사용자:배우는사람/문서:Anglosphere/영문판
Anglophone[편집]
Anglophone may refer to:
- A group of people who speaks english especially in countries where english is not the only language that is being spoken. {English word}~
- Anglosphere
English-speaking world[편집]
The English-speaking world consists of those countries or regions that use the English language to one degree or another. For more information, please see:
Lists:
- List of countries by English-speaking population
- List of countries where English is an official language
Articles:
- Anglosphere
- History of the English language
- British Empire
- Commonwealth of Nations
- English in the Commonwealth of Nations
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Anglosphere[편집]
Anglosphere is a term with conflicting meanings. For some, the Anglosphere is just those set of nations with English as the most common language. For many others, it is a set of nations which share an "English-like" character and culture, particularly including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. Further still, the Anglosphere has strong global socio-economic connotations, as the six countries which comprise the anglosphere have among the world's highest standards of living.
Definitions[편집]
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The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the group of countries where English is the main native language".[1] The Merriam-Webster dictionary uses the less inclusive definition, saying "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".[2]
Proponents[편집]
The US businessman James C. Bennett, a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal traditions of English-speaking nations, writes on his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:
The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and English-speaking South Africa are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania, and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.—James C. Bennett.[3]
Bennett, argues there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.[4]
Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.[5]
According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".[6]
Criticisms[편집]
Left-wing activist Tom Hayden, writing for Zmag, an online publication, defines proponents of the Anglosphere as wanting a United States where the dominant culture remains firmly rooted in an English tradition. Hayden predicts that in the US, their project will fail. The "Anglosphere is dying, if only through demographics. It is a matter of time – of when, not whether. The newcomers have neither the need nor the capacity to assimilate into a declining Anglosphere".[7]
Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms have drawn closer together. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a Union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".[8]
The notion of Anglospheric exceptionalism (as propagated by Bennett) comes under heavy criticism from various sources which deem it an inherently far-right theory.[9][10][11]
See also[편집]
- English-speaking world
- History of the English language
- British Empire
- Anglicisation
- Commonwealth of Nations
- English in the Commonwealth of Nations
- ABCA Armies
- UKUSA Agreement
- Echelon
- History of the English Speaking Peoples (Winston Churchill)
Notes[편집]
- ↑ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2
- ↑ Merriam-Webster Staff 2010.
- ↑ Bennett 2004, p.80.
- ↑ Bennett 2004[page needed]
- ↑ Roberts 2006[page needed]
- ↑ Brown 2003.
- ↑ Hayden 2006.
- ↑ Conquest & Reply by Ignatieff 2000.
- ↑ Roberts 2008.
- ↑ Jäntti 2006.
- ↑ Reynolds 2004.
References[편집]
- Bennett, James C. (2004). 《The anglosphere challenge: why the English-speaking nations will lead the way in the twenty-first century》. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742533328.
- Bennett, James C. (2004). The anglosphere challenge: why the English-speaking nations will lead the way in the twenty-first century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742533328
- Bennett, James C.(2004). The anglosphere challenge: why the English-speaking nations will lead the way in the twenty-first century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742533328.
- Brown, Andrew (2003년 2월 15일). “Scourge and poet”. The Guardian.
- Brown, Andrew, “Scourge and poet”, 《The Guardian》, 15 February 2003 작성.
- Brown, Andrew(15 February 2003)."Scourge and poet". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/poetry/features/0,12887,902797,00.html.
- Conquest, Robert; Reply by Ignatieff, Michael (2000년 3월 23일), 《The 'Anglosphere'》, The New York Review of Books, 2007년 7월 24일에 확인함
- {{{저자}}}, The 'Anglosphere', The New York Review of Books, {{{발행년도}}} 23 March 2000.
- Conquest, Robert; Reply by Ignatieff, Michael(23 March 2000), The 'Anglosphere', The New York Review of Books, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/104, retrieved 2007-07-24
- Hayden, Tom (2006년 5월 4일). “Who Are You Calling An Immigrant?”. zmag. 2007년 7월 24일에 확인함.
- Hayden, Tom (4 May 2006). Who Are You Calling An Immigrant?. zmag. 2007년 7월 24일에 확인.
- Hayden, Tom(4 May 2006)."Who Are You Calling An Immigrant?". zmag. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10203. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- Jantti, Markus; Bernt Bratsberg, Knut Roed, Oddbjørn Raaum, Robin Naylor, Eva Osterbacka, Anders Bjorklund, Tor Eriks (January 2006). “American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States”. IZA - Institute for the Study of Labor.
- Jantti, Markus; Bernt Bratsberg, Knut Roed, Oddbjørn Raaum, Robin Naylor, Eva Osterbacka, Anders Bjorklund, Tor Eriks (January 2006). American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States. IZA - Institute for the Study of Labor.
- Jäntti, Markus(January 2006)."American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States". IZA - Institute for the Study of Labor. http://www.iza.org/index_html?lang=en&mainframe=http%3A//www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract%3Fdp_id%3D1938&topSelect=publications&subSelect=papers.
- Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). 〈anglosphere.〉. 《Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary》. 2010년 8월 5일에 확인함.
- Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "anglosphere.", Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. August 5, 2010에 확인.
- Merriam-Webster Staff(2010)."anglosphere.". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anglosphere. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- Reynolds, Glenn (2004년 10월 28일). “Explaining the 'Anglosphere'”. Guardian.co.uk.
- Reynolds, Glenn (28 October 2004). Explaining the 'Anglosphere'. Guardian.co.uk.
- Reynolds, Glenn(28 October 2004)."Explaining the 'Anglosphere'". Guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4.
- Roberts, Andrew (2006). 《A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900》. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297850768.
- Roberts, Andrew (2006). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297850768
- Roberts, Andrew(2006). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297850768.
- Roberts, Paul Craig (2008년 5월 14일). “Anglo-American Ascendancy Lost in Unnecessary Wars”. Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture.
- Roberts, Paul Craig (14 May 2008). Anglo-American Ascendancy Lost in Unnecessary Wars. Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture.
- Roberts, Paul Craig(14 May 2008)."Anglo-American Ascendancy Lost in Unnecessary Wars". Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture. http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/?p=588.
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