthington|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=99–124|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Badian|first=Ernst|title=Greeks and Macedonians|journal=Studies in the History of Art |volume=10|series=SYMPOSIUM SERIES I|year=1982|pages=33–51|publisher=National Gallery of Art |jstor=42617918}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Badian|first1=Ernst|last2=Wallace|first2=Robert W.|last3=Harris|first3=Edward Monroe |title=Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1996|isbn=0-8061-2863-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv18QgAACAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Barr-Sharrar|first1=Beryl|last2=Borza|first2=Eugene N.|title=Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times|publisher=National Gallery of Art|year=1982|isbn=0-89468-005-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4wAQAAIAAJ}}
+*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw7KxwEACAAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|last=Beekes|first=Robert S. P.|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-32186-1|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes}}
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+*{{cite book|last=Perlman|first=Samuel|title=Philip and Athens|location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Heffer|year=1973|isbn=0-85270-076-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5sgAAAAMAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Piening|first=H.|chapter=Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the "Alexander-Sarcophagus" in Istanbul|title=Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures: Proceedings of NDTMS-2011, Istanbul Turkey, May 15–18 2011, Part 1|pages=1179–1186|location=Heidelberg, New York, & London|publisher=RILEM & Springer|year=2013|isbn=978-94-007-0722-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwYObrHGMj4C| editor-given1 = Oral | editor-surname1 = Büyüköztürk| editor-given2 = Mehmet | editor-surname2 = Ali Taşdemir}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Prag|first1=Johnathan R. W.|last2=Quinn|first2=Josephine Crawley|chapter=Introduction|pages=1–13|title=The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean|location=Cambridge & New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-03242-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UMIAQAAQBAJ| editor1-first= Johnathan R. W.| editor1-last= Prag| editor2-first= Josephine Crawley | editor2-last= Quinn}}
+*{{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=P. J.|chapter=The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=23–40|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&pg=PA14| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last=Roisman|first=Joseph|chapter=Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=145–165|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last=Sakellariou|first=Michael B.|title=Macedonia: 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization|chapter=Inhabitants|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macedonia4000yea00sake/page/44 44–63]|editor=Michael B. Sakellariou|location=Athens|publisher=Ekdotike Athenon S.A.|year=1983|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/macedonia4000yea00sake|chapter-url-access=registration}}
+*{{cite book|last=Sakellariou|first=M. V.|title=Macedonia, 4000 years of Greek History and Civilization|location=Athens, Greece|publisher=Ekdotikè Athenon|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71W5AAAAIAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Sansone|first=David|edition=3rd|title=Ancient Greek Civilization|year=2017|location=Malden, Oxford, Chichester|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn=978-1-119-09815-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUWDQAAQBAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Sawada|first=Noriko|chapter=Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=392–408|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Anthony M.|title=The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries BC|location=New York, New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-93635-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2sWyS1OEokC}}
+*{{cite book|last=Sprawski|first=Slawomir|chapter=The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=127–144|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last=Starr|first=Chester G.|title=A History of the Ancient World|location=New York, New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-19-506628-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bA3kgtZU1iMC}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Theodossiev|first=Nikola|title=The Dead with Golden Faces. II Other Evidence and Connections|journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology|volume=19|issue=2|date=May 2000|pages=175–209|doi=10.1111/1468-0092.00106}}
+*{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Carol G.|chapter=The Physical Kingdom|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=65–80|location=Oxford, Chichester, & Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}
+*{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=Some Problems of Greek History|location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1969|isbn=978-0-19-215249-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_18bAAAAYAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=The Greeks and Their Heritages|location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981|isbn=9780192152565|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l98bAAAAYAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter|title=Sociolinguistic Variation and Change|location=Edinburgh, UK |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-7486-1515-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3l1iAAAAMAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Vanderpool|first=Eugene|title=Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography|location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens|year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZokST4cicMC|isbn=0-87661-519-1}}
+*{{cite book|last=Voutiras|first=Emmanuel|title=ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΦΩΝΤΟΣ ΓΑΜΟΙ: Marital Life and Magic in Fourth Century Pella|location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands|publisher=J. C. Gieben|year=1998|isbn=90-5063-407-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTRmAAAAMAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Whitley|first=James|title=The Archaeology of Ancient Greece|year=2007|location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62733-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njOKqvpRrh4C}}
+*{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John J.|title=The Illyrians|location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1995|isbn=0-631-19807-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C}}
+*{{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor|location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008a|isbn=978-0-521-68496-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-f_jwCgmeUC}}
+*{{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|chapter=Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction|title=The Ancient Languages of Europe|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1 1–13] |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|orig-year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68495-8|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1|editor-given1=Roger D.|editor-surname1=Woodard}}
+*{{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|title=The Ancient Languages of Europe|year=2008b|location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68495-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C}}
+*{{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=Alexander the Great: Man and God|year=2014a|orig-year=2004|location=New York, NY|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-86644-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnQABAAAQBAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=Alexander the Great: A Reader|location=London, UK |publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-29187-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJRvJjKeijoC}}
+*{{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=Philip II of Macedonia|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-12079-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZsTAQAAIAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=Alexander the Great: a Reader|year=2012|edition=2nd|location=London & New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-0-415-66742-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxqpAgAAQBAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire|year=2014b|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-992986-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGVAwAAQBAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Zacharia|first=Katerina|title=Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity|year=2008|location=Hampshire, England|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC}}
+{{refend}}
 == 추가 자료 ==
@@ 34번째 줄: / 157번째 줄: @@
 [[분류:고대 그리스]]
 [[분류:마케도니아 왕국 사람]]
-[[분류:CS1 - 독일어 인용 (de)]]