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아르크토두스

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

아르크토두스

생물 분류ℹ️

아르크토두스(Arctodus)는 신생대 플라이스토세 12,800년 전까지 지금의 북아메리카에 서식했던 포유류이다. 속명의 뜻은 '곰의 이빨'을 뜻한다.[1]

특징

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아르크토두스의 화석

아르크토두스는 크기는 보통300 ~ 950 킬로그램 (660 ~ 2,090 lb)이며, 이 중 암컷은 500 킬로그램 (1,100 lb), 수컷은 약 800 킬로그램 (1,800 lb) 정도이다.[2][3][4][5] 가장 큰 수컷은 어깨 높이가 1.67 미터 (5 ft 6 in)이고 뒷다리의 키가 최대 3.4 미터 (11 ft)에 이른다고 학자들에 의해 발표되었다. 연구에 따르면 주로 사슴, 낙타과와 같은 초식동물들을 잡아먹으며, 개방된 온대 기후의 삼림 지대를 선호했지만, 다른 기후와 환경에서도 적응력이 뛰어난 종이었다.[1][6][7]

화석 분포도

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아르크토두스은(는) 북아메리카 안에 위치해 있다
American Falls (Hop-Strawn Pit, Cedar Ridge, 26,500 ± 3500 BP)
American Falls (Hop-Strawn Pit, Cedar Ridge, 26,500 ± 3500 BP)
Birch Creek (34,974 ± 652 BP)
Birch Creek (34,974 ± 652 BP)
Bonner Springs (Kansas River, 10,921 ± 50 BP)
Bonner Springs (Kansas River, 10,921 ± 50 BP)
Chiquihuite Cave (11,419 ± 34 BP)
Chiquihuite Cave (11,419 ± 34 BP)
Cueva Quebrada (12,280 ± 170)
Cueva Quebrada (12,280 ± 170)
Fairbanks (Cleary, Cleary Creek, Dawson Cut, Engineer Creek, Ester, Ester Creek, Eva Creek Mine, Gold Hill, Goldstream, No.2 G-Strip Area, Upper Cleary River Beds, 39,565 ± 1126 BP - 20,524 ± 180 BP?)
Fairbanks (Cleary, Cleary Creek, Dawson Cut, Engineer Creek, Ester, Ester Creek, Eva Creek Mine, Gold Hill, Goldstream, No.2 G-Strip Area, Upper Cleary River Beds, 39,565 ± 1126 BP - 20,524 ± 180 BP?)
Friesenhahn Cave (10,814 ± 55 BP)
Friesenhahn Cave (10,814 ± 55 BP)
Fulton County (11,040 ± 310 BP)
Fulton County (11,040 ± 310 BP)
Gold Run Creek (26,040 ± 270 BP)
Gold Run Creek (26,040 ± 270 BP)
Huntington Dam (10,976 ± 40 BP)
Huntington Dam (10,976 ± 40 BP)
Ikpikpuk River (27,160 ± 280 BP)
Ikpikpuk River (27,160 ± 280 BP)
Island Ford Cave (34,080 ± 480 BP)
Island Ford Cave (34,080 ± 480 BP)
La Brea Tar Pits (35,370 - 26,427 cal. BP (≤50,000?))
La Brea Tar Pits (35,370 - 26,427 cal. BP (≤50,000?))
Meander Cave (37,500 cal. BP?)
Meander Cave (37,500 cal. BP?)
Natural Trap Cave (20,220 ± 150 BP)
Natural Trap Cave (20,220 ± 150 BP)
Pellucidar Cave (11,615 ± 30 BP)
Pellucidar Cave (11,615 ± 30 BP)
Potter Creek Cave (& Samwell Cave, 12,650 ± 350 BP)
Potter Creek Cave (& Samwell Cave, 12,650 ± 350 BP)
Rainbow Beach (21,500 ± 700 BP)
Rainbow Beach (21,500 ± 700 BP)
Salt Lake Valley (Silver Creek/Bonneville, 12,650 ± 70 BP)
Salt Lake Valley (Silver Creek/Bonneville, 12,650 ± 70 BP)
Saltville Valley (14,853 ± 55 BP)
Saltville Valley (14,853 ± 55 BP)
San Miguel Island (Daisy Cave, California Channel Islands, 14,130 ± 70 BP)
San Miguel Island (Daisy Cave, California Channel Islands, 14,130 ± 70 BP)
Sheriden Cave (11,566 ± 40 BP)
Sheriden Cave (11,566 ± 40 BP)
Sixtymile River (44,240 ± 930 BP)
Sixtymile River (44,240 ± 930 BP)
The Mammoth Site (26,075 ± 975 BP)
The Mammoth Site (26,075 ± 975 BP)
Three-Forks Cave (Gittin' Down Mountain, 34,063 ± 460 BP)
Three-Forks Cave (Gittin' Down Mountain, 34,063 ± 460 BP)
Titaluk River (42,600 ± 2,200 BP)
Titaluk River (42,600 ± 2,200 BP)
Airport Lane
Airport Lane
Alameda Tube
Alameda Tube
Albuquerque Gravel Pits
Albuquerque Gravel Pits
Atepetzingo (Rancho de Tepetzingo)
Atepetzingo (Rancho de Tepetzingo)
Beaver Crossing (unknown age)
Beaver Crossing (unknown age)
Beemer & West Point (Cuming County Wet Gravel Pits)
Beemer & West Point (Cuming County Wet Gravel Pits)
Big Bear Cave, Bat Cave, Carroll Cave, West Cave
Big Bear Cave, Bat Cave, Carroll Cave, West Cave
Big Bear Site ("Arctodus site", Blackwater Draw)
Big Bear Site ("Arctodus site", Blackwater Draw)
Bitter Springs Playa (Rogers Ridge, Fort Irwin)
Bitter Springs Playa (Rogers Ridge, Fort Irwin)
Blacktail Cave
Blacktail Cave
Box Butte Creek
Box Butte Creek
Burnet Cave (Rocky Arroyo)
Burnet Cave (Rocky Arroyo)
Cedar Creek (Black Belt, c.f. simus)
Cedar Creek (Black Belt, c.f. simus)
Cedral
Cedral
'Chat' (Chatanika River)
'Chat' (Chatanika River)
Chicken Creek (Lost Chicken Creek?)
Chicken Creek (Lost Chicken Creek?)
Clover Bar (Edmonton)
Clover Bar (Edmonton)
Conkling Cavern?
Conkling Cavern?
Cooper River
Cooper River
Copper Mine
Copper Mine
Cripple Creek
Cripple Creek
Dalhart
Dalhart
Diamond Valley
Diamond Valley
Drews Gap (footprints, Lakeview)
Drews Gap (footprints, Lakeview)
Duck Flat
Duck Flat
Fern Cave
Fern Cave
Fort Qu' Appelle (Bliss Gravel Pit-Echo Lake Gravel)
Fort Qu' Appelle (Bliss Gravel Pit-Echo Lake Gravel)
Fossil Lake
Fossil Lake
Frankstown Cave
Frankstown Cave
Gatesville (Coryell County, Ursidae c.f. A. simus)
Gatesville (Coryell County, Ursidae c.f. A. simus)
Glass Cave
Glass Cave
Hall's Cave
Hall's Cave
Isleta Caves
Isleta Caves
Jaguar Cave
Jaguar Cave
Jinglebob
Jinglebob
Keams Canyon
Keams Canyon
Kotzebue
Kotzebue
La Cinta Portalitos
La Cinta Portalitos
Labor-of-Love Cave
Labor-of-Love Cave
Lake San Agustin (White Lake)
Lake San Agustin (White Lake)
Lebret
Lebret
Lilian Creek
Lilian Creek
Little Box Elder Cave
Little Box Elder Cave
Lubbock Lake
Lubbock Lake
Manix Lake (Camp Cady)
Manix Lake (Camp Cady)
Maricopa Tar Seeps
Maricopa Tar Seeps
Moore Pit (Hill Shuler/ Trinity River)
Moore Pit (Hill Shuler/ Trinity River)
Old Crow Flats
Old Crow Flats
Oregon Caves?
Oregon Caves?
Oso Cave
Oso Cave
Pendejo Cave?
Pendejo Cave?
Powder Mill Creek Cave, Round Spring Cave
Powder Mill Creek Cave, Round Spring Cave
Proctor Cave
Proctor Cave
Prospects Cave
Prospects Cave
Red Willow local fauna (Upper Republican River)
Red Willow local fauna (Upper Republican River)
Red Willow local fauna (McCook, unknown age)
Red Willow local fauna (McCook, unknown age)
Riverbluff Cave
Riverbluff Cave
San Juan Island
San Juan Island
Schultz Cave
Schultz Cave
Seale Pit (Hill-Shuler/Trinity River)
Seale Pit (Hill-Shuler/Trinity River)
Selawik
Selawik
Skeleton Cave
Skeleton Cave
Spalding Site
Spalding Site
Tequixquiac
Tequixquiac
The Bar (Central Mississippi Alluvial Valley)
The Bar (Central Mississippi Alluvial Valley)
Troublesome Creek
Troublesome Creek
Tofty (Tofty Placer District)
Tofty (Tofty Placer District)
U-Bar Cave
U-Bar Cave
Valsequillo
Valsequillo
Wasden Site (Owl Cave)
Wasden Site (Owl Cave)
Wright Materials North
Wright Materials North
Zacoalco
Zacoalco
Arkalon
Arkalon
Cass County
Cass County
Doeden Gravel Pit (Yellowstone River)
Doeden Gravel Pit (Yellowstone River)
Fairmead Landfill
Fairmead Landfill
Gordon
Gordon
Hay Springs
Hay Springs
Irvington
Irvington
Murrieta (Riverside)
Murrieta (Riverside)
Rock Creek
Rock Creek
Rushville
Rushville
Vallecito Creek (Anza-Borrego)
Vallecito Creek (Anza-Borrego)
Victorville (cf. simus)
Victorville (cf. simus)
111 Ranch (Arctodus sp.)
111 Ranch (Arctodus sp.)
Aguascalientes (Cedazo)
Aguascalientes (Cedazo)
Apollo Beach, Leisey Shell Pit 1, Leisey Shell Pit 1A & Leisey Shell Pit 3
Apollo Beach, Leisey Shell Pit 1, Leisey Shell Pit 1A & Leisey Shell Pit 3
Bass Point Waterway, Rigby Shell Pit, Venice Beach
Bass Point Waterway, Rigby Shell Pit, Venice Beach
Coleman 2A
Coleman 2A
Crystal River Power Plant (Inglis 1A & Inglis 1B)
Crystal River Power Plant (Inglis 1A & Inglis 1B)
Cumberland Bone Cave
Cumberland Bone Cave
Haile 16A
Haile 16A
Kissimmee 6
Kissimmee 6
La Union (Mesilla Basin Fauna B)
La Union (Mesilla Basin Fauna B)
Lost World Caverns (Grapevine Cave)
Lost World Caverns (Grapevine Cave)
McLeod Limerock Mine
McLeod Limerock Mine
Morgan River
Morgan River
Myrtle Beach
Myrtle Beach
Port Charlotte
Port Charlotte
Port Kennedy Cave
Port Kennedy Cave
Santa Fe River 1
Santa Fe River 1
Sebastian Canal 2
Sebastian Canal 2
Stout's Ranch (Saw Rock Canyon)
Stout's Ranch (Saw Rock Canyon)
Whitlock Oil Well (San Simon Creek, Arctodus sp.)
Whitlock Oil Well (San Simon Creek, Arctodus sp.)
Ashley River (Bee's Ferry, "Wando Formation"), Cooper River, Ladson Formation, Walrus Ditch Local Fauna
Ashley River (Bee's Ferry, "Wando Formation"), Cooper River, Ladson Formation, Walrus Ditch Local Fauna
Lake Rousseau & Rainbow River
Lake Rousseau & Rainbow River
McKittrick Tar Seeps (11,040 ± 310 BP)
McKittrick Tar Seeps (11,040 ± 310 BP)
Perkins Cave (16,910 ± 50 BP)
Perkins Cave (16,910 ± 50 BP)
Cowichan Head (22,750 ± 140 BP)
Cowichan Head (22,750 ± 140 BP)
La Sena (19,487 ± 95 BP)
La Sena (19,487 ± 95 BP)
Dawson (Canyon Creek, Dawson City, Eldorado Creek, Hester Creek, Lower Hunker Creek, Ophir Creek, Quartz Creek, 49,800 cal. BP - 22,417 ± 452 BP)
Dawson (Canyon Creek, Dawson City, Eldorado Creek, Hester Creek, Lower Hunker Creek, Ophir Creek, Quartz Creek, 49,800 cal. BP - 22,417 ± 452 BP)
White Sands National Park (footprint, ~18,500 BP)
White Sands National Park (footprint, ~18,500 BP)
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아르크토두스의 화석 분포도

플라이스토세 초기

플라이스토세 중기

플라이스토세 후기

방사성 탄소 연대 측정중

각주

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  1. ↑ 가 나 Richards, Ronald L.; Churcher, C.S.; Turnbull, William D. (1996년 12월 31일), “Distribution and size variation in North American Short-faced bears, Arctodus simus”, 《Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals》 (University of Toronto Press), 191–246쪽, doi:10.3138/9781487574154-012, ISBN 978-1-4875-7415-4, 2023년 11월 15일에 확인함 
  2. ↑ “Arctodus”. 《www.utep.edu》. 2022년 5월 5일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ Spamer, Earle E.; Daeschler, Edward; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of; Vostreys-Shapiro, L. Gay (1995). 《A Study of Fossil Vertebrate Types in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Taxonomic, Systematic, and Historical Perspectives》 (영어). Academy of Natural Sciences. ISBN 978-0-910006-51-4. 
  4. ↑ Hay, Oliver Perry (1901). 《Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America》 (영어). U.S. Government Printing Office. 
  5. ↑ Kurtén, Björn (1963년 6월 1일). “Fossil Bears from Texas” (PDF). 《The Pearce-Sellards Series》 1 – Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas 경유. 
  6. ↑ Ferrusquía-Villafranca, Ismael; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Martínez-Hernández, Enrique; Gama-Castro, Jorge; Ruiz-González, José; Polaco, Oscar J.; Johnson, Eileen (2010년 4월 15일). “Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality”. 《Quaternary International》. Faunal Dynamics and Extinction in the Quaternary: Studies in Honor of Ernest L. Lundelius, Jr. (영어) 217 (1): 53–104. Bibcode:2010QuInt.217...53F. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.036. ISSN 1040-6182. 
  7. ↑ Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Polaco, Oscar J.; Johnson, Eileen; Ferrusquía-Villafranca, Ismael (2010년 2월 1일). “A perspective on mammal biodiversity and zoogeography in the Late Pleistocene of México”. 《Quaternary International》. Quaternary Changes of Mammalian Communities Across and Between Continents (영어) 212 (2): 187–197. Bibcode:2010QuInt.212..187A. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.05.012. ISSN 1040-6182. 
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