English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject.
As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.): "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes: "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes: "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that: "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
라이선스
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired and its author is anonymous. This applies to the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of 70 years after the work was made available to the public and the author never disclosed their identity. Important: Always mention where the image comes from, as far as possible, and make sure the author never claimed authorship.
Note: In Germany and possibly other countries, certain anonymous works published before July 1, 1995 are copyrighted until 70 years after the death of the author. See Übergangsrecht. Please use this template only if the author never claimed authorship or their authorship never became public in any other way. If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous (e.g., published only under a corporate or organization's name), use this template for images published more than 70 years ago.For a work made available to the public in the United Kingdom, please use Template:PD-UK-unknown instead.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
이 저작물은 1929년에서 1977년 사이에 미국에서 출판되었으며, 저작권 표시가 없었기 때문에 미국에서 퍼블릭 도메인입니다. 자세한 내용은 허틀 차트와 공공 예술품 "출판"에 대한 자세한 설명을 참조하시기 바랍니다. 이 저작물은 미국의 저작물(저작자의 사망일 기준)에 대하여 단기 보호 기간 조항이 적용되지 않는 관할 구역에서 여전히 저작권 보호 대상이며, 캐나다(저작자의 사망 이후 50년), 중국 대륙(저작자의 사망 이후 50년, 홍콩·마카오 제외), 독일(저작자의 사망 이후 70년), 멕시코(저작자의 사망 이후 100년), 스위스(저작자의 사망 이후 70년) 및 그 외의 조약이 있는 국가들에 대해 주의할 필요가 있습니다.