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== 컴퓨터 발명 이전 ==
== 컴퓨터 발명 이전 ==
* 1615년 – [[요하네스 케플러]]가 [[심프슨 공식]]의 구분구적법을 유도하다.
* 1750년 – [[토머스 심프슨]]이 [[심프슨 공식]]을 재발견하다.
* 1733년 – [[뷔퐁 백작]]이 [[뷔퐁의 바늘|바늘 문제]]를 제시하다.<ref>Buffon, G. Editor's note concerning a lecture given 1733 by Mr. Le Clerc de Buffon to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. Histoire de l'Acad. Roy. des Sci., pp. 43-45, 1733; according to Weisstein, Eric W. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BuffonsNeedleProblem.html "Buffon's Needle Problem."] From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. 20 Dec 2012 20 Dec 2012.</ref><ref>Buffon, G. "Essai d'arithmétique morale." Histoire naturelle, générale er particulière, Supplément 4, 46-123, 1777; according to Weisstein, Eric W. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BuffonsNeedleProblem.html "Buffon's Needle Problem."] From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. 20 Dec 2012</ref>
* 1768년 – [[레온하르트 오일러]]가 [[오일러 방법]]을 고안하다.<ref>[[Leonhard Euler|Euler, L]]. ''[[Institutionum calculi integralis]]''. Impensis Academiae Imperialis Scientiarum, 1768.</ref><ref>Butcher, John C. (2003), Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, New York: John Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|978-0-471-96758-3}}.</ref><ref>Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-540-56670-0}}.</ref>
* 1816년 – [[라플라스 후작]]이 [[그람-슈미트 과정]]을 처음으로 공식화하다.<ref>Laplace, PS. (1816). Théorie Analytique des Probabilités :First Supplement, p. 497ff.</ref> 이후 수십년 뒤 1880년대-1900년대에 개선되다.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gram | first1 = J. P. | year = 1883 | title = Ueber die Entwickelung reeler Funtionen in Reihen mittelst der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate | journal = JRNL. Für die reine und angewandte Math. | volume = 94 | pages = 71–73 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schmidt | first1 = E. | title = Zur Theorie der linearen und nichtlinearen Integralgleichungen. I. Teil: Entwicklung willkürlicher Funktionen nach Systemen vorgeschriebener | journal = Math. Ann. | volume = 63 | page = 1907 }}</ref><ref>[http://jeff560.tripod.com/g.html#GRAM-SCHMIDT%20ORTHOGONALIZATION Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (G).] As of Aug 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Farebrother|first1=RW|title=Linear Least Squares Computations|date=1988|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780824776619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCS0zw7SztEC|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref>
* 1822 – [[찰스 배비지]]가 [[유한차분법]]을 이용해 [[다항함수]]를 자동적으로 계산하는 기계([[차분기관]])의 개발을 시작하다.
* 1842년 – [[에이다 러브레이스]]가 [[해석기관]]을 이용해 [[베르누이 수]]를 뱉어내는 [[알고리듬]]을 작성하다. 세계 최초의 [[컴퓨터 프로그램]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Simonite|first=Tom|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/ada-lovelace-day.html|title=Short Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'|work=New Scientist|date=24 March 2009|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="newyorker'13">[http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2013/08/tom-stoppards-arcadia-at-twenty.html Tom Stoppard’s “Arcadia,” at Twenty.] By Brad Leithauser. [[The New Yorker]], August 8, 2013.</ref> The engine was never completed, however, so her code was never tested.<ref name="KimToole1999">{{cite journal|title=Ada and the first computer|last1=Kim|first1=Eugene Eric|last2=Toole|first2=Betty Alexandra|journal=Scientific American|date=May 1999|volume=280|issue=5|pages=70–71|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0599-76|bibcode=1999SciAm.280e..76E}}</ref>
* 1883년 – [[애덤스-배시포스 방법]]이 발표되다.<ref>Bashforth, Francis (1883), An Attempt to test the Theories of Capillary Action by comparing the theoretical and measured forms of drops of fluid. With an explanation of the method of integration employed in constructing the tables which give the theoretical forms of such drops, by J. C. Adams, Cambridge.</ref>
* [[야코비 방법]]이 개발되다.<ref>[http://canum2006.univ-rennes1.fr/exposes_et_posters/vandervorst.pdf Jacobi’s Ideas on Eigenvalue Computation in a modern context], Henk van der Vorst.</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Jacobi_method Jacobi method], [[Encyclopedia of Mathematics]].</ref><ref>[http://www.siam.org/meetings/la09/talks/benzi.pdf The Early History of Matrix Iterations: With a Focus on the Italian Contribution], Michele Benzi, 26 October 2009. SIAM Conference on Applied Linear Algebra, Monterey Bay – Seaside, California.</ref>
* [[가우스-자이델 방법]]이 발표되다.
* 1886년 [[조화해석|조화해석기]]가 제작되다.
* 1900년 – 미분방정식의 근사 적분을 위한 [[룽게-쿠타 방법]]이 개발되다.<ref>[[마르틴 쿠타|MW Kutta]]. "Beiträge zur näherungsweisen Integration totaler Differentialgleichungen" [Contributions to the approximate integration of total differential equations] (in German). ''Thesis'', [[U뮌헨 대학교|niversity of Munich]].
* 1901 – {{citation|title= Reprinted|journal=Z. Math. Phys. |volume=46 |year=1901|pages= 435–453}} and in [https://books.google.com/books/about/Beitrag_zur_n%C3%A4herungsweisen_Integration.html?id=K5e6kQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y B.G Teubner, 1901].</ref><ref>[[카를 룽게|Runge, C.]], "Über die numerische Auflösung von Differentialgleichungen" [About the numerical solution of differential equations](in German), Math. Ann. 46 (1895) 167-178.</ref>
* 1910년 – [[숄레스키 분해|숄레스키 행렬분해공식]]이 개발되다.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Commandant Benoit|title=Note sur une méthode de résolution des équations normales provenant de l'application de la méthode des moindres carrés à un système d'équations linéaires en nombre inférieur à celui des inconnues (Procédé du Commandant Cholesky)|journal=Bulletin Géodésique 2|date=1924|pages=67–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cholesky|author-link1=André-Louis Cholesky |title=Sur la résolution numérique des systèmes d'équations linéaires|date=1910|publisher=(manuscript)}}</ref>
* 1911년 - [[리처드슨 외삽법]]이 개발되다.
* 1922년 – [[루이스 브라이 스티븐슨]]이 [[수치 예보|수치일기예보]]를 도입하다. 그 방법 자체는 1895년 [[빌헬름 볘르크네스]]가 개발했다.<ref>L F Richardson, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. [[Cambridge University Press]] (1922).</ref><ref name="Lynch JCP">{{cite journal|last=Lynch|author-link=Peter Lynch (meteorologist)|first=Peter|title=The origins of computer weather prediction and climate modeling|journal=[[Journal of Computational Physics]]|date=March 2008|volume=227|issue=7|pages=3431–44|doi=10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.034|bibcode=2008JCoPh.227.3431L|publisher=[[University of Miami]]|url=http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf|access-date=2010-12-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708191309/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf|archive-date=2010-07-08}}</ref>
* 1926년 – [[그레테 헤르만]]이 [[기호계산|컴퓨터 대수학]]의 토대가 되는 논문을 발표하다.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Grete Hermann| title=Die Frage der endlich vielen Schritte in der Theorie der Polynomideale| journal=[[Mathematische Annalen]]| year=1926| volume=95| pages=736–788|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0095&DMDID=DMDLOG_0044&L=1| doi=10.1007/bf01206635| s2cid=115897210}}</ref>
* 1926년 – [[애덤스-물턴 방법]]이 개발되다.
* 1927년 – [[더글러스 하트리]]가 최초의 [[제1원리 계산]]법인 [[하트리-폭 방법]]을 개발하다. 그러나 하트리-포크 방정식을 손으로 계산하는 일은 중노동이었고, 작은 분자에 대해서는 1950년 이후 컴퓨터 자원이 갖춰지기 전까지 아예 계산할 수 없었다.


== 1930년대 ==
== 1930년대 ==

2022년 2월월 6일 (일) 14:30 판

컴퓨터 발명 이전

1930년대

1940년대

1950년대

1960년대

1970년대

1980년대

1990년대

2000년대

2010년대

각주

  1. ↑ Buffon, G. Editor's note concerning a lecture given 1733 by Mr. Le Clerc de Buffon to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. Histoire de l'Acad. Roy. des Sci., pp. 43-45, 1733; according to Weisstein, Eric W. "Buffon's Needle Problem." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. 20 Dec 2012 20 Dec 2012.
  2. ↑ Buffon, G. "Essai d'arithmétique morale." Histoire naturelle, générale er particulière, Supplément 4, 46-123, 1777; according to Weisstein, Eric W. "Buffon's Needle Problem." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. 20 Dec 2012
  3. ↑ Euler, L. Institutionum calculi integralis. Impensis Academiae Imperialis Scientiarum, 1768.
  4. ↑ Butcher, John C. (2003), Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-96758-3.
  5. ↑ Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-56670-0.
  6. ↑ Laplace, PS. (1816). Théorie Analytique des Probabilités :First Supplement, p. 497ff.
  7. ↑ Gram, J. P. (1883). “Ueber die Entwickelung reeler Funtionen in Reihen mittelst der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate”. 《JRNL. Für die reine und angewandte Math.》 94: 71–73. 
  8. ↑ Schmidt, E. “Zur Theorie der linearen und nichtlinearen Integralgleichungen. I. Teil: Entwicklung willkürlicher Funktionen nach Systemen vorgeschriebener”. 《Math. Ann.》 63: 1907. 
  9. ↑ Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (G). As of Aug 2017.
  10. ↑ Farebrother, RW (1988). 《Linear Least Squares Computations》. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824776619. 2017년 8월 19일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ Simonite, Tom (2009년 3월 24일). “Short Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'”. 《New Scientist》. 2012년 4월 14일에 확인함. 
  12. ↑ Tom Stoppard’s “Arcadia,” at Twenty. By Brad Leithauser. The New Yorker, August 8, 2013.
  13. ↑ Kim, Eugene Eric; Toole, Betty Alexandra (May 1999). “Ada and the first computer”. 《Scientific American》 280 (5): 70–71. Bibcode:1999SciAm.280e..76E. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0599-76. 
  14. ↑ Bashforth, Francis (1883), An Attempt to test the Theories of Capillary Action by comparing the theoretical and measured forms of drops of fluid. With an explanation of the method of integration employed in constructing the tables which give the theoretical forms of such drops, by J. C. Adams, Cambridge.
  15. ↑ Jacobi’s Ideas on Eigenvalue Computation in a modern context, Henk van der Vorst.
  16. ↑ Jacobi method, Encyclopedia of Mathematics.
  17. ↑ The Early History of Matrix Iterations: With a Focus on the Italian Contribution, Michele Benzi, 26 October 2009. SIAM Conference on Applied Linear Algebra, Monterey Bay – Seaside, California.
  18. ↑ MW Kutta. "Beiträge zur näherungsweisen Integration totaler Differentialgleichungen" [Contributions to the approximate integration of total differential equations] (in German). Thesis, niversity of Munich.
    • 1901 – “Reprinted”, 《Z. Math. Phys.》 46, 1901: 435–453  and in B.G Teubner, 1901.
  19. ↑ Runge, C., "Über die numerische Auflösung von Differentialgleichungen" [About the numerical solution of differential equations](in German), Math. Ann. 46 (1895) 167-178.
  20. ↑ Commandant Benoit (1924). “Note sur une méthode de résolution des équations normales provenant de l'application de la méthode des moindres carrés à un système d'équations linéaires en nombre inférieur à celui des inconnues (Procédé du Commandant Cholesky)”. 《Bulletin Géodésique 2》: 67–77. 
  21. ↑ Cholesky (1910). 《Sur la résolution numérique des systèmes d'équations linéaires》. (manuscript). 
  22. ↑ L F Richardson, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge University Press (1922).
  23. ↑ Lynch, Peter (March 2008). “The origins of computer weather prediction and climate modeling” (PDF). 《Journal of Computational Physics》 (University of Miami) 227 (7): 3431–44. Bibcode:2008JCoPh.227.3431L. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.034. 2010년 7월 8일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 12월 23일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ Grete Hermann (1926). “Die Frage der endlich vielen Schritte in der Theorie der Polynomideale”. 《Mathematische Annalen》 95: 736–788. doi:10.1007/bf01206635. S2CID 115897210. 
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