찬드라굽타 마우리아

찬드라굽타 마우리아; चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्यः
	삼라트
	마우리아 황제
재위	BC 322년 ~ BC 298년
전임	다나 난다
후임	빈두사라
총리	라크샤사스
재상	차나키야
	이름
휘	찬드라굽타 마우리아
	신상정보
출생일	?
사망일	기원전 293년
국적	마우리아 제국
가문	마우리아
부친	수리야굽타
모친	무라
배우자	두르하라; 헬레나; 난다니
자녀	빈두사라
종교	자이나교
	군사 경력
주요 참전	난다 왕조 정복 ; 마우리아-셀레우코스 전쟁

찬드라굽타 마우리아(산스크리트어: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्यः 찬드라굽타 마우리야)는 마가다에 기반을 둔 지리적으로 광범위한 제국인 마우리아 제국의 창시자이다.^[1] 그는 기원전 320년부터 298년까지 제국을 다스렸으며,^[2] 그의 사후에도 제국은 확장하여 그의 손자인 아소카 대제의 치세인 기원전 268년부터 기원전 231년까지 전성기를 맞았다.^[3] 찬드라굽타의 시대에 존재했던 정치적 형성의 본질은 확실하지 않다.^[4] 마우리아 제국은 영토 내에 넓은 자치 지역이 있는 느슨하게 짜여진 제국이었다.^[5]

알렉산드로스 대왕은 권력을 공고히 하기 전에 인도 북서부 아대륙을 침공했다가 기원전 324년 또 다른 대제국, 아마도 난다 제국과 마주칠 것이라는 전망에 따른 반란으로 인해 인도 원정을 포기했다. 찬드라굽타는 마가다의 파탈리푸트라에 중심을 둔 난다 제국과 남아시아의 알렉산드로스 제국의 사트라프들을 모두 패배시키고 정복했다. 그 후, 찬드라굽타는 그의 서쪽 국경을 확장하고 확보했고 그곳에서 셀레우코스 1세 니카토르를 상대로 전쟁을 벌였다. 2년간의 전쟁 끝에 찬드라굽타는 전쟁에서 우위를 점한 것으로 간주되어 힌두쿠시까지 사트라피들을 병합했다. 두 국가는 서로 혼인을 맺음으로서 전쟁을 끝내기로 합의하였다.

찬드라굽타의 제국은 중앙인도와 남인도에 진출했을 뿐만 아니라 오늘날 벵골에서 북인도를 거쳐 아프가니스탄까지 남아시아의 대부분에 걸쳐 확장되었다. 900년 후에 발전한 자이나교 전설과 대조적으로,^[6] 그리스 사료들은 찬드라굽타가 브라만교와 관련된 동물 희생 의식을 수행하는 것을 포기하지 않았다고 진술한다. 그는 사냥을 하는 등 생물을 향한 아힘사 또는 비폭력의 자이나교 관습으로부터 멀리 떨어진 삶을 영위하는 것을 즐겼다.^[7]^[8] 찬드라굽타의 마우리아 제국은 경제적인 번영, 개혁, 사회 기반 시설 확장, 그리고 관용의 시대를 맺었다. 많은 종교들이 그의 영역과 그의 후손들의 제국 내에서 번성했다. 불교, 자이나교, 그리고 아지비카교는 브라만교 전통과 함께 명성을 얻었고, 조로아스터교와 그리스 다신교와 같은 소수 종교들이 존중을 받았다. 찬드라굽타 마우리아에 대한 기념비가 7세기 하기도학적인 비문과 함께 찬드라기리 언덕에 존재한다.

각주[편집]

위키미디어 공용에 관련된
미디어 분류가 있습니다.

찬드라굽타 마우리아

↑ Chakrabarty, Dilip K. (2010), 《The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties》, New Delhi, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 29쪽, ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4, We are assuming that the basic historical-geographical configuration of the Magadhan power was achieved before the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, whose founder Chandragupta Maurya simply added to it the stretch from the Indus valley to the southern foot of the Hindukush, giving the Mauryan India a strong foothold in the Oxus to the Indus interaction zone of Indian history. The evidence is in some cases, as in the cases of Gujarat, Bengal, and Assam, shadowy, but if Chandragupta had undertaken expeditions in these directions, there would have been echoes of these expeditions in the literary traditions.
↑ Fisher, Michael (2018), 《An Environmental History of India, From the Earliest Times to the Twenty-First-Century》, New Approaches in Asian History Series, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 71쪽, ISBN 9781107111622, Chandragupta (r. 320 – c. 298 BCE) led a rebellion that seized power in Magadha and founded the Maurya Dynasty. He located his capital Pataliputra (today’s Patna) at an especially strategic trading and defensive location, on the south bank of the Ganges where the Son River joined it. The actual origins of the Maurya family remain uncertain, but consensus holds that Chandragupta was low-born. One popular account asserts he was the previous king’s son by a low-ranked queen or concubine and overthrew his royal half-brothers. Maurya means “peacock,” and some Jain texts identify his family as low peacock herders, ranked by Brahmans as Shudra at best.
↑ Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha, 《Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy》, London and New York: Routledge, 39쪽, The political history of the centuries following the rise of Buddhism and Jainism saw the emergence and consolidation of powerful regional states in northern India. Among the strongest of these was the kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Pataliputra (near the modern city of Patna). The Magadhan kingdom expanded under the Maurya dynasty in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE to become an empire embracing almost the whole of the subcontinent. Chandragupta Maurya founded the dynasty in 322 BCE, just a few years after Alexander the Great's brief foray into northwestern India. The Maurya empire reached its apogee under the reign of Ashoka (268–231 BCE)
↑ Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010), 《A History of India》 2판, Wiley-Blackwell, 16쪽, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6, Around 270 bce, the first Indian documentary records, issued by the Buddhist king Ashoka, were added to the Greek source. Though Ashoka’s inscriptions were deciphered in the nineteenth century, we still cannot be sure about the political formation that existed under this Mauryan king, much less under the kingdom’s founder, Ashoka’s grandfather Chandragupta, who was possibly a contemporary of Alexander. Evidence in the form of a Sanskrit treatise called the Arthashastra – depicting a centralized, tyrannical, spy-ridden and compul sively controlling regime – probably does not pertain to Mauryan times. If its political world was not pure theory, it could only have been achieved within a small city-state, not a realm as vast as that defined by the distribution of Ashoka’s inscriptions, over some 1500 miles from Afghanistan to southern India.
↑ Ludden, David (2013), 《India and South Asia: A Short History》, Oneworld Publications, 29–30쪽, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6 Quote: "The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. Outside the palace, in the capital cities, the highest ranks in the imperial elite were held by military commanders whose active loyalty and success in war determined imperial fortunes. Wherever these men failed or rebelled, dynastic power crumbled. ... Imperial society flourished where elites mingled; they were its backbone, its strength was theirs. Kautilya’s Arthasastra indicates that imperial power was concentrated in its original heartland, in old Magadha, where key institutions seem to have survived for about seven hundred years, down to the age of the Guptas. Here, Mauryan officials ruled local society, but not elsewhere. In provincial towns and cities, officials formed a top layer of royalty; under them, old conquered royal families were not removed, but rather subordinated. In most janapadas, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left."
↑ Jansari 2023, 20–22쪽.
↑ Majumdar, Raychauduhuri & Datta (1960).
↑ The authors and their affiliations listed in the title page of the reference (which has the Wikipedia page An Advanced History of India) are: R. C. Majumdar, M.A., Ph.D. Vice-Chancellor, Dacca University; H. C. Raychaudhuri, M.A., Ph.D., Carmichael Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University; and Kalikinkar Datta, M.A., Ph.D. Premchand Raychand Scholar, Mount Medallist, Griffith Prizeman, Professor and Head of the Department of History, Patna College, Patna

제1대 마우리아 황제
기원전 322년 ~ 기원전 298년

후 대
빈두사라

[chakrabarti-maurya-dynasty-1] Chakrabarty, Dilip K. (2010), 《The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties》, New Delhi, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 29쪽, ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4, We are assuming that the basic historical-geographical configuration of the Magadhan power was achieved before the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, whose founder Chandragupta Maurya simply added to it the stretch from the Indus valley to the southern foot of the Hindukush, giving the Mauryan India a strong foothold in the Oxus to the Indus interaction zone of Indian history. The evidence is in some cases, as in the cases of Gujarat, Bengal, and Assam, shadowy, but if Chandragupta had undertaken expeditions in these directions, there would have been echoes of these expeditions in the literary traditions.

[fisher-env-history-2] Fisher, Michael (2018), 《An Environmental History of India, From the Earliest Times to the Twenty-First-Century》, New Approaches in Asian History Series, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 71쪽, ISBN 9781107111622, Chandragupta (r. 320 – c. 298 BCE) led a rebellion that seized power in Magadha and founded the Maurya Dynasty. He located his capital Pataliputra (today’s Patna) at an especially strategic trading and defensive location, on the south bank of the Ganges where the Son River joined it. The actual origins of the Maurya family remain uncertain, but consensus holds that Chandragupta was low-born. One popular account asserts he was the previous king’s son by a low-ranked queen or concubine and overthrew his royal half-brothers. Maurya means “peacock,” and some Jain texts identify his family as low peacock herders, ranked by Brahmans as Shudra at best.

[bose-jalal-3] Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha, 《Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy》, London and New York: Routledge, 39쪽, The political history of the centuries following the rise of Buddhism and Jainism saw the emergence and consolidation of powerful regional states in northern India. Among the strongest of these was the kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Pataliputra (near the modern city of Patna). The Magadhan kingdom expanded under the Maurya dynasty in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE to become an empire embracing almost the whole of the subcontinent. Chandragupta Maurya founded the dynasty in 322 BCE, just a few years after Alexander the Great's brief foray into northwestern India. The Maurya empire reached its apogee under the reign of Ashoka (268–231 BCE)

[burton-stein-maurya-4] Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010), 《A History of India》 2판, Wiley-Blackwell, 16쪽, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6, Around 270 bce, the first Indian documentary records, issued by the Buddhist king Ashoka, were added to the Greek source. Though Ashoka’s inscriptions were deciphered in the nineteenth century, we still cannot be sure about the political formation that existed under this Mauryan king, much less under the kingdom’s founder, Ashoka’s grandfather Chandragupta, who was possibly a contemporary of Alexander. Evidence in the form of a Sanskrit treatise called the Arthashastra – depicting a centralized, tyrannical, spy-ridden and compul sively controlling regime – probably does not pertain to Mauryan times. If its political world was not pure theory, it could only have been achieved within a small city-state, not a realm as vast as that defined by the distribution of Ashoka’s inscriptions, over some 1500 miles from Afghanistan to southern India.

[Ludden2013-29-5] Ludden, David (2013), 《India and South Asia: A Short History》, Oneworld Publications, 29–30쪽, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6 Quote: "The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. Outside the palace, in the capital cities, the highest ranks in the imperial elite were held by military commanders whose active loyalty and success in war determined imperial fortunes. Wherever these men failed or rebelled, dynastic power crumbled. ... Imperial society flourished where elites mingled; they were its backbone, its strength was theirs. Kautilya’s Arthasastra indicates that imperial power was concentrated in its original heartland, in old Magadha, where key institutions seem to have survived for about seven hundred years, down to the age of the Guptas. Here, Mauryan officials ruled local society, but not elsewhere. In provincial towns and cities, officials formed a top layer of royalty; under them, old conquered royal families were not removed, but rather subordinated. In most janapadas, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left."

[FOOTNOTEJansari202320–22-6] Jansari 2023, 20–22쪽.

[FOOTNOTEMajumdarRaychauduhuriDatta1960-7] Majumdar, Raychauduhuri & Datta (1960).

[8] The authors and their affiliations listed in the title page of the reference (which has the Wikipedia page An Advanced History of India) are: R. C. Majumdar, M.A., Ph.D. Vice-Chancellor, Dacca University; H. C. Raychaudhuri, M.A., Ph.D., Carmichael Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University; and Kalikinkar Datta, M.A., Ph.D. Premchand Raychand Scholar, Mount Medallist, Griffith Prizeman, Professor and Head of the Department of History, Patna College, Patna

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전거 통제
국제	FAST VIAF
국가	프랑스 BnF 데이터 독일 이스라엘 미국