사용자:구순돌/연습장/TR-808

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Roland TR-808
The TR-808 front panel: a black box with rows of colored buttons and dials.
TR-808 front panel
제조사Roland
제작연도1980–1983
출시가$1,195 USD
£765 GBP
¥150,000 JPY
기술 사양
최대 동시 발음 수12
다중 음색12
유형Analog subtractive
스토리지 메모리32 patterns, 768 measures
사운드 이펙트Individual level, tuning, attack, decay, and tone controls for some sounds
입력/출력
건반16 pattern keys
외부입력DIN sync in/out

The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, commonly known as the 808, is a drum machine manufactured by the Roland Corporation between 1980 and 1983. It was one of the first drum machines to allow users to program rhythms instead of using preset patterns. Unlike its nearest competitor at the time, the more expensive Linn LM-1, the 808 generates sounds using analog synthesis rather than by playing samples (prerecorded sounds).

Launched when electronic music had yet to become mainstream, the 808 received mixed reviews for its unrealistic drum sounds and was a commercial failure. After building approximately 12,000 units, Roland discontinued the 808 after its semiconductors became impossible to restock. It was succeeded by the TR-909 in 1983.

Over the course of the 1980s, the 808 attracted a cult following among underground musicians for its affordability on the used market, ease of use and idiosyncratic sounds, particularly its deep, "booming" bass drum. It became a cornerstone of the emerging electronic, dance and hip hop genres, popularized by early hits such as "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force and "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye.

The 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine. Its popularity in hip hop has made it one of the most influential inventions in popular music, comparable to the Fender Stratocaster's impact on rock. Its sounds are included with music software and modern drum machines and it has inspired unlicensed recreations.

Development[편집]

The TR-808 is a piece of art. It's engineering art, it's so beautifully made. If you have an idea of what is going on in the inside, if you look at the circuit diagram, and you see how the unknown Roland engineer was making the best out of super limited technology, it's unbelievable. You look at the circuit diagram like you look at an orchestral score, you think, how on earth did they come up with this idea? It's brilliant, it's a masterpiece.

“
”
Robert Henke, musician and co-creator of Ableton Live[1]

In the 1960s, drum machines were most often used to accompany home organs. They did not allow users to program rhythms,[2] but instead offered preset patterns such as bossa nova.[3][4] In 1969, the Hammond Organ Company hired the American musician and engineer Don Lewis to demonstrate its products, including an electronic organ with a built-in drum machine designed by the Japanese company Ace Tone.[2] Lewis was known for performances using electronic instruments he had modified, decades before the popularization of instrument "hacking" via circuit bending. He made extensive modifications to the Ace Tone drum machine, creating his own rhythms and wiring it through his organ's expression pedal to accent the percussion.[2]

Lewis was approached by Ace Tone president and founder Ikutaro Kakehashi, who wanted to know how he had achieved the sounds using the Ace Tone machine.[2] In 1972, Kakehashi formed the Roland Corporation and hired Lewis to help design drum machines.[2] By the late 1970s, microprocessors were appearing in instruments such as the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer,[5] and Kakehashi realized they could be used to program drum machines.[6] In 1978, Roland released the CompuRhythm CR-78,[5] the first drum machine with which users could write, save and replay their own patterns.[6]

With its next machine, the TR-808, Roland aimed to develop a drum machine for the professional market, expecting that it would mainly be used to create demos.[7] The concept was to build a "drum synthesizer" with which users could program drum sequences and edit parameters such as tuning, decay and level.[8] Though the engineers aimed to emulate real percussion, the prohibitive cost of memory drove them to design sound-generating hardware instead of using samples (prerecorded sounds). Kakehashi purchased faulty transistors to create the machine's distinctive "sizzling" sound.[9] Chief engineer Makoto Muroi credited the 808 voice circuit design to "Mr. Nakamura" and the software to "Mr. Matsuoka".[6]

Sounds and features[편집]

Various patterns
Various patterns played by a TR-808
Accent trigger
A recording of the TR-808, with the accent trigger used in a musical context
Cowbell trigger
A recording of the TR-808, with the cowbell trigger controlling the sequencer of a Roland JX-3P synthesizer
이 파일들을 듣기에 문제가 있으면 미디어 도움말을 참조하세요.

The 808 produces sounds in imitation of acoustic percussion: the bass drum, snare, toms, conga, rimshot, claves, handclap, maraca, cowbell, cymbal and hi-hat (open and closed).[10] Rather than playing samples, it generates sounds using analog synthesis; the TR in TR-808 stands for "transistor rhythm".[11] The sounds do not resemble real percussion,[3][7] and have been described as "clicky",[7] "robotic",[9] "spacey",[4] "toy-like" and "futuristic".[3] Fact described them as a combination of synthesizer tones and white noise that resemble "bursts coming from the BBC Radiophonic Workshop" more than a real drum kit.[10]

The 808 is noted for its powerful bass drum sound, built from a sine oscillator, low-pass filter and voltage-controlled amplifier.[12] The bass drum decay control allows users to lengthen the sound, creating uniquely low frequencies that flatten slightly over time, possibly not by design.[12] The New Yorker described the bass drum as the 808's defining feature.[9]

The 808 was the first drum machine with which users could program a percussion track from beginning to end, complete with breaks and rolls.[13] Users can program up to 32 patterns using the step sequencer,[6] chain up to 768 measures,[14] and place accents on individual beats.[6] Users can also set the tempo[6] and time signature, including unusual signatures such as 5
4 and 7
8.[15] The machine includes volume knobs for each voice, numerous audio outputs and a DIN sync port (a precursor to MIDI) to synchronize with other devices.[6] Its three trigger outputs can synchronize with synthesizers and other equipment.[16]

Release[편집]

The 808 launched in 1980 with a list price of US$1,195 (equivalent to $3,753 in 2022).[10] Roland marketed it as an affordable alternative to the Linn LM-1, manufactured by Linn Electronics, which used samples of real drum kits.[10] The 808 sounded simplistic and synthetic by comparison; electronic music had yet to become mainstream and many musicians and producers wanted realistic-sounding drum machines.[7][10] Many reports state that one review dismissed the machine as sounding like "marching anteaters", though this was likely referring to machines that predated it.[15] Contemporary Keyboard wrote a positive review, predicting that it would become "the standard for rhythm machines of the future".[13]

Despite some early adopters,[10] the 808 was a commercial failure[14] and fewer than 12,000 units were sold.[17] Roland ended production in 1983[3] after semiconductor improvements made it impossible to restock the faulty transistors essential to its design.[9]

Influence[편집]

Though the 808 was unsuccessful, it was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine[18] and became one of the most influential inventions in popular music.[7][19] By the time Roland discontinued it in 1983, it had become common on the used market, often selling for less than $100 (2022년 기준 $260에 해당).[10] Its ease of use,[7] affordability and idiosyncratic sound earned it a cult following among underground musicians and producers,[10] and it became a cornerstone of the developing electronic and hip hop genres.[4]

CBC News credited the first use of the 808 to the Japanese electronic group Yellow Magic Orchestra.[20] The first records to feature the 808 were released in 1981: Yellow Magic Orchestra's BGM[21] and the Monitors' "Nobody Told Me".[11] In 1982, the American R&B artist Marvin Gaye released the first hit single that featured the 808, "Sexual Healing".[4] Gaye was drawn to the instrument because he could use it to create music without other musicians or producers.[9]

808 samples are common in music software, and it has inspired numerous unlicensed clones.[3][22] Flavorwire wrote that the 808 is now so ubiquitous that "its beats are almost a language of their own", with sounds recognizable even to listeners who did not know what drum machines were, and so "you also notice when somebody messes with them or uses them in unusual contexts".[23] In 2019, DJMag wrote that it was likely the most used drum machine of the preceding 40 years.[8]

Hip hop[편집]

Rapper Kanye West working in a studio
The 808 continues to be used in popular music; rapper Kanye West (front) used it on every track on his 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak.

The 808 has been described as hip hop's equivalent to the Fender Stratocaster guitar, which dramatically influenced the development of rock music.[24][25][26] It was used by pioneering hip hop acts including Run-DMC, LL Cool J and Public Enemy.[9] The 808 bass drum, in particular, became so essential that Hank Shocklee of the Bomb Squad production group declared that "it's not hip hop without that sound".[9] The New Yorker wrote that the "trembling feeling of [the 808 bass drum], booming down boulevards in Oakland, the Bronx and Detroit, are part of America's cultural DNA".[9] Even after the 808 fell out of use by East Coast hip hop producers in the 1990s, it remained a staple of Southern hip hop.[10]

Rapper Kanye West used the 808 on every track on his 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak,[27] which Slate described as "an explicit love letter to the device".[7] The New Yorker wrote in 2015 that the 808 was the bedrock of the modern "urban-youth-culture soundtrack", particularly in trap music, and had influenced a new blend of dance and retro hip hop that "embraces and fetishizes ... street music from the past".[9]

Artists pushed the limits of the 808's limited pattern storage; according to Slate, "Those eight-bar units became veritable playgrounds for invention and creativity."[7] Artists manipulated the bass drum to produce new sounds,[7] such as on the 1984 single "Set it Off", in which producer Strafe used it to imitate the sound of an underground nuclear test.[9] Producer Rick Rubin popularized the technique of lengthening the bass drum decay and tuning it to different pitches to create basslines.[19] The Beastie Boys used a reversed recording of an 808 on their 1986 track "Paul Revere".[28]

Electronic music[편집]

Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Yutaka DJing in 2004
In 1982, Afrika Bambaataa (left) and the Soulsonic Force released "Planet Rock", one of the first hit singles to use the 808.

In 1982, Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force released their single "Planet Rock", which used the 808 to create "strange, futuristic percussion that became hugely popular on dancefloors".[29] The track influenced the development of electronic and hip hop music[23] and subgenres including Miami bass and Detroit techno, and popularized the 808 as a "fundamental element of futuristic sound".[4] According to Slate, "Planet Rock" "didn't so much put the 808 on the map so much as reorient an entire world of post-disco dance music around it".[7]

In the UK, the 808 was popularized by the electronic group 808 State, who took their name from the machine[10] and used it extensively. 808 State's Graham Massey said: "The Roland gear began to be a kind of Esperanto in music. The whole world began to be less separated through this technology, and there was a classiness to it—you could transcend your provincial music with this equipment."[3] With the rise of rave culture, a precursor to acid house, the 808 became a staple sound on British radio.[4]

Whitney Houston's 1987 single "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" makes extensive use of the 808.

Pop[편집]

The 808 was used extensively in pop. The New Yorker wrote that the it triggered "the big bang of pop's great age of disruption, from 1983 to 1986", and that its "defiantly inorganic timbres ... sketched out the domain of a new world of music".[9] The Argentine artist Charly García used the 808 for all percussion on his second album, Clics modernos (1983).[30] In the 1984 Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense, singer David Byrne performs "Psycho Killer" accompanied by an 808,[31] stumbling against its "gunshot"-like sounds.[32] The drummer and songwriter Phil Collins found the 808 useful for looping rhythms for long periods, as human drummers would be tempted to add variations and fills.[19] Whitney Houston's 1987 single "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" makes extensive use of the 808.[33]

Other artists who have used the 808 include Bassnectar, Damon Albarn, Diplo, Fatboy Slim, David Guetta[34] and New Order.[4] It has been referenced in lyrics by artists including the Beastie Boys, Outkast, Kelis, TI, Lil Wayne, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, R Kelly[4] and Robbie Williams.[10] Its bass drum has been used as a metaphor for a heartbeat in songs by artists including Madonna, Rihanna and Kesha.[10] According to Slate, the 808 was instrumental in pop music's shift from conventional structure and harmonic progression to "thinking in terms of sequences, discrete passages of sound and time to be repeated and revised ad infinitum".[7]

Successors[편집]

The TR-08, a miniaturized 808 reissue released in 2017
The RD-8 Rhythm Designer, a clone released by Behringer in 2019

The 808 was followed in 1983 by the TR-909, the first Roland drum machine to use samples. Like the 808, the 909 was influential on popular music, influencing genres such as techno, house and acid.[14]

808 samples were included in ReBirth RB-338, an early software synthesiser developed by Propellerhead Software.[35] According to Andy Jones of MusicTech, ReBirth was "especially incredible" as the first software emulation of 808 sounds.[35] It was retired in 2017 as Roland said it infringed on its intellectual property.[35] Roland has included 808 samples in several drum machines, including its Grooveboxes in the 1990s.[14] Its TR-8[29] and TR-8S drum machines, released in the 2010s, recreate the sounds electronically rather than through sample playback.[36]

In 2017, Roland released the TR-08, a miniaturized 808 featuring an LED display, MIDI and USB connections, expanded sequencer control and a built-in speaker.[37] Roland released the first official software emulations of the 808 and 909 in 2018.[38] In 2019, Behringer released an unlicensed recreation of the 808, the Behringer RD-8 Rhythm Designer. Unlike Roland's TR-08 and TR-8S, which use samples and virtual synthesis to recreate the 808 sounds, the RD-8 uses analog circuitry.[39]

See also[편집]

  • 808 (film) – 2015 documentary about the Roland TR-808

References[편집]

  1. ↑ Walmsley, Derek. “Monolake in full”. 《The Wire》. 2017년 1월 6일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Wolbe, Trent (2013년 1월 30일). “How the 808 drum machine got its cymbal, and other tales from music's geeky underbelly”. 《The Verge》. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (2014년 3월 6일). “The Roland TR-808: the drum machine that revolutionised music”. 《The Guardian》 (영어). ISSN 0261-3077. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 Anderson, Jason (2008년 11월 27일). “Slaves to the rhythm”. CBC News. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ 가 나 Reid, Gordon (November 2014). “The history of Roland: part 1”. 《Sound on Sound》. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 Kirn, Peter (2011). 《Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music》 (영어). Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-446-3. 
  7. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 Hamilton, Jack (2016년 12월 16일). “808s and heart eyes”. 《Slate》 (미국 영어). ISSN 1091-2339. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ 가 나 Jenkins, Dave (2019년 2월 1일). “Roland TR-909: The history of the influential drum machine”. 《DJMag》. Thrust Publishing. ISSN 0951-5143. 2019년 9월 14일에 확인함. 
  9. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 Norris, Chris (2015년 8월 13일). “The 808 heard round the world”. 《The New Yorker》. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 “Everything you ever wanted to know about the Roland TR-808 but were afraid to ask”. 《Fact》. 2014년 1월 16일. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ 가 나 Valle, OV (2014년 2월 13일). “TR-808 drum machine flashback – Roland U.S. blog”. 《rolandus.com》. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  12. ↑ 가 나 Reid, Gordon (February 2002). “Synth secrets: practical bass drum synthesis”. 《Sound on Sound》 (UK: SOS Publications Group). 2004년 2월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 11월 25일에 확인함. 
  13. ↑ 가 나 Contemporary Keyboard, Volume 7, Issues 1–6, 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."
  14. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Reid, Gordon (December 2014). “The history of Roland: part 2”. 《Sound on Sound》. SOS Publications Group. 2016년 1월 3일에 확인함. 
  15. ↑ 가 나 Werner, Kurt (2015년 11월 29일). “The Roland TR-808 and the tale of the marching anteaters”. 《Ethnomusicology Review》. 2016년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ Suzanne, Ciani (1982). “Riding the new waves”. 《DB Magazine》: 32. 
  17. ↑ Marsden, Rhodi (2008년 12월 15일). “Rhythm king: the return of the Roland 808 drum machine”. 《The Independent》 (영국 영어). 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ Wells, Peter (2004), 《A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video》, AVA Books, 18쪽, ISBN 2-88479-037-3, 2011년 5월 20일에 확인함 
  19. ↑ 가 나 다 Leight, Elias (2016년 12월 6일). “8 ways the 808 drum machine changed pop music”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2016년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  20. ↑ Anderson, Jason (2008년 11월 27일). “Slaves to the rhythm”. 《CBC News》. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  21. ↑ Jones, Mikey IQ (2015년 1월 22일). “The Essential... Yellow Magic Orchestra”. 《FACT Magazine》. 2017년 8월 24일에 확인함. 
  22. ↑ Warwick, Oli (2017년 4월 8일). “Attack of the clones: Is Behringer's Minimoog a synth replica too far?”. 《Fact》 (미국 영어). 2018년 11월 30일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ 가 나 Hawking, Tom (2014년 1월 16일). “10 great songs built around the 808”. 《Flavorwire》 (미국 영어). 2019년 7월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ McKee, Ruth; Grierson, Jamie (2017년 4월 2일). “Roland founder and music pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi dies aged 87”. 《The Guardian》 (영어). 2018년 4월 6일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Baldwin, Roberto (2014년 2월 14일). “Early hip-hop's greatest drum machine just got resurrected”. 《Wired》 (미국 영어). 2016년 1월 4일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ Richards, Chris (2008년 12월 2일). “What's an 808?”. 《Slate》 (미국 영어). ISSN 1091-2339. 2016년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ Greene, Jason (2015년 9월 22일). “The coldest story ever told: the influence of Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak | Pitchfork”. 《Pitchfork》. 2017년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  28. ↑ Kaufman, Gil (2012년 5월 24일). “Beastie Boys' Adam Horovitz Talks MCA Death”. 《MTV News》. 
  29. ↑ 가 나 Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (2014년 2월 14일). “Roland launch new versions of the iconic 808, 909 and 303 instruments”. 《The Guardian》 (영어). ISSN 0261-3077. 2016년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  30. ↑ Daza, Baltasar (2020년 7월 3일). “Cuando el mundo tira para abajo: Charly García y la historia de Clics modernos”. 《La Tercera》. 2022년 4월 17일에 확인함. 
  31. ↑ Hamilton, Jack (2012년 12월 5일). “Select-a-Rhythm”. 《Slate》 (영어). ISSN 1091-2339. 2018년 3월 21일에 확인함. 
  32. ↑ Zacharek, Stephanie (1999년 9월 17일). “Stop Making Sense”. 《Salon》 (영어). 2018년 3월 21일에 확인함. 
  33. ↑ “Roland TR-808: The drum machine that refused to die”. 《BBC News》 (영국 영어). 2014년 3월 21일. 2016년 1월 19일에 확인함. 
  34. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (2014년 10월 15일). “Phil Collins, Pharrell praise 808 drum machine in new doc”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2014년 1월 16일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ 가 나 다 Jones, Andy (2017년 11월 27일). “Rewind: Propellerhead ReBirth RB-338 - the first soft-synth emulation”. 《MusicTech》 (영국 영어). 2020년 11월 14일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ Truss, Si (2018년 5월 23일). “Roland TR-8S Rhythm Performer review”. 《Music Radar》 (영어). 2019년 11월 13일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ “Roland unveil Boutique SH-01 & TR-08 and AIRA sampler”. 《Sound on Sound》 (영어). 2017년 8월 8일. 2017년 9월 26일에 확인함. 
  38. ↑ Wilson, Scott (2018년 1월 25일). “Roland is releasing official software versions of its 808 and 909 drum machines”. 《Fact》 (미국 영어) (The Vinyl Factory). 2018년 3월 21일에 확인함. 
  39. ↑ Sherbourne, Simon (January 2020). “Behringer RD-8 Rhythm Designer”. 《Sound on Sound》. SOS Publications Group. 2020년 11월 27일에 확인함. 

Further reading[편집]

External links[편집]

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