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사용자:FriedC/편집 지침 (인물)

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

틀:Style-guideline

편집 지침(분류)
하위 지침
유형별 지침
관련 지침
"WP:NAMES" redirects here. For naming conventions in general, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions. For usernames, see Wikipedia:Username.

The objective of this Manual of Style (or style guide) is to provide guidelines for maintaining visual and textual consistency in biographical articles. Following these guidelines is recommended, but not required. Maintaining consistency will allow Wikipedia to be read, written, edited, navigated, and used more easily by readers and editors alike.

See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography.

Opening paragraph

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The opening paragraph should give:

  1. 이름과 제목, if any (see, for instance, also Wikipedia:Naming conventions (names and titles));
  2. 알려진 출생일과 사망일 (see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates of birth and death);
  3. 국적 –
    1. 보통의 경우는 현재 인물이 국민으로 속해있는 나라나 인물이 저명해졌을 때 국민으로 속해있던 나라를 의미함. (Note: There is no consensus on how to define nationality for people from the United Kingdom, which encompasses constituent countries. For more information, please see the essay "Wikipedia:Nationality of people from the United Kingdom" and the talk page archives.)
    2. Ethnicity should generally not be emphasized in the opening unless it is relevant to the subject's notability.
  4. 인물이 무엇을 하였는가;
  5. 이 인물이 왜 중요한가.

For example:

Names

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일반적으로 문서의 제목이 인물의 가장 잘 알려진 이름을 선택해야 한다면, 알고 있는 대상의 전체 이름은 글머리 부분에 두어야 합니다. Many cultures have a tradition of not using the full name of a person in everyday reference, but the article should start with the complete version. For example:

  • (from 피델 카스트로): 피델 알레한드로 카스트로 루스 (Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, 1926년 8월 13일 ~ ) …
  • (from 프랑수아 미테랑): 프랑수아 모리스 아드리앵 마리 미테랑 (François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand, 1916년 10월 26일 – 1996년 1월 8일) …
  • (from 브라이언 존스): Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969) …

In some cases, subjects have legally changed their names at some point after birth. In these cases the birth name should be given as well:

  • (from Bill Clinton): William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) …

Maiden names

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It is common to give the maiden or birth family name (last name, surname) of a woman better known under her married name, for example:

  • Lucy Washington (née Payne) (1772?–1846), widow of Major George Steptoe Washington, became the wife of Thomas Todd. She was the first woman married in the White House, in 1812.

An alternate form, Lucy (Payne) Washington, is also widely accepted.

A woman, like all other biographical entrants, should be referred to by her most common name, and that would not necessarily involve using her husband's surname.

Child named for parent or predecessor

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Do not place a comma before Jr., Sr., or Roman numeral designation. Examples: Sammy Davis Jr., George Welton III. Exception: Use a comma if it is the preference of the subject or the subject's biographers.

Pseudonyms, stage names and common names

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For people who are best known by a pseudonym, the legal name should usually appear first in the article, followed closely by the pseudonym. Follow this practice even if the article itself is titled with the pseudonym:

  • Louis Bert Lindley, Jr. (June 29, 1919 – December 8, 1983), better known by the stage name Slim Pickens…

Alternatively, the legal name can appear in apposition to the pseudonym:

  • Boris Karloff (November 23, 1887 – February 2, 1969), born William Henry Pratt, was an actor best known for his roles in horror films. He was initially billed as "Karloff" and sometimes as "Karloff the Uncanny".

It is not always necessary to spell out why the article title and lead paragraph give a different name. Care must be taken to avoid implying that a person who does not generally use all their forenames or who uses a familiar form has actually changed their name. Therefore, a lead that reads "Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) …" is preferable to one that states John Edwards was born with the name Johnny Reid Edwards.

Once the most common name has been determined, remember to add the full names and alternate names as redirects. For example, "William Jefferson Clinton" would be added as a redirect to "Bill Clinton". This will prevent others from moving the article later, to what they may believe is the proper name for the article. This also lets future editors know that the chosen shortened name was not an oversight, but was thoughtfully planned.

Honorific prefixes

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The inclusion of some honorific prefixes and styles has proved controversial on Wikipedia. Wikipedia currently distinguishes between four groups: nobles, government officials, and members of royal families and clergy, and ordinary individuals. See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (names and titles) for their use in article titles.

  1. Styles and honorifics which are derived from noble title, including The Most Noble, The Most Honourable, The Right Honourable, and The Honourable, should not be included in the text inline but may be legitimately discussed in the article proper.
  2. Styles and honorifics which are derived from political activities, including but not limited to The Right Honourable for being a Member of the Privy Council, should not be included in the text inline but may be legitimately discussed in the article proper.
  3. Styles and honorifics related to clergy and royalty, including but not limited to His Holiness and Her Majesty, should not be included in the text inline but may be legitimately discussed in the article proper. Clergy should be named as described in Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Clergy).
    In the cases of certain historic persons, an honorific is so commonly attached to their names that it should be included. For example, the honorific should be included for "Father Coughlin" (Charles Coughlin), the 1930s priest and broadcaster; Father Damien, the missionary in Hawaii; Father Divine, an American religious leader; Father Joseph, in 17th-century France; and Mother Teresa, a 20th-century humanitarian.
  4. The prenominals Sir, Dame, Lord and Lady are honorific titles discussed in the Honorific Titles section below. Note: honorary knights and dames are not entitled to "Sir" or "Dame", only the post-nominal letters.
  5. In Burmese names, styles and honorifics are preserved whenever they are part of the normal form of address, even for ordinary individuals.

An example of "discussion in the article proper" would be listing the official, spoken, and posthumous styles for a pope within an infobox. (See for example, Pope John Paul II). Another example would be creating a section within an article on a member of a royal family discussing his or her various titles, styles, and honours. (See for example, Prince Charles#Titles, styles, honours and arms.)

Academic titles

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Academic and professional titles (such as "Doctor" or "Professor") should not be used before the name in the initial sentence or in other uses of the person's name. Verifiable facts about how the person attained such titles should be included in the article text instead. In cases where the person is widely known by a pseudonym or stage name containing such a title (whether earned or not), it may be included as described above. Post-nominal letters indicating academic degrees (including honorary degrees) should not be included following the subject's name.

For example:

Post-nominal initials

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단축
 Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) § Middle names and abbreviated names 문서를 참고하십시오.

Post-nominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization with which the subject has been closely associated. Honors issued by other entities may be mentioned in the article, but generally should be omitted from the lead.

Writers should remember that the meaning of the most obvious (to them) post-nominal initials will not be obvious to some readers. When post-nominal initials are used the meaning should be readily available to the reader. This is most easily done with a piped link to an article with the appropriate title thus:

Joe Bloggs, [[Victoria Cross|VC]]     gives     Joe Bloggs, VC

ensuring that readers who hover over the initials see the expanded abbreviation as a hint and in the status bar at the bottom of the window. Readers who click immediately on the link, missing hints will hopefully see a short article with the definition clear and near the start. Often one line article will suffice, with appropriate links to further information, thus: Jack Brabham, OBE. (see above in regards to academic titles and post-nominal initials)

Honorific titles

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Wikipedia guidelines permit inline use of titles but forbid inline use of honorifics. Honorific titles (e.g. "Sir"/"Dame" prenominals used by some knights), not to be confused with honorary titles, simultaneously possess properties of both honorifics and titles. Because of this, their use inline has been controversial. This guideline permits inline use of honorific titles that in general have significant sourced usage or recognition (e.g. in general media) outside of the country or system in which they were given. To be clear, this paragraph is the guideline for permitting a particular class of honorific titles and not a particular instance for a given person. For further guidance, refer to the guideline for criteria for use inline of regular titles. Consensus has determined that the honorific titles 'Sir'/'Dame' and 'Lord'/'Lady' from the British honours system have met the above criteria. Consensus has not yet rejected any honorific titles; if/when they do so, they will be listed here. Open a discussion on the MoS Bio talk page if there is an honorific title that needs consensus.

Regarding the use of a permitted honorific title for a particular person, it should be recognized by Wikipedia editors that the use of honorific titles inline is intended only to describe the person as holding a particular title, and not prescribe a style or method of addressing or referring to the person or other holders of such titles (thus using it as an honorific). Therefore, as with regular titles, the honorific title should be included in the initial reference and infobox heading for the person, but is strictly optional upon subsequent references since mandatory usage inline implies its application as an honorific rather than a title. Except for the initial reference and infobox picture, editors should not add honorific titles to already existing instances of a person's name where it is absent, since doing so implies that the unedited version is incorrect (similar in spirit to the guideline on British vs. U.S. English spelling). Correspondingly honorific titles should not be deleted from inline usage for a particular person unless there is consensus it is being used excessively inline as an honorific rather than a title. Editors should also take care after the first reference to not excessively impose an honorific title prefix inline on people who have received a title but which is not significantly mentioned in general media when discussing that particular person. Absence of an honorific title from inline usage does not and should not imply that the person does not hold a particular title that is associated with that (absent) honorific title - the infobox is the canonical location for all titles and honors. If there is a person for which the status of their use of an honorific title is particularly misunderstood, the reader should be explicitly informed of this fact by a section detailing the confusion in the article (e.g. Bob Geldof#Awards and honours) rather than leaving the reader to imply the situation from inline usage. Honorific titles prepended to the given name only (without the surname) exhibit an unencyclopedic level of familiarity with the person and should be avoided (as are given-name-only references for those without honorific titles) unless this form is heavily preferred in popular usage such that the addition of the surname or use of the surname alone renders the entire name unrecognizable.

Subsequent uses of names

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After the initial mention of any name, the person should be referred to by surname only, without an honorific prefix such as "Mr", "Mrs", "Miss", or "Ms". For example:

Fred Smith was a cubist painter in the 15th century. He moved to Genoa, where he met John Doe. Smith later commented: "D'oh!"

The person may be referred to by given name in the case of royalty, or as "Prince John", "Princess Jane", "The Duke," "The Earl," "The Duchess," "The Countess," etc. For other subjects, it is preferable to refer to the person by surname, not given name, even if the subject is not controversial. The use of the given name gives the impression that the writer knows the subject personally, which, even if true, is not relevant.

A member of the nobility may be referred to by title if that form of address would have been the customary way to refer to him or her; for example Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester may become "the Earl of Leicester" or just "Leicester" in subsequent mentions. Be careful not to give someone a title too soon; for example, one should use "Robert Dudley" or "Dudley" when describing events prior to his elevation to the peerage in 1563.

People who are best known by a pseudonym shall be subsequently referred to by their pseudonymous surnames, unless they do not include a recognizable surname in the pseudonym (i.e. Madonna, Snoop Dogg, The Edge), in which case the whole pseudonym is to be used. For people well-known by one-word names, nicknames or pseudonyms, but who often also use their legal names professionally (i.e. musician/actors Beyoncé Knowles, André Benjamin, Jennifer Lopez; doctor/broadcaster Dr. Drew Pinsky), use the legal surname.

For people with academic or professional titles, subsequent uses of names should omit them, with surnames used only. For example, use "Asimov", "Hawking", and "Westheimer"; not "Dr. Asimov", "Professor Hawking" or "Dr. Ruth".

Family members with the same surname

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To disambiguate between family members with the same surname, use given names or complete names to refer to relatives upon first mention. For subsequent uses, refer to relatives by given name for clarity and brevity. When referring to the person who is the subject of the article, use just the surname unless the reference is part of a list of family members or if use of the surname alone will be confusing.

For example, in the text of an article on Ronald Reagan:

Incorrect:    Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately, Ronald Reagan by helicopter and Nancy Reagan by car.
Correct: Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately, Reagan by helicopter and Nancy by car.
Correct: The Reagans arrived separately, Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.

In the text of an article about the Brothers Grimm:

Incorrect:    Jacob Grimm was thirteen months older than his brother, Wilhelm Grimm.
Correct: Jacob Grimm was thirteen months older than his brother, Wilhelm.

Tense

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Biographies of living persons should generally be written in the present tense, and biographies of deceased persons in the past tense. When making the change upon the death of a subject, the entire article should be reviewed for consistency. If a person is living but has retired, use the present tense "is a former" rather than the past tense "was", e.g.

  • John B. Smith (1946–2003) was a baseball pitcher...
  • John A. Smith (born 1946) is a former baseball pitcher...

Historical events should be written in the past tense in all biographies:

  • Smith played for the Baltimore Orioles between 1968 and 1972...

Out-of-date material

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Be careful not to include information that may become inaccurate in time, especially for articles about living people. Always give a date for any time-sensitive information that you include. For example, when giving a living person's age, state the year the age has been calculated for. When writing about an event on a particular date, the person's age on that date can be mentioned. But do not use phrases like "currently", "this year", "most recently", or "latest", as these phrases date quickly. Instead, use the phrase "As of 2024" or "in 2024". See Wikipedia:Avoid statements that will date quickly.

(Whether dynamic age information can be used, with a template like 틀:age (역링크 · 수정), is still under discussion.)

See also

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