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The Notorious B.I.G.
파일:The Notorious B.I.G.jpg
Wallace in 1997
본명Christopher George Latore Wallace
다른이름
  • Biggie Smalls
  • Biggie
  • Big
  • Frank White
  • Big Poppa
  • MC CWest
출생1972년 5월 21일(1972-05-21)
New York City, U.S.
사망1997년 3월 9일(1997-03-09)(24세)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
사인Drive-by homicide (gunshot wounds)
매장지Cremated, ashes given to family members
별칭
  • Biggie Smalls
  • Biggie
  • Big
  • Frank White
  • Big Poppa
  • MC CWest
직업
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • record executive
활동 기간1992–1997
배우자Faith Evans(1994;sep. 1996년 결혼)[1]
자녀2, including C. J.
동거인Charli Baltimore (1995–1997)[a][2]
상훈Full list
구순돌/연습장/노토리어스 B.I.G
장르
레이블
관련 활동

Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage names the Notorious B.I.G., Biggie Smalls, or simply Biggie,[3] was an American rapper and songwriter. Rooted in the New York rap scene and gangsta rap traditions, he is widely considered one of the greatest rappers of all time. Wallace became known for his distinctive laid-back lyrical delivery, offsetting the lyrics' often grim content. His music was often semi-autobiographical, telling of hardship and criminality, but also of debauchery and celebration.[4]

Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, Wallace signed to Sean "Puffy" Combs' label Bad Boy Records as it launched in 1993, and gained exposure through features on several other artists' singles that year. His debut album Ready to Die (1994) was met with widespread critical acclaim, and included his signature songs "Juicy" and "Big Poppa". The album made him the central figure in East Coast hip hop, and restored New York's visibility at a time when the West Coast hip hop scene was dominating hip hop music.[5] Wallace was awarded the 1995 Billboard Music Awards' Rapper of the Year.[6] The following year, he led his protégé group Junior M.A.F.I.A., a team of himself and longtime friends, including Lil' Kim, to chart success.

During 1996, while recording his second album, Wallace became ensnarled in the escalating East Coast–West Coast hip hop feud. Following Tupac Shakur's death in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas in September 1996, speculations of involvement in Shakur's murder by criminal elements orbiting the Bad Boy circle circulated as a result of Wallace's public feud with Shakur. On March 9, 1997, six months after Shakur's death, Wallace was murdered in a drive-by shooting while visiting Los Angeles. The assailant remains unidentified. Wallace's second album Life After Death, a double album, was released two weeks later. It reached number one on the Billboard 200, and eventually achieved a diamond certification in the United States.[7]

With two more posthumous albums released, Wallace has certified sales of over 28 million copies in the United States,[8] including 21 million albums.[9] Rolling Stone has called him the "greatest rapper that ever lived",[10] and Billboard named him the greatest rapper of all time.[11] The Source magazine named him the greatest rapper of all time in its 150th issue. In 2006, MTV ranked him at No. 3 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, calling him possibly "the most skillful ever on the mic".[12] In 2020, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Life and career[편집]

1972–1991: Early life[편집]

Wallace was born at St. Mary's Hospital in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on May 21, 1972, the only child of Jamaican immigrant parents. His mother, Voletta Wallace, was a preschool teacher, while his father, Selwyn George Latore, was a welder and politician.[13][14] His father left the family when Wallace was two years old, and his mother worked two jobs while raising him. Wallace grew up at 226 St. James Place in Brooklyn's Clinton Hill,[15] near the border with Bedford-Stuyvesant.[13][16] Raised Catholic, Wallace excelled at Queen of All Saints Middle School, winning several awards as an English student. He attended St Peter Claver Church in the borough.[17] He was nicknamed "Big" because he was overweight by the age of 10.[18] Wallace claimed to have begun dealing drugs at about age 12. His mother, often at work, first learned of this during his adulthood.[19]

He began rapping as a teenager, entertaining people on the streets, and performed with local groups, the Old Gold Brothers as well as the Techniques.[20] His earliest stage name was MC CWest.[21] At his request, Wallace transferred from Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School in Fort Greene to George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School in Downtown Brooklyn, which future rappers Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also attending. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student but developed a "smart-ass" attitude at the new school.[14] At age 17 in 1989, Wallace dropped out of high school and became more involved in crime. That same year in 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation.[22] A year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail before making bail.[19]

1991–1994: Early career and first child[편집]

After release from jail, Wallace made a demo tape, Microphone Murderer, while calling himself Biggie Smalls, alluding both to Calvin Lockhart's character in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again and to his own stature and obesity, 6 피트 3 인치 (1.91 m) and 300 to 380 lb (140–170 kg).[23] Although Wallace reportedly lacked real ambition for the tape, local DJ Mister Cee, of Big Daddy Kane and Juice Crew association, discovered and promoted it, thus it was heard by The Source rap magazine's editor in 1992.[22]

In March, The Source column "Unsigned Hype", dedicated to airing promising rappers, featured Wallace.[24] He then spun the attention into a recording.[24] Upon hearing the demo tape, Sean "Puffy" Combs, still with the A&R department of Uptown Records, arranged to meet Wallace. Promptly signed to Uptown, Wallace appeared on labelmates Heavy D & the Boyz's 1993 song "A Buncha Niggas".[20][25] Mid-year, or a year after Wallace's signing, Uptown fired Combs, who, a week later, launched Bad Boy Records,[26] instantly Wallace's new label.[27]

On August 8, 1993, Wallace's longtime girlfriend gave birth to his first child, T'yanna,[27] although the couple had split by then.[28] A high-school dropout, Wallace promised his daughter "everything she wanted", in his reasoning that if he had had the same in childhood, he would have graduated at the top of his class.[29] Although he continued dealing drugs, Combs discovered that and obliged him to quit.[20] Later that year, Wallace gained exposure on a remix of Mary J. Blige's single "Real Love". Having found his moniker Biggie Smalls already claimed, he took a new one, holding for good, The Notorious B.I.G.[30]

Around this time, Wallace became friends with fellow rapper Tupac Shakur. Lil' Cease recalled the pair as close, often traveling together whenever they were not working. According to him, Wallace was a frequent guest at Shakur's home and they spent time together when Shakur was in California or Washington, D.C.[31] Yukmouth, an Oakland emcee, claimed that Wallace's style was inspired by Shakur.[32]

The "Real Love" remix single was followed by another remix of a Mary J. Blige song, "What's the 411?" Wallace's successes continued, if to a lesser extents, on remixes of Neneh Cherry's song "Buddy X" and of reggae artist Super Cat's song "Dolly My Baby", also featuring Combs, all in 1993. In April, Wallace's solo track "Party and Bullshit" was released on the Who's the Man? soundtrack.[33] In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix of his own labelmate Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear", the remix reaching No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.[34]

1994: Ready to Die and marriage to Faith Evans[편집]

On August 4, 1994, Wallace married R&B singer Faith Evans, whom he had met eight days prior at a Bad Boy photoshoot.[35] Five days later, Wallace had his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side, "Juicy / Unbelievable", which reached No. 27 as the lead single to his debut album.[36]

Ready to Die was released on September 13, 1994. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard 200 chart[37] and was eventually certified four times platinum.[38] The album shifted attention back to East Coast hip hop at a time when West Coast hip hop dominated US charts.[39] It gained strong reviews and has received much praise in retrospect.[39][40] In addition to "Juicy", the record produced two hit singles: the platinum-selling "Big Poppa", which reached No. 1 on the U.S. rap chart,[41] and "One More Chance", which sold 1.1 million copies in 1995.[42][43] Busta Rhymes claimed to have seen Wallace giving out free copies of Ready to Die from his home, which Rhymes reasoned as "his way of marketing himself".[44]

Wallace also befriended basketball player Shaquille O'Neal. O'Neal said they were introduced during a listening session for "Gimme the Loot"; Wallace mentioned him in the lyrics and thereby attracted O'Neal to his music. O'Neal requested a collaboration with Wallace, which resulted in the song "You Can't Stop the Reign". According to Combs, Wallace would not collaborate with "anybody he didn't really respect" and that Wallace paid O'Neal his respect by "shouting him out".[45] Wallace later met with O'Neal on Sunset Boulevard in 1997.[46] In 2015, Daz Dillinger, a frequent Shakur collaborator, said that he and Wallace were "cool", with Wallace traveling to meet him to smoke cannabis and record two songs.[47]

1995: Collaboration with Michael Jackson, Junior M.A.F.I.A., Conspiracy and coastal feud[편집]

Wallace worked with pop singer Michael Jackson on the song This Time Around.[48] Lil' Cease later claimed that while Wallace met Jackson, he was forced to stay behind, with Wallace citing that he did not "trust Michael with kids" following the 1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Jackson.[49] Engineer John Van Nest and producer Dallas Austin recalled the sessions differently, saying that Wallace was eager to meet Jackson and nearly burst into tears upon doing so.[50]

In the summer, Wallace met Charli Baltimore and they became involved in a romantic relationship.[51] Several months into their relationship, she left him a voicemail of a rap verse that she had written and he began encouraging her to pursue a career in rap music.[52]

Wallace was booked to a show in Sacramento, When they arrived at the venue they were not a lot of people there, and when they started performing they were getting coins tossed at them. When they left they were held at gunpoint in the venue's parking lot set up by E-40's goons. They were mad over an interview he did with a Canadian magazine, when asked to rank a handful of artists on a scale from one to 10, Wallace gave him a zero. One of Wallace's entourage said to get E-40 on the phone, Wallace explained how they had "got him drunk" and had got him "to say anything", E-40 told his men to stand down and safely escorted them to the airport.[53]

In August 1995, Wallace's protégé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. ("Junior Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes"), released their debut album Conspiracy. The group consisted of his friends from childhood and included rappers such as Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, who went on to have solo careers.[54] The record went gold and its singles, "Player's Anthem" and "Get Money", both featuring Wallace, went gold and platinum. Wallace continued to work with R&B artists, collaborating with R&B groups 112 (on "Only You") and Total (on "Can't You See"), with both reaching the top 20 of the Hot 100. By the end of the year, Wallace was the top-selling male solo artist and rapper on the U.S. pop and R&B charts.[20] In July 1995, he appeared on the cover of The Source with the caption "The King of New York Takes Over", a reference to his alias Frank White, based on a character from the 1990 film King of New York.[55][56] At the Source Awards in August 1995, he was named Best New Artist (Solo), Lyricist of the Year, Live Performer of the Year, and his debut Album of the Year.[57] At the Billboard Awards, he was Rap Artist of the Year.[22]

In his year of success, Wallace became involved in a rivalry between the East and West Coast hip hop scenes with Shakur, now his former friend. In an interview with Vibe in April 1995, while serving time in Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur accused Uptown Records' founder Andre Harrell, Sean Combs, and Wallace of having prior knowledge of a robbery that resulted in him being shot five times and losing thousands of dollars worth of jewelry on the night of November 30, 1994. Though Wallace and his entourage were in the same Manhattan-based recording studio at the time of the shooting, they denied the accusation.[58]

Wallace said: "It just happened to be a coincidence that he [Shakur] was in the studio. He just, he couldn't really say who really had something to do with it at the time. So he just kinda' leaned the blame on me."[59] In 2012, a man named Dexter Isaac, serving a life sentence for unrelated crimes, claimed that he attacked Shakur that night and that the robbery was orchestrated by entertainment industry executive and former drug trafficker, Jimmy Henchman.[60]

Following his release from prison, Shakur signed to Death Row Records on October 15, 1995. This made Bad Boy Records and Death Row business rivals, and thus intensified the quarrel.[61]

1996: More arrests, accusations regarding Shakur's death, car accident and second child[편집]

On March 23, 1996, Wallace was arrested outside a Manhattan nightclub for chasing and threatening to kill two fans seeking autographs, smashing the windows of their taxicab, and punching one of them.[22] He pleaded guilty to second-degree harassment and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. In mid-1996, he was arrested at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey, for drug and weapons possession charges.[22]

During the recording for his second album, Wallace was confronted by Shakur for the first time since "the rumors started" at the Soul Train Awards and a gun was pulled.[62]

In June 1996, Shakur released "Hit 'Em Up", a diss track in which he claimed to have had sex with Faith Evans, who was estranged from Wallace at the time, and that Wallace had copied his style and image. Wallace referenced the first claim on Jay-Z's "Brooklyn's Finest", in which he raps: "If Faye have twins, she'd probably have two 'Pacs. Get it? 2Pac's?" However, he did not directly respond to the track, stating in a 1997 radio interview that it was "not [his] style" to respond.[59]

On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas and died six days later. Rumors of Wallace's involvement with Shakur's murder spread. In a 2002 Los Angeles Times series titled "Who Killed Tupac Shakur?", based on police reports and multiple sources, Chuck Philips reported that the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang, the Southside Crips, to avenge a beating by Shakur hours earlier, and that Wallace had paid for the gun.[63][64]

Los Angeles Times editor Mark Duvoisin wrote that "Philips' story has withstood all challenges to its accuracy, ... [and] remains the definitive account of the Shakur slaying."[65] Wallace's family denied the report,[66] producing documents purporting to show that he was in New York and New Jersey at the time. However, The New York Times called the documents inconclusive, stating:

The pages purport to be three computer printouts from Daddy's House, indicating that Wallace was in the studio recording a song called Nasty Boy on the night Shakur was shot. They indicate that Wallace wrote half the session, was in and out/sat around and laid down a ref, shorthand for a reference vocal, the equivalent of a first take. But nothing indicates when the documents were created. And Louis Alfred, the recording engineer listed on the sheets, said in an interview that he remembered recording the song with Wallace in a late-night session, not during the day. He could not recall the date of the session but said it was likely not the night Shakur was shot. We would have heard about it, Mr. Alfred said."[67]

Evans remembered her husband calling her on the night of Shakur's death and crying from shock. She said: "I think it's fair to say he was probably afraid, given everything that was going on at that time and all the hype that was put on this so-called beef that he didn't really have in his heart against anyone." Wayne Barrow, Wallace's co-manager at the time, said Wallace was recording the track "Nasty Boy" the night Shakur was shot.[68] Shortly after Shakur's death, he met with Snoop Dogg, who claimed that Wallace declared he never hated Shakur.[69]

Two days after the death of Shakur, Wallace and Lil' Cease were arrested in Brooklyn for smoking marijuana in public and had their car repossessed.[70] The next day, Wallace chose a Chevrolet Lumina rental SUV as a substitute, despite Lil' Cease's objections. The vehicle had brake problems but Wallace dismissed them.[71] The car collided with a rail on the New Jersey turnpike, shattering Wallace's left leg, Lil' Cease's jaw and Charli Baltimore with numerous injuries.[72]

Wallace spent months in a hospital following the accident. He was temporarily confined to a wheelchair,[20] forced to use a cane,[58] and had to complete therapy. Despite his hospitalization, he continued to work on the album. The accident was referred to in the lyrics of "Long Kiss Goodnight": "Ya still tickle me, I used to be as strong as Ripple be / Til Lil' Cease crippled me."[73]

On October 29, 1996, Evans gave birth to Wallace's son, Christopher "C.J." Wallace Jr.[27] The following month, Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Kim released her debut album, Hard Core, under Wallace's direction while the two were having a "love affair".[20] Lil' Kim recalled being Wallace's "biggest fan" and "his pride and joy".[74] In a 2012 interview, Lil' Kim said Wallace had prevented her from making a remix of the Jodeci single "Love U 4 Life" by locking her in a room. According to her, Wallace said that she was not "gonna go do no song with them",[75] likely because of the group's affiliation with Tupac and Death Row Records.

1997: Life After Death[편집]

On January 27, 1997, Wallace was ordered to pay US$41,000 in damages following an incident involving a friend of a concert promoter who claimed Wallace and his entourage beat him following a dispute in May 1995.[76] He faced criminal assault charges for the incident, which remains unresolved, but all robbery charges were dropped.[22] Following the events, Wallace spoke of a desire to focus on his "peace of mind" and his family and friends.[77]

In February 1997, Wallace traveled to California to promote his album Life After Death and record a music video for its lead single, "Hypnotize". That month Wallace was involved in a domestic dispute with girlfriend Charli Baltimore at the Four Seasons hotel, over pictures of Wallace and other girls. Wallace had told Lil' Cease the night prior to take the bag out of the room of the photos but never did; she ended up throwing Wallace's ring and watch out the window. They found the watch but did not recover the ring.[78]

Death[편집]

<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 Murder of the Notorious B.I.G.입니다.

On March 8, 1997, Wallace attended Soul Train Awards after-party hosted by Vibe and Qwest Records at the Petersen Automotive Museum.[58] Guests included Evans, Aaliyah and members of the Bloods and Crips gangs.[18] The next day at 12:30 a.m. PST, after the fire department closed the party early due to overcrowding, Wallace left with his entourage in two GMC Suburbans to return to his hotel.[79] He traveled in the front passenger seat alongside associates Damion "D-Roc" Butler, Lil' Cease, and driver Gregory "G-Money" Young. Combs traveled in the other vehicle with two bodyguards. The two trucks were trailed by a Chevrolet Blazer carrying Bad Boy director of security Paul Offord.[18][80]

By 12:45 a.m., the streets were crowded with people leaving the party. Wallace's truck stopped at a red light 50 야드 (46 m) from the Petersen Automotive Museum, and a black Chevy Impala pulled up alongside it. The Impala's driver, an unidentified African-American man dressed in a blue suit and bow tie, rolled down his window, drew a 9 mm blue-steel pistol, and fired at Wallace's car. Four bullets hit Wallace and his entourage subsequently rushed him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where doctors performed an emergency thoracotomy, but he was pronounced dead at 1:15 a.m.[18] He was 24 years old. His autopsy, which was released 15 years after his death, showed that only the final shot was fatal; it entered through his right hip and struck his colon, liver, heart, and left lung before stopping in his left shoulder.[81]

Wallace's funeral was held at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan on March 18. There were around 350 mourners at the funeral, including Lil' Cease, Queen Latifah, Mase, Faith Evans, SWV, Jay-Z, Damon Dash, DJ Premier, Charli Baltimore, Da Brat, Flavor Flav, Mary J. Blige, Lil' Kim, Run-D.M.C., DJ Kool Herc, Treach, Busta Rhymes, Salt-N-Pepa, DJ Spinderella, Foxy Brown, and Sister Souljah. David Dinkins and Clive Davis also attended the funeral.[82] After the funeral, his body was cremated and the ashes were given to his family.[83]

Posthumous releases[편집]

Sixteen days after his death, Wallace's double-disc second album was released as planned. Originally titled Life After Death...'Til Death Do Us Part and later shortened to Life After Death,[84] the album hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts after making a premature appearance at No. 176 due to street-date violations. The record album featured a much wider range of guests and producers than its predecessor.[85] It gained strong reviews and in 2000 was certified Diamond by the RIAA.

Its lead single, "Hypnotize", was the last music video recording in which Wallace would participate. His biggest chart success was with its follow-up "Mo Money Mo Problems", featuring Sean Combs (under the rap alias "Puff Daddy") and Mase. Both singles reached No. 1 on the Hot 100, making Wallace the first artist to achieve this feat posthumously.[20] The third single, "Sky's the Limit", featuring the band 112, was noted for its use of children in the music video, directed by Spike Jonze, who were used to portray Wallace and his contemporaries, including Combs, Lil' Kim, and Busta Rhymes. Wallace was named Artist of the Year and "Hypnotize" Single of the Year by Spin magazine in December 1997.[86]

In mid-1997, Combs released his debut album, No Way Out, which featured Wallace on five songs, notably on the fifth single "Victory". The most prominent single from the record album was "I'll Be Missing You", featuring Combs, Faith Evans and 112, which was dedicated to Wallace's memory. At the 1998 Grammy Awards, Life After Death and its first two singles received nominations in the rap category. The album award was won by Combs's No Way Out and "I'll Be Missing You" won the award in the category of Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in which "Mo Money Mo Problems" was nominated.[87]

In 1996, Wallace started putting together a hip hop supergroup, the Commission, which consisted of himself, Jay-Z, Lil' Cease, Combs, and Charli Baltimore. The Commission was mentioned by Wallace in the lyrics of "What's Beef" on Life After Death and "Victory" from No Way Out, but a Commission album was never completed. A track on Duets: The Final Chapter, "Whatchu Want (The Commission)", featuring Jay-Z, was based on the group.

In December 1999, Bad Boy released Born Again. The album consisted of previously unreleased material mixed with new guest appearances, including many artists Wallace had never collaborated with in his lifetime. It gained some positive reviews, but received criticism for its unlikely pairings; The Source describing it as "compiling some of the most awkward collaborations of his career".[88] Nevertheless, the album sold 2 million copies. Wallace appeared on Michael Jackson's 2001 album, Invincible.[89][90]

Over the course of time, his vocals were heard on hit songs such as "Foolish" and "Realest Niggas" by Ashanti in 2002, and the song "Runnin' (Dying to Live)" with Shakur the following year. In 2005, Duets: The Final Chapter continued the pattern started on Born Again, which was criticized for the lack of significant vocals by Wallace on some of its songs.[91][92] Its lead single "Nasty Girl" became Wallace's first UK No. 1 single. Combs and Voletta Wallace have stated the album will be the last release primarily featuring new material.[93]

A duet album, The King & I, featuring Evans and Notorious B.I.G., was released on May 19, 2017, which largely contained previously unreleased music.[94]

Musical style[편집]

Vocals[편집]

Wallace mostly rapped in a deep tone described by Rolling Stone as a "thick, jaunty grumble",[95] which went even deeper on Life After Death.[96] He was often accompanied on songs with ad libs from Sean "Puffy" Combs. In The Source's "Unsigned Hype" column, his style was described as "cool, nasal, and filtered, to bless his own material".[97] AllMusic described Wallace as having "a talent for piling multiple rhymes on top of one another in quick succession".[41]

Time magazine wrote that he rapped with an ability to "make multi-syllabic rhymes sound smooth",[40] while Krims described his rhythmic style as "effusive".[98] Before starting a verse, Wallace sometimes used onomatopoeic vocables to warm up his voice, for example "uhhh" at the beginning of "Hypnotize" and "Big Poppa", and "what" after certain rhymes in songs such as "My Downfall".[99]

Lateef of Latyrx notes that Wallace had "intense and complex flows".[100] Fredro Starr of Onyx said that he was "a master of the flow",[101] and Bishop Lamont stated that he mastered "all the hemispheres of the music".[102] Wallace also often used the single-line rhyme scheme to add variety and interest to his flow.[100] Big Daddy Kane suggested that Wallace did not need a large vocabulary to impress listeners, stating that he "just put his words together a slick way and it worked real good for him".[103]

Wallace was known to compose lyrics in his head rather than write them down on paper, in a similar way to Jay-Z.[104][105] He would occasionally vary from his usual style. On "Playa Hater", he sang in a slow falsetto.[106] On "Notorious Thugs", his collaboration with Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, he modified his style to match the rapid rhyme flow of the group.

Themes and lyrics[편집]

Wallace's lyrical topics and themes included mafioso tales ("Niggas Bleed"), his drug-dealing past ("Ten Crack Commandments"), materialistic bragging ("Hypnotize"), humor ("Just Playing (Dreams)"),[107] and romance ("Me & My Bitch").[107] In 2004, Rolling Stone named him as "one of the few young male songwriters in any pop style writing credible love songs".[96] In the book How to Rap, rapper Guerilla Black described how Wallace was able to both "glorify the upper echelon"[108] and "[make] you feel his struggle".[109]

The New York Times journalist Touré wrote in 1994, that Wallace's lyrics "[mixed] autobiographical details about crime and violence with emotional honesty".[19] Marriott of The New York Times wrote in 1997 that Wallace's lyrics were not strictly autobiographical and that he "had a knack for exaggeration that increased sales".[22] Wallace wrote that his debut album was "a big pie, with each slice indicating a different point in [his] life involving bitches and niggaz... from the beginning to the end".[110]

Rolling Stone described Ready to Die as a contrast of "bleak" street visions and being "full of high-spirited fun, bringing the pleasure principle back to hip-hop".[96] AllMusic write of "a sense of doom" in some of his songs, and the New York Times noted some songs being "laced with paranoia".[41][111] Wallace described himself as feeling "broke and depressed" when he made his debut.[111] The final song on Wallace's debut album, "Suicidal Thoughts", featured his "character" contemplating suicide and concluded with him doing it.[96]

On Life After Death, Wallace's lyrics went "deeper".[96] Krims explained how upbeat, dance-oriented tracks (which featured less heavily on his debut) alternate with "reality rap" songs on the record and suggested that he was "going pimp" through some of the lyrical topics of the former.[98] XXL magazine wrote that Wallace "revamped his image" through the portrayal of himself between the albums, going from "mid-level hustler" on his debut to "drug lord" on his second album.[112]

AllMusic wrote that the success of Ready to Die is "mostly due to Wallace's skill as a storyteller".[41] In 1994, Rolling Stone described his ability in this technique as painting "a sonic picture so vibrant that you're transported right to the scene".[39] On Life After Death, he notably demonstrated this skill on the song "I Got a Story to Tell", creating a story as a rap for the first half of the song and then retelling the same story "for his boys" in conversation form.[106]

Legacy[편집]

Graffiti of the Notorious B.I.G
Mural of the Notorious B.I.G at 5 Pointz
A mural in Brooklyn
A stencil of the Notorious B.I.G. in Asakusa, Tokyo

Considered one of the greatest rappers of all time, Wallace was described by AllMusic as "the savior of East Coast hip-hop".[20] The Source magazine named him the greatest rapper of all time in its 150th issue in 2002.[113][114] In 2003, when XXL magazine asked several hip hop artists to list their five favorite MCs, Wallace appeared on more rappers' lists than anyone else. In 2006, MTV ranked him at No. 3 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, calling him possibly "the most skillful ever on the mic".[12]

Editors of About.com ranked him at No. 3 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time (1987–2007).[115] In 2012, The Source ranked him No. 3 on their list of the Top 50 Lyrical Leaders of all time.[116] Rolling Stone has referred to him as the "greatest rapper that ever lived".[117] In 2015, Billboard named Wallace as the greatest rapper of all time.[11]

Wallace's lyrics have been sampled and quoted by a variety of artists, including Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Alicia Keys, Fat Joe, Nelly, Ja Rule, Eminem, Lil Wayne, Game, Clinton Sparks, Michael Jackson, and Usher

. At the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards, Combs and Snoop Dogg paid tribute to Wallace by hiring an orchestra to play while the vocals from "Juicy" and "Warning" played on the arena speakers.[118] At the 2005 VH1 Hip Hop Honors, a tribute to Wallace headlined the show.[119]

Wallace had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing, but it fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow launched the clothing line with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Wallace on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation.[120] In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the estate's licensing efforts.[121] Wallace-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.[122]

The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ("B.I.G. Night Out") to raise funds for children's school equipment and to honor Wallace's memory. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, "B.I.G." is also said to stand for "Books Instead of Guns".[123]

There is a large portrait mural of Wallace as Mao Zedong on Fulton Street in Brooklyn a half-mile west from Wallace's old block.[124] A fan petitioned to have the corner of Fulton Street and St. James Place, near Wallace's childhood home renamed in his honor, garnering support from local businesses and attracting more than 560 signatures.[124]

A large portrait of Wallace features prominently in the Netflix series Luke Cage, due to the fact that he served as muse for the creation of the Marvel Cinematic Universe's version of Marvel Comics character Cornell "Cottonmouth" Stokes.

In August 2020, Wallace's son, C.J., released a house remix of his father's hit "Big Poppa".[125]

A March 2021 Netflix documentary Biggie: I Got a Story to Tell, executive-produced by Voletta Wallace and Combs, focuses on B.I.G.'s life before he rose to fame as "The King of New York", and features "unprecedented access granted by the Wallace estate".[126]

Biopic[편집]

Notorious is a 2009 biographical film about Wallace and his life that stars rapper Jamal Woolard as Wallace. The film was directed by George Tillman Jr. and distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Producers included Sean Combs, Wallace's former managers Wayne Barrow and Mark Pitts, as well as Voletta Wallace.[127] On January 16, 2009, the movie's debut at the Grand 18 theater in Greensboro, North Carolina was postponed after a man was shot in the parking lot before the show.[128] The film received mixed reviews and grossed over $44 million worldwide.[129][130]

In early October 2007, open casting calls for the role of Wallace began.[131] Actors, rappers and unknowns all tried out. Beanie Sigel auditioned[132] for the role, but was not picked. Sean Kingston claimed that he would play the role of Wallace, but producers denied it.[133] Eventually, it was announced that rapper Jamal Woolard was chosen to play Wallace[134] while Wallace's son, Christopher Wallace Jr. was cast to play Wallace as a child.[135]

Other cast members include Angela Bassett as Voletta Wallace, Derek Luke as Sean Combs, Antonique Smith as Faith Evans, Naturi Naughton as Lil' Kim, and Anthony Mackie as Tupac Shakur.[136] Bad Boy also released a soundtrack album to the film on January 13, 2009; it contains many of Wallace's hit singles, including "Hypnotize" and "Juicy", as well as rarities.[137]

Discography[편집]

<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 The Notorious B.I.G. discography입니다.

Studio albums[편집]

Collaboration album[편집]

Posthumous compilation albums[편집]

Posthumous collaboration album[편집]

Media[편집]

Filmography[편집]

  • The Show (1995) as himself
  • Rhyme & Reason (1997 documentary) as himself
  • Biggie & Tupac (2002 documentary) archive footage
  • Tupac Resurrection (2004 documentary) archive footage
  • Notorious B.I.G. Bigger Than Life (2007 documentary) archive footage
  • Notorious (2009) archive footage
  • All Eyez on Me (2017) archive footage
  • Quincy (2018 documentary) archive footage
  • Biggie: The Life of Notorious B.I.G. (2017 documentary) archive footage
  • Biggie: I Got a Story to Tell (2021 documentary) archive footage

Television appearances[편집]

  • New York Undercover (1995) as himself
  • Martin (1995) as himself
  • Who Shot Biggie & Tupac? (2017)
  • Unsolved (2018)

Awards and nominations[편집]

Award Year of ceremony Nominee/work Category Result
The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards[138] 1995 The Notorious B.I.G. New Artist of the Year, Solo 수상
The Notorious B.I.G. Lyricist of the Year 수상
The Notorious B.I.G. Live Performer of the Year 수상
Ready To Die Album of the Year 수상
Billboard Music Awards [1][2] 1995 The Notorious B.I.G. Rap Artist of the Year 수상
"One More Chance/Stay with Me (Remix)" (with Faith Evans) Rap Single of the Year 수상
1997 Life After Death R&B Album 수상
Grammy Awards [3][4] 틀:Grammy "Big Poppa" Best Rap Solo Performance 후보
틀:Grammy "Hypnotize" Best Rap Solo Performance 후보
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group 후보
Life After Death Best Rap Album 후보
MTV Video Music Awards [5][6] 틀:Mtvvma "Hypnotize" Best Rap Video 수상
틀:Mtvvma "Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) Best Rap Video 후보
Soul Train Music Awards [7][8] 1996 "One More Chance/Stay With Me (Remix)" (with Faith Evans) R&B/Soul or Rap Song of the Year 수상
1998 Life After Death Best R&B/Soul Album - Male 수상
Life After Death R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year 후보
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video 후보
Black Reel Awards [9] 2004 "Runnin' (Dying to Live)" (with Tupac Shakur) Best Original or Adapted Song 후보
ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards[139][140][141] 2005 "Runnin' (Dying to Live)" (with Tupac Shakur) Top Soundtrack Song of the Year 수상
2017 The Notorious B.I.G. ASCAP Founders Award 수상
2020 "Sicko Mode" Winning Rap and R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 수상
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame[142] 2020 The Notorious B.I.G. Performers 수상

See also[편집]

References[편집]

  1. ↑ “Rap's first lady”. 《TheGuardian.com》. 2005년 7월 10일. 
  2. ↑ “Biggie Smalls dating history: From Lil Kim to Faith Evans”. 《Capital XTRA》. 
  3. ↑ “Notorious B.I.G: In His Own Words, and Those of His Friends”. MTV.com. 2007년 3월 7일. 2007년 3월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2007년 3월 11일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ Huey, Steve. [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/album/r203800 “Ready to Die > Overview”] |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 《AllMusic》. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ Huey, Steve. [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p44889/biography “Notorious B.I.G. > Biography”] |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 《AllMusic》. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ "Wallace, Christopher (1973–1997)", in Gerald D. Jaynes, ed., Encyclopedia of African American Society, Volume 1 (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2005), p 867.
  7. ↑ “Top 100 Albums”. 《RIAA.com》. 2006년 5월 4일. 2006년 12월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 7일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ “Top Selling Artists”. 《RIAA.com》. 2013년 5월 3일에 확인함. 
  9. ↑ “The Notorious B.I.G. Scores Fifth Million-Selling Album”. 《Billboard》. 2018년 2월 16일. 
  10. ↑ “Notorious B.I.G., 'Juicy'”. 《The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time》. Rolling Stone. 2012년 12월 5일. 2013년 9월 9일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ 가 나 “The 10 Greatest Rappers of All Time”. 《Billboard》. 2015년 11월 12일. 
  12. ↑ 가 나 The Greatest MCs of All Time 보관됨 7월 27, 2009 - 웨이백 머신. MTV. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  13. ↑ 가 나 Lang, Holly (2007). 《The Notorious B.I.G: A Biography》. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1–2쪽. ISBN 978-0-313-34156-4. 
  14. ↑ 가 나 Coker, Cheo H. (2005년 3월 8일). “Excerpt: Unbelievable – The Life, Death, and Afterlife of The Notorious B.I.G.”. 《Vibe》. 2009년 2월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 
  15. ↑ Franklin, Marcus (2009년 1월 17일). “Much change in Biggie Smalls' neighborhood”. The Insider. Associated Press. 2010년 2월 12일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 10월 10일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ “Biggie's 'One-Room Shack' in Bed-Stuy Now up for Sale”. Bed-stuy.patch.com. 2013년 4월 3일. 2013년 12월 31일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ Rasso, Anne M. (2009년 1월 11일). “The Biggie walk”. 《Time Out New York》 (영어). 2021년 6월 25일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Sullivan, Randall (2005년 12월 5일). “The Unsolved Mystery of the Notorious B.I.G.”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2009년 4월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  19. ↑ 가 나 다 Touré (December 18, 1994). "Pop Music; Biggie Smalls, Rap's Man of the Moment" The New York Times; retrieved March 26, 2008.
  20. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 Huey, Steve. [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p44889/biography “Notorious B.I.G. > Biography”] |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 《AllMusic》. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  21. ↑ Lavin, Will (2021년 3월 1일). “'Biggie: I Got A Story To Tell' review: a look at the life of rap's most notorious figure”. 《NME》. 2021년 8월 27일에 확인함. 
  22. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 Marriott, Michel (1997년 3월 17일). “The Short Life of a Rap Star, Shadowed by Many Troubles”. 《The New York Times》. 2008년 3월 26일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ “Police May Release Sketch of Biggie Gunman”. 《MTV.com》 (MTV News). 1997년 3월 11일. 2006년 12월 23일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ 가 나 “Notorious BIG Photos – Biography”. Atlantic Records. 2008년 7월 5일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 11월 30일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Swihart, Stanton. [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/album/r58470 “Blue Funk > Overview”] |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 《AllMusic》. 2006년 10월 6일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ Duncan, Andrea et al. The Making of Ready to Die:Family Business. XXL, March 9, 2006. Retrieved March 18, 2007
  27. ↑ 가 나 다 Heller, Corinne (2012년 3월 9일). “Notorious B.I.G.'s daughter makes radio debut on 15th anniversary of his death”. KABC-TV. 2014년 2월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 6월 3일에 확인함. 
  28. ↑ Lang, Holly (2007). 《The Notorious B.I.G.: A Biography》. Greenwood. 16쪽. ISBN 978-0-313-34156-4. 
  29. ↑ “The Notorious B.I.G. releases his autobiographical debut 'Ready to Die.'”. 《Rolling Stone》. 1995년 6월 1일. 
  30. ↑ Scott, Cathy (2000). 《The Murder of Biggie Smalls》. New York City: St. Martin's Press. 31쪽. ISBN 978-0-312-26620-2. 
  31. ↑ Ziegbe, Mawuse (2010년 6월 16일). “Tupac And Biggie Probably Celebrated Birthdays Together, Lil' Cease Says”. MTV. 
  32. ↑ Kyles, Yohance (2015년 1월 19일). “Yukmouth Talks Tupac's Impact On Hip Hop; Says Pac Influenced Biggie's Style”. allhiphop.com. 
  33. ↑ (영어) Who's the Man? (Original Soundtrack) - 올뮤직
  34. ↑ “Craig Mack – Chart history”. 《Billboard》. 2013년 5월 3일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ Chappell, Kevin (April 1999). “After Biggie: Faith Evans has a new love, a new baby, a new career – singer”. 《Ebony》. 
  36. ↑ “The Notorious B.I.G. – Awards”. 《AllMusic》. 2013년 5월 3일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ “Artist Chart History”. 《Billboard.com》. 2007년 9월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  38. ↑ “RIAA searchable database”. RIAA. 2006년 10월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  39. ↑ 가 나 다 Ready to Die (Explicit) Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  40. ↑ 가 나 Tyrangiel, Josh (November 13, 2006). "The All-TIME Albums" Time. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  41. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Huey, Steve. [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/album/r203800 “Ready to Die > Overview”] |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 《AllMusic》. 2006년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  42. ↑ “American certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – One More Change” (영어). 미국 음반 산업 협회. 
  43. ↑ “Best-Selling Records of 1995”. 《Billboard》. 108권 3호 (BPI Communications). 1996년 1월 20일. 56쪽. ISSN 0006-2510. 2015년 5월 5일에 확인함. 
  44. ↑ “Busta Rhymes Couldn't Believe It When He Saw Biggie Giving Away Copies of Ready to Die”. 《egotripland.com》. 2012년 9월 14일. 2015년 4월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 
  45. ↑ Muhammad, Latifah (2011년 3월 8일). “Shaq Remembers Friendship with Notorious B.I.G.”. The Boombox. 
  46. ↑ “Shaquille O'Neal – Interview on The Notorious B.I.G”. 
  47. ↑ Harris, Christopher (2015년 4월 25일). “Daz Dillinger Details Recording With The Notorious B.I.G.”. 《HipHopDX.com》. 2015년 4월 25일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 4월 25일에 확인함. 
  48. ↑ The Notorious B.I.G. – Bio. Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  49. ↑ Ortiz, Edwin (2013년 10월 1일). “Lil Cease Says The Notorious B.I.G. Wouldn't Let Him into Michael Jackson Recording Session”. 《Complex》. 
  50. ↑ François Allard; Richard Lecocq (2018년 10월 4일). 《Michael Jackson: All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track》. Octopus Books. 684–쪽. ISBN 978-1-78840-123-4. 
  51. ↑ “Biggie Smalls dating history: From Lil Kim to Faith Evans”. 《Capital XTRA》. 
  52. ↑ “Charli Baltimore Biography”. 《musicianguide.com》 (미국 영어). 2022년 4월 23일에 확인함. 
  53. ↑ “E-40 Says He Gave Notorious B.I.G. 'A Pass' During One Visit To The Bay”. 2010년 3월 2일. 
  54. ↑ Lane, Hai, Lydia [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p165563 Junior M.A.F.I.A. Biography] AllMusic. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
  55. ↑ “Up In The Source: Looking Back at The Notorious B.I.G.'s Covers of 'The Source Magazine'”. 《The Source》. 2019년 5월 21일. 2020년 6월 5일에 확인함. 
  56. ↑ Coleman, C. Vernon II (2019년 3월 29일). “A History of Rappers Calling Themselves the King of New York”. 《XXL》. 2020년 6월 5일에 확인함. 
  57. ↑ “The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 1995”. The 411 online. 2006년 11월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 7일에 확인함. 
  58. ↑ 가 나 다 Bruno, Anthony The Murders of gangsta rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. 보관됨 4월 7, 2007 - 웨이백 머신 Court TV Crime Library. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
  59. ↑ 가 나 “Notorious B.I.G.”. 《MTV.com》. KYLD. 2003년 9월 23일에 원본 문서 (transcript of his last interview)에서 보존된 문서. 
  60. ↑ “Convicted Killer Confesses to Shooting West Coast Rapper Tupac Shakur”. 《The Baltimore Sun》. July 13, 2012. August 29, 2012에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. August 21, 2012에 확인함. 
  61. ↑ Carney, Thomas. 《Live from Death Row》. 《PBS.org》. Frontline (WGBH-TV). 2006년 12월 9일에 확인함. 
  62. ↑ “This Day In Rap History: Bad Boy Records and Death Row Records Faced Off After the 1996 Soul Train Awards”. 《Complex Networks》. 
  63. ↑ Philips, Chuck (2002년 9월 6일). “Who Killed Tupac Shakur?”. 《Los Angeles Times》. 2012년 7월 15일에 확인함. 
  64. ↑ Philips, Chuck (2002년 9월 7일). “How Vegas police probe floundered in Tupac Shakur case”. 《Los Angeles Times》. 2012년 7월 23일에 확인함. 
  65. ↑ Duvoisin, Mark (2006년 1월 12일). “L.A. Times Responds to Biggie Story”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2013년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  66. ↑ Silveran, Stephen M. (2002년 9월 9일). “B.I.G. Family Denies Tupac Murder Claim”. 《People》. 2012년 7월 23일에 확인함. 
  67. ↑ Leland, John (2002년 10월 7일). “New Theories Stir Speculation On Rap Deaths”. 《New York Times》. 2013년 9월 30일에 확인함. 
  68. ↑ Reid, Shaheem (2002년 9월 10일). “Faith Evans Says Biggie Cried When He Heard Tupac Was Shot”. MTV. 
  69. ↑ “Snoop Dogg Recalls Visiting The Notorious B.I.G. After 2Pac Was Killed [Video]”. 2020년 6월 12일. 
  70. ↑ “Rapper Notorious B.I.G. Arrested on Drug Charge”. 
  71. ↑ Nelson Jr., Keith (2013년 10월 2일). “EXCLUSIVE: Lil Cease Tells The Story Of How He Crippled The Notorious B.I.G. (VIDEO)”. allhiphop.com. 
  72. ↑ “Biggie rode with his then-girlfriend, rapper Charli Baltimore”. 2021년 8월 2일. 
  73. ↑ Harling, Danielle (2015년 2월 9일). “Lil Cease Says The Notorious B.I.G. Wrote A Portion Of "Life After Death" While Hospitalized”. HipHopDx. 2015년 2월 12일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 2월 11일에 확인함. 
  74. ↑ Markman, Rob (2012년 3월 9일). “Notorious B.I.G. Would Have Worked With Kanye West, Lil' Kim Says”. MTV. 
  75. ↑ Markman, Rob (2012년 3월 15일). “Notorious B.I.G. 'Locked' Lil' Kim In A Room To Prevent Jodeci Collabo”. 《MTV.com》. 
  76. ↑ “Notorious B.I.G. Loses Lawsuit”. 《MTV.com》 (MTV News). 1997년 1월 27일. 2006년 12월 23일에 확인함. 
  77. ↑ Brown, Jake (2004년 5월 24일). 《Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G.》. Colossus Books. 122쪽. ISBN 978-0-9749779-3-5. 
  78. ↑ “The Notorious B.I.G.'s Ex-Girlfriend Charli Baltimore Threw His Jewelry Out of a Window Just Days Before His Death”. 
  79. ↑ Purdum, Todd S. (1997년 3월 10일). “Rapper Is Shot to Death in Echo of Killing 6 Months Ago”. 《The New York Times》. 2009년 2월 23일에 확인함. 
  80. ↑ Sullivan, Randall (2013) [2002]. 《LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G.》 Digital판. Canongate. Chapter Six. ISBN 9781782114109. 
  81. ↑ Horowitz, Steven J. (2012년 12월 7일). “Notorious B.I.G. Autopsy Report Released”. HipHop DX. 2012년 12월 7일에 확인함. 
  82. ↑ “Rappers, fans pay final respects to Biggie Smalls”. 1997년 3월 18일. 2000년 4월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 8월 6일에 확인함. 
  83. ↑ "Biggie's body is carried through his Brooklyn home, passing thousands of fans in 1997", NY Daily News, March 19, 1997.
  84. ↑ Wartofsky, Alona (1997년 3월 11일). “The Music With Too Many Hits”. 《The Washington Post》. 2022년 2월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2022년 2월 3일에 확인함. 
  85. ↑ Birchmeier, Jason [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/album/r256758 Life After Death review] AllMusic. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
  86. ↑ “B.I.G. Gets Props from Spin”. 《Rolling Stone》. 1997년 12월 7일. 2007년 8월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 26일에 확인함. 
  87. ↑ “1998 Grammy Awards – Rap music winners”. CNN. 1998. 2000년 8월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 12월 7일에 확인함. 
  88. ↑ Born Again Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  89. ↑ “Duets: The Final Chapter Music Review”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2006년 1월 12일. 2007년 7월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 10일에 확인함. 
  90. ↑ [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/album/r803930 Duets: The Final Chapter > Overview] AllMusic. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  91. ↑ “Duets: The Final Chapter Music Review”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2006년 1월 12일. 2007년 7월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 10일에 확인함. 
  92. ↑ [(영어) https://www.allmusic.com/album/r803930 Duets: The Final Chapter > Overview] AllMusic. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  93. ↑ Egere-Cooper, Matilda (2006년 1월 27일). “Notorious B.I.G.: an album too far?”. 《The Independent》. 2022년 6월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 12월 19일에 확인함. 
  94. ↑ Gibsone, Harriet (2017년 2월 3일). “Faith Evans and Notorious BIG duet album due out in May” – theguardian.com 경유. 
  95. ↑ “Life After Death review”. 《Rolling Stone》. 1997년 12월 7일. 2007년 2월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2007년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  96. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 “Notorious B.I.G.:Biography”. 《Rolling Stone》. 2006년 2월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 12월 26일에 확인함. 
  97. ↑ “Biggie Smalls Unsigned Hype”. 《The Source》. 2013년 2월 4일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 12월 28일에 확인함. 
  98. ↑ 가 나 Krims, Adam (2000). 《Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity》. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 85쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-63447-2. 
  99. ↑ Smith, William E. (2005). 《Hip-hop as Performance and Ritual: Biography and Ethnography in Underground Hip Hop》. Trafford Publishing. 163쪽. ISBN 978-1-4120-5394-5. 
  100. ↑ 가 나 Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 100.
  101. ↑ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 112.
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  103. ↑ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 53.
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  105. ↑ Andrea Duncan (March 9, 2006). The Making of Ready to Die: Family Business XXL. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
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  110. ↑ Brown, Jake (2004년 5월 24일). 《Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G.》. Colossus Books. 66쪽. ISBN 978-0-9749779-3-5. 
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  113. ↑ Osorio, Kim (March 2002). “Biggie Smalls Is The Illest”. 《The Source》. 
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  115. ↑ “50 Greatest Rappers of All Time – The 50 Greatest MCs of All Time”. Rap.about.com. 2017년 1월 4일에 확인함. 
  116. ↑ Blue, Johny (July 2012). “Top 50 Lyrical Leaders: 3. The Notorious B.I.G.”. 《The Source》 (New York City: L. Londell McMillan). 
  117. ↑ “Notorious B.I.G., 'Juicy'”. 《The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time》. Rolling Stone. 2012년 12월 5일. 2013년 9월 9일에 확인함. 
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  121. ↑ “Properties Available for Licensing”. 《The Licensing Letter》 (EPM). 2006년 7월 17일. 
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  124. ↑ 가 나 Stewart, Henry. “Should We Name a Street After Biggie?”. 
  125. ↑ “Notorious B.I.G.'s Son Shares Electrifying 'Big Poppa' House Remix”. 《Spin》. 2020년 8월 12일. 
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  138. ↑ 2nd Annual Source Awards
  139. ↑ 2005 ASCAP Awards
  140. ↑ 2017 ASCAP Awards
  141. ↑ 2020 ASCAP Awards
  142. ↑ “The Notorious B.I.G.”. 《rockhall.com》. 

Notes[편집]

  1. ↑ Until Wallace's death.

Further reading[편집]

External links[편집]

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