키노데스메

키노데스메(그리스어: κυνοδέσμη→개 매듭)는 고대 그리스와 에트루리아의 운동 선수가 공공에서 귀두를 노출하지 않기 위해 착용했던 가는 줄이나 끈, 가죽 끈이다.^[1] 귀두 끝에 늘어진 포피 부분을 단단히 묶어서 착용한다. 키노데스메는 공공장소에서 일시적으로 착용하는 것으로, 착용이 끝나면 다시 풀어야 한다. 착용할 때 음낭을 드러내도록 허리 끈에 달아둘 수 있고, 음경의 뿌리에 묶어 위쪽으로 동그랗게 말 수도 있다. 고대 그리스에서 귀두를 공공에 노출하는 것은 불명예스럽고 수치스러운 행위로 여겨졌으며, 노예와 야만인이 하는 짓이었다.^[1] 공공장소에서 나체를 보이는 운동 선수나 배우 등의 남성에게는 정숙과 품위가 요구되었고, 이들은 반드시 귀두를 숨겨야 했다.^[1]^[2]

문학에서 키노데스메가 처음 언급된 작품은 일부만이 전해지는 아이스킬로스의 기원전 5세기 사티로스극 Theoroi이다. 고대 그리스 도기의 운동 선수 모습에서 일찍이 그 증거가 발견되었다. 키노데스메는 에트루리아인과 로마인도 사용하였으며, 리가투라 프라푸티(ligatura praeputii)라고 불렀다.^[2] 로마인은 끈보다 피불라라고 부르는 고리를 사용하는 편을 선호했다.^[2]

그리스와 로마의 의학에서는 정액을 자주 배출하면 남성이 약해지고, 특히 남성적인 목소리에 악영향을 미친다고 생각했다. 고대 로마의 가수들은 목소리를 보호하는 요법으로 키노데스메와 같은 비수술적 포피 묶기 형태를 사용했을 것으로 보인다.^[3]

같이 보기[편집]

각주[편집]

↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Zanker, Paul (1995). 《The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity》. University of California Press. 28–30쪽. ISBN 9780520201057. The way the mantle is draped actually emphasizes the poet's nudity and calls attention to a striking detail that has barely been noticed before: he has tied up the penis and foreskin with a string, a practice known as infibulation (or, in Greek, kynodesme) …But many examples of kynodesme in contemporary vase painting (fig. 18) suggest another explanation. Here it is almost exclusively symposiasts and komasts who have their phallus bound up in the same manner as Anacreon, and as a rule they are older men, or at least mature and bearded. Satyrs are also depicted, evidently for comic effect. To expose a long penis, and especially the head, was regarded as shameless and dishonourable, something we see only in depictions of slaves and barbarians. Since in some men the distended foreskin may no longer close properly, allowing the long penis to hang out in unsightly fashion, a string could be used to avoid such an unattractive spectacle, at least to judge from the evidence of vase painting. The vase also make it clear that this was a widely practised custom. We may then consider it a sign of the modesty and decency expected in particular of the older participants in the symposium. Once again, in the ideology of kalokagathia, aesthetic appearance becomes an expression of moral worth.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Ellis, Havelock (2013). 《Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1》. Butterworth-Heinemann. 33쪽. ISBN 9781483225012. The Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans, appear to have been accustomed to cover the foreskin with the kynodesme (a band), or the fibula (a ring), for custom and modesty demanded that the glans should be concealed.
↑ Martial 6.82, Juvenal 6.73, 379; J.P. Sullivan, Martial, the Unexpected Classic (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 189; Peter Schäfer, Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World (Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 101; Peter J. Ucko, "Penis Sheaths: A Comparative Study," in Material Culture: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences (Routledge, 2004), p. 260.

참고 문헌[편집]

Hodges FM. The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2001;75:375–405.
Osborne, Robin (2004). 《Greek History》. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31717-7. page 10
Keuls, Eva (1985). 《Reign of the Phallus》. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07929-9. page 68

[Zanker_1995-1] 가 ^나 ^다 Zanker, Paul (1995). 《The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity》. University of California Press. 28–30쪽. ISBN 9780520201057. The way the mantle is draped actually emphasizes the poet's nudity and calls attention to a striking detail that has barely been noticed before: he has tied up the penis and foreskin with a string, a practice known as infibulation (or, in Greek, kynodesme) …But many examples of kynodesme in contemporary vase painting (fig. 18) suggest another explanation. Here it is almost exclusively symposiasts and komasts who have their phallus bound up in the same manner as Anacreon, and as a rule they are older men, or at least mature and bearded. Satyrs are also depicted, evidently for comic effect. To expose a long penis, and especially the head, was regarded as shameless and dishonourable, something we see only in depictions of slaves and barbarians. Since in some men the distended foreskin may no longer close properly, allowing the long penis to hang out in unsightly fashion, a string could be used to avoid such an unattractive spectacle, at least to judge from the evidence of vase painting. The vase also make it clear that this was a widely practised custom. We may then consider it a sign of the modesty and decency expected in particular of the older participants in the symposium. Once again, in the ideology of kalokagathia, aesthetic appearance becomes an expression of moral worth.

[Ellis_2013-2] 가 ^나 ^다 Ellis, Havelock (2013). 《Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1》. Butterworth-Heinemann. 33쪽. ISBN 9781483225012. The Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans, appear to have been accustomed to cover the foreskin with the kynodesme (a band), or the fibula (a ring), for custom and modesty demanded that the glans should be concealed.

[3] Martial 6.82, Juvenal 6.73, 379; J.P. Sullivan, Martial, the Unexpected Classic (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 189; Peter Schäfer, Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World (Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 101; Peter J. Ucko, "Penis Sheaths: A Comparative Study," in Material Culture: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences (Routledge, 2004), p. 260.

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