사용자:Evraziskykr/오커스

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

AUKUS (/ˈɔːkəs/, AW-kəs), also styled as Aukus, is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region.[1][2] Under the pact, the US and the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines.[3]

The pact also includes cooperation on "cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies and additional undersea capabilities".[3] Under the pact, Australia will acquire new long-range strike capabilities for its air force, navy and army.[3] The pact will focus on military capability, separating it from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance that also includes New Zealand and Canada.[4]

On 17 September 2021, France, which is an ally of the three countries, recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US; French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian called the pact a "stab in the back"[5] following Australia's cancellation of a French–Australian submarine deal worth €56 billion (A$90 billion) without notice,[6][7] ending efforts to develop a deeper strategic partnership between France and Australia.[8][9][10]

Background[편집]

Naval Group–Australia strategic partnership agreement[편집]

<nowiki /> Attack-class submarine 문서에 이 부분의 추가 정보가 있습니다.

In 2009, two years after the start of the project to replace the Royal Australian Navy's conventionally powered Collins-class submarines, the Australian Defence White Paper stated: "The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these submarines".[11]

In 2016, Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull signed a A$50 billion (€31 billion) deal with the partly French government-owned company Naval Group (known as DCNS until 2017) to design a new generation of submarines, known as the Attack-class, under the "Future Submarine Program", scheduled to replace the Collins-class.[12][13][note 1] The design was based on the latest French nuclear-powered attack submarine, the Barracuda class, which required converting the nuclear propulsion to conventional propulsion. Another difference was that Australia chose to equip it with a United States Navy combat system and torpedo with Lockheed Martin Australia selected to integrate them into the design.[17][18][19] Australia typically requires that part of their vessels be built there, which increases the cost. In this case it corresponded to 60 per cent of the contract value, with France handling the technology transfer.[20]

In 2019, Australia signed a strategic partnership agreement with Naval Group to design and construct twelve submarines to be built in Australia.[21][22] However, the project was beset by delays and cost overruns, leading to uncertainty and tension behind the scenes.[7][23] The revised cost, including inflation during the length of the program, was A$90 billion (€56 billion).[24]

In February 2021, an initial design plan was rejected as being too expensive, and Naval Group were given until September to improve their proposal.[25] At a Senate inquiry in early June 2021, with delays ongoing, Defence Secretary Greg Moriarty revealed under questioning that he had considered making contingency plans if the French project was to fail, admitting that there had been ongoing problems for over a year.[26] Two weeks later, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison met French president Emmanuel Macron in Paris and expressed concern about the project going off track, to which Macron replied that France was giving "full and complete" commitment and would proceed "further and faster if possible".[25]

On 30 August 2021, the French and Australian defense and foreign affairs ministers released a joint statement reaffirming the project, stating that the "Ministers underlined the importance of the Future Submarine program."[8][27][28]

Less than three weeks later, Australia decided to cancel the contract with Naval Group for the Attack-class submarines[12] despite having already spent about $2.4 billion on the French project.[29] It was expected that Australia would have to pay hundreds of millions of Euros in penalties for cancelling the contract.[30] The contract contained "control gates" with "off-ramps" at which point Australia could withdraw from the contract.[31][32]

The Australian Department of Defence wrote to Naval Group on the same day the security pact was announced.[27][33] The French Ministry of Defense claim the department told them that "they were satisfied with the submarine's achievable performance and with the progress of the program."[27] Naval Group said that Australia "terminated the contract for convenience".[34]

Morrison said that Australia now required a nuclear-powered submarine which has the advantages of greater speed, remaining underwater for longer and carrying heavier loads than a conventionally powered submarine, based on a change in the strategic situation in the Indo-Pacific.[5][3][35]

Australia–UK–US negotiations[편집]

The Sunday Telegraph reported that in March 2021 the Australian navy chief Vice Admiral Michael Noonan met in London with his British counterpart Admiral Tony Radakin and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines.[36] The Daily Telegraph reported that British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab "helped broker the deal".[37] The New York Times too reported that Australia first approached the UK for assistance.[38] Axios reported that Australia and the UK first approached the US earlier in February.[39] A trilateral discussion was held between Johnson, Biden and Morrison at the June 2021 G7 summit held in Cornwall, England.[35][40] The talks took place without Macron's knowledge.[37] This approach was possible as a result of the UK not entering into a formal foreign policy and security treaty in the post-Brexit deal with the EU. As a result, the UK was free to pursue enhanced cooperation with other allies.[41] Axios reported that the Biden administration sought assurances from Australia that cancelling the contract was not dependent on the US providing them with assistance and that cancelling was a fait accompli.[39] Morrison said Australia had been considering an alternative to the Attack-class submarine deal for the past 18 months.[35][40]

Although the joint announcement by Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, British prime minister Boris Johnson and US president Joe Biden did not mention any other country by name, anonymous White House sources have alleged it is designed to counter the influence of China in the Indo-Pacific region.[42][1] However, Johnson later told parliament that the move was not intended to be adversarial toward China.[43]

Features[편집]

Nuclear-powered submarines[편집]

Under the pact, the US will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia the same as it has with the UK since 1958 under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement as will the UK.[32][44][3] The Royal Australian Navy will now acquire at least eight nuclear-powered submarines armed with conventional weapons to be built in Australia.[3] The basic design and key technologies will be decided by the Nuclear-Powered Submarine Task Force an 18-month Department of Defence research project headed by Vice Admiral Jonathan Mead, begun in September 2021 with assistance from the US and UK.[3][45]

Australia will now extend the life of its Collins-class submarines.[3] The Attack-class was due to replace and may consider leasing or buying nuclear-powered submarines from the US or the UK in the interim until the delivery of its future nuclear powered submarines.[3][46][47] Also in the interim, Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton said that Australia will have regular visits by US and UK nuclear-powered submarines.[48][note 2] The annual Australia-US Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) between the Australian Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Defence and the US Secretaries of State and Defense held in September 2021 endorsed "increasing logistics and sustainment capabilities of U.S. surface and subsurface vessels in Australia."[50][51]

Australia considered purchasing French nuclear submarines which use nuclear reactors fuelled by low-enriched uranium (LEU) at less than 6%.[52][53] However, French reactor designs have to be refuelled every ten years,[52][54] and Australia does not have a civil nuclear capability with nuclear energy prohibited.[55] In contrast, American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines[52][56][57] using nuclear reactors fuelled by highly enriched uranium (HEU) at 93% enrichment.[58]

Currently, only six countries have nuclear submarines, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and India.[5] The New York Times reported that Australia will probably buy highly enriched uranium (HEU) from the US for the nuclear reactor that powers the submarine.[59][note 3] The United States' naval reactors are all pressurized water reactors (PWR).[61] The latest UK propulsion system is the Rolls-Royce PWR3 that will power the Royal Navy's new Dreadnought-class submarines currently being built and is "based on a US design but using UK reactor technology".[62][63]

US officials have said that sharing nuclear propulsion technology with Australia is a "one-off" and that they have no "intention of extending this to other countries".[64][65] South Korea, also a US ally, has had ambitions to acquire nuclear-powered submarines since 2017 and was reportedly refused US assistance in September 2020 because of nuclear non-proliferation.[66][67][68]

Long-range guided missiles[편집]

Morrison announced together with nuclear-powered submarines that Australia would rapidly acquire other capabilities "throughout the decade" including Tomahawk cruise missiles for the navy's Hobart-class air warfare destroyers and the AGM-158B Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM-ER) for the air force's F/A-18F Super Hornet and F-35A Lightning II multirole fighter aircraft.[3] His announcement also included capabilities that had earlier been announced including the AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM) for the F/A-18F Super Hornet, the Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) for the army, collaboration with the US to "develop hypersonic missiles for our air capabilities" and development of a "sovereign guided weapons manufacturing enterprise".[3] In July 2020, the Morrison Government announced procurement of the LRASM.[69] In December 2020, the then Defence Minister Linda Reynolds announced that Australia and the US had signed an agreement to "flight test full-size prototype hypersonic cruise missiles" under the Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment (SCIFiRE).[70][71][72] In August 2021, Defence Minister Peter Dutton announced that Australia would partner with the US to develop the Precision Strike Missile program (PrSM) for the army.[73][74] In March 2021, the Morrison Government announced that it would "accelerate the creation of a A$1 billion Sovereign Guided Weapons Enterprise".[75]

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said that Australia did not have any "reciprocal requirements" as a consequence of the US sharing nuclear submarine propulsion technology such as Australia hosting intermediate-range ballistic missiles.[76][77]

Computer and cybertechnology[편집]

The announcement of AUKUS included the stated aim of improving "joint capabilities and interoperability. These initial efforts will focus on cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and additional undersea capabilities."[78] Tom Tugendhat, chair of the British Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee, later commented on Twitter that "Bringing together the military-industrial complex of these three allies together is a step-change in the relationship. We've always been interoperable, but this aims at much more. From artificial intelligence to advanced technology the US, UK and Australia will now be able to cost save by increasing platform sharing and innovation costs. Particularly for the smaller two, that's game-changing."[79] Engineering & Technology pointed to the increasing expansion of Chinese technology firms such as Huawei, which has been excluded from tendering for participation in telecommunications networks by the US and Australia on national security grounds, and government vetoes over the attempted Chinese acquisition of American company Lattice Semiconductor and ongoing British consideration of proposed takeovers of local semiconductor firms.[79] Engineering & Technology also pointed to the March 2021 statement of the US National Security Commission on AI, of the imperative to intensify local efforts but also "rally our closest allies and partners to defend and compete in the coming era of AI-accelerated competition and conflict".[79]

Nuclear proliferation concerns[편집]

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) allows non-nuclear-weapon states to produce the highly enriched uranium for naval reactor fuel.[53] Nevertheless, the agreement to transfer US or UK nuclear submarine technology including possibly highly enriched uranium has been described as an act of nuclear proliferation,[80][81] and has been criticised by scholars and politicians.[81][82][83] In the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, scholar Sébastien Philippe criticised AUKUS and wrote "we can now expect the proliferation of very sensitive military nuclear technology in the coming years, with literally tons of new nuclear materials under loose or no international safeguards."[81] James M. Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace wrote that "the nonproliferation implications of the AUKUS submarine deal are both negative and serious. For Australia to operate nuclear-powered submarines, it will have to become the first non-nuclear-weapon state to exercise a loophole that allows it to remove nuclear material from the inspection system of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). I have no real concerns that Australia will misuse this material itself, but I am concerned that this removal will set a damaging precedent. In the future, would-be proliferators could use naval reactor programs as cover for the development of nuclear weapons."[84]

Australia and Brazil[85][86][note 4] would be the first countries without nuclear weapons to have nuclear-powered submarines. Concerns were raised that this may lead to increased risk of arms proliferation if other countries follow the same approach because it would involve other countries enriching uranium for naval reactors, potentially creating more avenues to develop material needed for nuclear weapons without the safeguards provided by regular inspections.[60] This would not apply in the case of Brazil because the reactor will use low enriched uranium at 7% concentration.[87] 20% is the minimum level required to make a nuclear weapon.[53]

Comments and responses from participating countries[편집]

Territories and territorial waters of Australia (yellow), the United Kingdom (blue), and the United States (green), including the respective Antarctic claims of Australia and the UK.

Australia[편집]

Federal opposition leader Anthony Albanese, of the Australian Labor Party, said that his party would support nuclear submarines as long as there was no requirement to have a domestic civil nuclear industry, no possession of nuclear weapons and that the deal is consistent with Australia's responsibilities under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.[88] Former Labor prime minister Paul Keating condemned the deal, saying "This arrangement would witness a further dramatic loss of Australian sovereignty, as material dependency on the United States robbed Australia of any freedom or choice in any engagement Australia may deem appropriate".[88] Former Labor prime minister Kevin Rudd warned against overly obtrusive criticism of China and recommended that Australia focus on quietly improving military capability.[89]

Former Liberal prime minister Tony Abbott called the move "the biggest decision that any Australian government has made in decades" as "it indicates that we are going to stand shoulder to shoulder with the United States and the United Kingdom in meeting the great strategic challenge of our time, which obviously, is China".[89] Abbott said that Australia would be safer as a result, and cited China's increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal.[89]

Australian defence minister Peter Dutton responded by saying that Australia wanted peace and stability and "an opportunity for Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and Korea to continue to develop". Dutton further dismissed "outbursts from China" and said that Australia was a "proud democracy" committed to "enduring peace and this collaboration makes it a safer region ... no amount of propaganda can dismiss the facts".[77]

Australian Greens leader Adam Bandt criticised the deal, saying that it escalates tensions in the region and "makes Australia less safe".[90]

United Kingdom[편집]

Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that the deal would create "hundreds of high-skilled jobs" and "preserve security and stability around the world" but said that the relationship with France was "rock solid".[5] Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat said: "After years of bullying and trade hostility, and watching regional neighbours like the Philippines see encroachment into their waters, Australia didn't have a choice, and nor did the US or UK [to make the deal]".[91] Former prime minister Theresa May questioned whether the UK would be forced into a war with China should Taiwan be invaded.[92]

Johnson responded to French anger on 21 September by saying "I just think it's time for some of our dearest friends around the world to prenez un grip about this and donnez-moi un break";[93] the latter being broken French for "get a grip and give me a break".[94]

Foreign Secretary Liz Truss viewed AUKUS as the beginning of a "Network of Liberty", and also stated "On security we are striking new pacts to protect our sea routes, trade routes and freedoms", adding that "We are in talks with Japan about better military access and operational support between our two countries [and] we want closer security ties with key allies like India and Canada in everything from fighting cyber to traditional defence capability".[95]

Former leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn called the pact "crazy beyond belief", with Labour members voting to condemn the pact as dangerous to world peace.[96][97]

The British High Commissioner to Australia Victoria Treadell told ABC Radio "This is not an issue of this Anglosphere and I really do think we have to move away from defining countries like Australia, US and the UK as Anglosphere".[98]

United States[편집]

President Joe Biden stated that the deal was a way to "address both the current strategic environment in the (Indo-Pacific) region and how it may evolve".[99] After a call between the French and US presidents, the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies. It was agreed the process would continue in such manner.[100][101]

International responses[편집]

France[편집]

The French government received official notification from Australia that the Attack-class submarine project was to be cancelled only a few hours before it was publicly announced.[102][12] Le Monde reported that the original cost of the project in 2016 was €35 billion of which €8 billion (A$12 billion) was to go to French companies.[103][104] The project was reportedly going to employ 4,000 people in France over six years at Naval Group and its 200 subcontractors.[104] The French government was angered by both the cancellation of the Attack-class submarine project and not being made aware of the negotiations that led to the AUKUS agreement.[105] In a joint statement, French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and armed forces minister Florence Parly expressed disappointment at Australia's decision to abandon their joint submarine program with France.[106][5]

Le Drian further stated in a radio interview that the contract termination was a "stab in the back".[5] On 17 September, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US.[7] Despite tension in the past, France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States.[107] In a statement, Le Drian said that the "exceptional decision is justified by the exceptional gravity of the [AUKUS] announcements" and that the snap cancellation of the submarine contract "constitute[d] unacceptable behaviour between allies and partners".[7] French president Emmanuel Macron has not commented but is reported to be "furious" about the turn of events. In response to questions about the Australia-EU trade deal currently being negotiated, French Secretary of State for European Affairs Clément Beaune stated that he doesn't see how France can trust Australia.[108] Arnaud Danjean, a French MEP, said that "Australians can expect more than a delay in concluding the Free Trade Agreement with the EU".[108] French Lowy Institute policy analyst Hervé Lemahieu said the diplomatic damage from the cancellation will take years to repair and leave a lasting legacy of mistrust".[7]After a call between the French and US presidents, the French ambassador is to return to the US.[100]

Beaune described the United Kingdom as a junior partner and vassal of the United States due to the pact, saying in an interview: "Our British friends explained to us they were leaving the EU to create Global Britain. We can see that this is a return into the American lap and a form of accepted vassalisation."[109] Le Drian stated that "We have recalled our ambassadors to [Canberra and Washington] to re-evaluate the situation. With Britain, there is no need. We know their constant opportunism. So there is no need to bring our ambassador back to explain."[110] A Franco-British defence summit has been cancelled.[111]

Opposition politicians in France criticised the French government and demanded that France leave NATO, as well as demanding a parliamentary inquiry.[112][113]

A foreign ministers meeting between France, Germany, the UK, and the US has been postponed, and a ministerial meeting between Australia, France, and India was cancelled.[114][115] France however, contacted India to talk about strengthening their cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.[116] France's foreign commerce minister declined a meeting with his Australian counterpart.[117]

French president Macron said that Europe needs to stop being naive when it comes to defending its interests and build its own military capacity.[118]

China[편집]

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s foreign affairs department spokesperson Zhao Lijian said, "The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US, the UK and Australia has seriously undermined regional peace and stability, intensified the arms race and undermined international non-proliferation efforts".[119] Zhao also said "The three countries should discard the Cold War zero-sum mentality and narrow geopolitical perspective".[120] Spokesperson Hua Chunying said "China is firmly opposed to the US, the UK and Australia's malicious exploitation of loopholes in the NPT and the IAEA safeguards mechanism".[121]

The Chinese Communist Party-owned Global Times, which is known for being more aggressive than official government statements, denounced Australia and said it had "turned itself into an adversary of China" and warned that Australia could be targeted by China as a warning to other countries if it acted "with bravado" in alliance with the US, or by being "militarily assertive".[91] It further told Australia to avoid "provocation" or else China would "certainly punish it with no mercy",[77] and concluded "Thus, Australian troops are also most likely to be the first batch of western soldiers to waste their lives in the South China Sea".[91]

A CCP official, Victor Gao — former interpreter for former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, and Vice President of a Beijing think tank, the Center for China and Globalization considered the move to be a violation of international law and warned that Australia's moves towards nuclear-powered submarines would lead to the country "being targeted with nuclear weapons," in a future nuclear war.[122]

The PRC ambassador to France Lu Shaye urged the new alliance to fulfill their nuclear non proliferation obligations and said Asia-Pacific needs jobs, not submarines, and urged France to boost cooperation.[123][124]


Other countries[편집]

  • 틀:나라자료 Canada – The deal was announced in the midst of the 2021 Canadian federal election. Opposition politicians quickly attacked Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Canada's exclusion from the pact, to which Trudeau responded by stating that "This is a deal for nuclear submarines, which Canada is not currently or any time soon in the market for. Australia is." Leader of the Official Opposition Erin O'Toole stated that he would seek to join the alliance if elected.[125]
  • 틀:나라자료 Denmark – Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said that Joe Biden is “very loyal” to Europe and that "we should not turn... challenges, which will always exist between allies, into something they should not be." The Prime Minister also said she did not understand the critcism coming from Paris and Brussels.[126]
  • 틀:나라자료 Indonesia – The Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has expressed concerns about the implications of the Australian acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines for "the continuing arms race and power projection in the region." It called on Canberra to maintain its commitment to regional peace and stability.[129][130][131] Indonesia later cancelled a planned visit by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison amid the fallout of the AUKUS deal.[132] On 22 September 2021, the People's Representative Council's Commission I, urged President Joko Widodo to take a strong stand over the AUKUS deal through the auspices of ASEAN. Commission I member Rizki Aulia Rahma described the formation of AUKUS as a threat to Indonesian national defense and sovereignty. The Foreign Ministry responded that they were working on a response to the issues posed by AUKUS.[133]
  • 틀:나라자료 Kiribati – President Taneti Maamuu said that the deal puts the region at risk and that he was not consulted in relation to it. In the past the UK and US tested nuclear weapons in Kiribati, so they are concerned about nuclear submarines being developed. Kiribati recently switched diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the China mainland. Beijing told Kiribati it is listening, whereas they felt that Australia is not listening to them. Mr Maamau said he is looking to Australia to show leadership as it debates a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050.[134]
  • 틀:나라자료 Malaysia – Malaysian Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he had raised concerns about the project with Mr. Morrison, and warned that the nuclear submarine project might heighten military tensions in Asia. He urged all parties to avoid any provocation, as well as an arms race in the region.[135] "At the same time, it will provoke other powers to take more aggressive action in this region, especially in the South China Sea," Mr Yaakob said.[135] Ismail Sabri also stressed the importance of respecting and adhering to Malaysia's existing stance and approach to nuclear-powered submarines operating in Malaysian waters, including under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty.[136] Australia has since dispatched officials to Kuala Lumpur to clarify about the deal. Malaysian Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah agreed to the suggestion of Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Marise Payne for an in-depth briefing over the matter.[137] In response to the announcement of the agreement Malaysia's defence Minister proposed an immediate working trip to China to discuss AUKUS, as they wanted to get views of AUKUS from China's Leadership.[138][139]
  • 틀:나라자료 New Zealand – On 16 September 2021, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern issued a statement reiterating New Zealand's stance that no nuclear submarines were permitted in its waters, while also stating that they were not approached about the pact and that she would not have expected them to have been approached.[140][141] Ardern said the leaders of the three member nations were "very well versed" in New Zealand's nuclear-free policy and would have "understood our likely position on the establishment of nuclear-powered submarines".[142] Notably, Ardern was the first world leader that Morrison informed prior to the announcement.[143]
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) – The Foreign Ministry of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea issued a statement via state-run Korean Centrasl News Agency, condemning the deal as 'extremely undesirable and dangerous', stating that the moves will destroy the nuclear non-proliferation system,[144] and criticising the 'double-dealing' of the U.S. which 'seriously threatens the world peace and stability.' stating that North Korea will take counteraction if the alliance threatens the country.[145][146]
  • 틀:나라자료 Portugal – Portuguese Minister Augusto Santos Silva said "In general, we ourselves express our solidarity with France, which has not been treated with due respect in this process", adding that "clearly, the form was not one that should have been followed".[150][151]
  • 러시아의 기 러시아 – Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov expressed concern, stating "This is a great challenge to the international nuclear non-proliferation regime." and that "We are also concerned about the … partnership that will allow Australia, after 18 months of consultations and several years of attempts, to obtain nuclear-powered submarines in sufficient numbers to become one of the top five countries for this type of armaments."[152]
  • 대만 대만 – Vice President Lai Ching-te, immediately welcomed the pact, referring to it "as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region."[154] The foreign affairs spokesperson said, "Taiwan, on the groundwork of the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Guarantees, will continue to deepen the close partnership with the United States, maintain the rules-based international order, and the peace, stability, and prosperity in the Taiwan Strait and in the Indo-Pacific region together."[155] Taiwan's Foreign Minister Joseph Wu also welcomed the pact, stating "We are pleased to see that the like-minded partners of Taiwan — the United States and the UK and Australia — are working closer with each other to acquire more advanced defence articles so that we can defend Indo-Pacific".[156]

European Union[편집]

President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, who told CNN that "one of our member states has been treated in a way that is not acceptable. ... We want to know what happened and why."[158][159] The EU also demanded an apology from Australia.[160] President of the European Council Charles Michel denounced a "lack of transparency and loyalty" by the US.[161] The EU said the crisis affects the whole union.[162]

Preparations for a new EU-US trade and technology council between the USA and EU were postponed.[127] France eventually dropped their opposition to these talks which took place in Pittsburgh on September 29, 2021. France also attempted to delay the free trade talks between the EU and Australia.[163] Apparently "most of Europe felt that transatlantic ties were too important to sacrifice to French pique"; such as the pro-free trade Northern Europe countries, as well as Eastern European nations that prioritize security ties with Washington, who "resented the French attempt to impose its indignation on the rest of the bloc".[164] Key advocates for the TTC talks included EU's digital chief Margrethe Vestager, who favors open markets, and EU trade chief Valdis Dombrovskis from Latvia, who views the U.S. alliance and NATO as a vital counterweight to Russia and China.[165][164][166] Lithuanian deputy European Affairs Minister Arnoldas Prankevicius proclaimed “What is important is to keep trans-Atlantic unity, because we believe this is our biggest strength and biggest value, especially vis-a-vis such countries as Russia and China”.[163]

See also[편집]

Notes[편집]

  1. ↑ The exact build price and sustainment costs submitted by Naval Group to the Australian government are confidential. The government has refused to release the details under FOI.[14] A decision by the OAIC to overturn the refusal and release the details is being appealed by the Department of Defence and Naval Group at the AAT).[15][16]
  2. ↑ The 2012 Australian Defence Force Posture Review recommended that Australia's submarine base at HMAS Stirling in Perth be expanded and be able to support US Navy submarines.[49]
  3. ↑ Even though Australia is a leading producer of uranium, it has never operated nuclear power plants.[60]
  4. ↑ See Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto.

References[편집]

  1. ↑ 가 나 Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson; President of the United States of America Joseph R. Biden (2021년 9월 16일). “Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS”. 《Prime Minister of Australia》 (보도 자료). 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ Ward, Alexander; McLeary, Paul. “Biden announces joint deal with U.K. and Australia to counter China”. 《Politico》. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 Prime Minister; Minister for Defence; Minister for Foreign Affairs; Minister for Women (2021년 9월 16일). “Australia to pursue Nuclear-powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership”. 《Prime Minister of Australia》 (보도 자료). 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함.  This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
  4. ↑ “Aukus: China denounces US-UK-Australia pact as irresponsible”. 《BBC News》 (영국 영어). 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 “Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China”. 《BBC News》. 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ Marlowe, Lara (2021년 9월 17일). “France recalls ambassadors from US, Australia over submarine deal”. 《The Irish Times》. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  7. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Shields, Bevan (2021년 9월 18일). “France recalls its ambassadors to Australia and United States amid submarine fury”. 《The Sydney Morning Herald》. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ 가 나 Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France Jean-Yves Le Drian; Minister for the Armed Forces of France Florence Parly; Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Women of Australia Marise Payne; Minister for Defence of Australia Peter Dutton (2021년 8월 30일). “Inaugural Australia-France 2+2 Ministerial Consultations”. 《Department of Defence Ministers》 (보도 자료). 2021년 9월 25일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  9. ↑ Prime Minister of Australia; President of France (2018년 5월 2일). “Vision Statement on the Australia-France Relationship by the Honourable Malcolm Turnbull, Prime Minister Of The Commonwealth Of Australia and His Excellency Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic”. 《Prime Minister of Australia》 (보도 자료). 2018년 8월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ Willsher, Kim (2021년 9월 18일). “Aukus: France's ambassador recall is 'tip of the iceberg', say analysts”. 《the Guardian》 (영어). 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ 《Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century : Force 2030 : Defence White Paper 2009》 (PDF). Department of Defence. 2009. 70쪽. ISBN 9780642297020. 2009년 5월 21일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 
  12. ↑ 가 나 다 Greene, Andrew; Probyn, Andrew; Dziedzic, Stephen (2021년 9월 15일). “Australia to get nuclear-powered submarines, scrap $90b plan to build French-designed subs”. 《ABC News》 (오스트레일리아 영어). 2021년 9월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 15일에 확인함. 
  13. ↑ Australian National Audit Office (2020년 1월 14일). 《Future Submarine Program - Transition to Design》 (PDF). Auditor-General Report No.22 2019-20. 14,15쪽. ISBN 9781760335175. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 28일에 확인함. 
  14. ↑ “Rex Patrick and Department of Defence (No 2) (Freedom of information) [2020] AICmr 40 (13 August 2020)”. Australian Information Commissioner. 2020년 8월 13일. 2021년 10월 13일에 확인함 – Austlii 경유. 
  15. ↑ Burke, Helena (2021년 10월 13일). “Australian Government spent $250,000 covering up French submarine deal”. 2021년 10월 13일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ Greene, Andrew (2021년 5월 10일). “Taxpayers footing French legal bills to keep original price of $90 billion future submarine project secret”. 《ABC News》 (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2021년 10월 13일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ Auditor-General Report 2020, 15쪽.
  18. ↑ Minister for Defence Marise Payne (2015년 11월 16일). “Minister for Defence - Speech to the Submarine Institute of Australia”. 《Department of Defence Ministers》. 2017년 3월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 
  19. ↑ “Lockheed Martin fournira les systèmes de combat des sous-marins australiens”. 《Le Temps》. 2016년 9월 30일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함 – letemps.ch 경유. 
  20. ↑ “Sous-marins: l'Australie rompt un contrat de 56 milliards d'euros avec la France pour signer avec les Etats-Unis”. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  21. ↑ Auditor-General Report 2020, 6,8,9쪽.
  22. ↑ “Naval Group signe l'accord de partenariat stratégique avec l'Australie”. 《Naval Group》 (보도 자료) (프랑스어). 2019년 2월 11일. 2021년 9월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ Needham, Kirsty (2021년 9월 22일). “Australian documents showed French submarine project was at risk for years”. 《Reuters》. 2021년 9월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ “Diplomatie – la vente de sous-marins américains à l'Australie contrarie”. 《Le Matin》. 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ 가 나 Greene, Andrew (2021년 6월 16일). “Scott Morrison warns France to meet multi-billion-dollar submarine deal deadline”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ Greene, Andrew (2021년 6월 2일). “Defence looking at alternatives to French submarines in case $90 billion program falters”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ 가 나 다 Vavasseur, Xavier (2021년 9월 21일). “French MoD Sets the Record Straight on Australian Submarine Affair”. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  28. ↑ Hurst, Daniel (2021년 9월 17일). “The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?”. 《The Guardian》 (영어). 2021년 10월 1일에 확인함. 
  29. ↑ Shepherd, Tory (2021년 9월 17일). “Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says”. 《The Guardian》. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  30. ↑ “Sous-marins australiens : "La France aura des compensations financières"”. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  31. ↑ Auditor-General Report 2020, 28, 30쪽.
  32. ↑ 가 나 Morrison, Prime Minister Scott (2021년 9월 16일). 《Interview with Jane Marwick, 6PR》. 《6PR》. 인터뷰어: Jane Marwick (Perth, Western Australia). 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  33. ↑ “Future Submarine Program - Functional Ship System Functional Review (SFR) Exit” (PDF). 《Director General Future Submarine Program Commodore Craig Bourke》. Australian Government. 2021년 9월 15일. Released under FOI 147/21/22. 2021년 10월 13일에 확인함. 
  34. ↑ Shepherd, Tory (2021년 9월 29일). “Australia tore up French submarine contract 'for convenience' Naval Group says”. 《the Guardian》 (영어). 2021년 10월 1일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ 가 나 다 Prime Minister Scott Morrison (2021년 9월 16일). “Press Conference - Canberra, ACT”. 《Prime Minister of Australia》. Canberra, ACT. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ Bodkin, Henry; Samuel, Henry; Crisp, James (2021년 9월 19일). “'Declaration of war': how UK's secret nuclear pact blindsided Europe's elite”. 《The Sunday Telegraph》. 2021년 9월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 24일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ 가 나 Malnick, Edward (2021년 9월 19일). “Liz Truss defies EU backlash over submarine pact with vow to fight for freedom”. 《The Telegraph》. 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 24일에 확인함. 
  38. ↑ Landler, Mark (2021년 9월 18일). “Submarine Deal Gives Post-Brexit Britain Its Moment on the Global Stage”. 《The New York Times》. 2021년 9월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 24일에 확인함. 
  39. ↑ 가 나 Basu, Zachary; Swan, Jonathon (2021년 10월 6일). “Inside Biden's full-court press with France”. 《Axios》. 2021년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  40. ↑ 가 나 Hurst, Daniel (2021년 9월 18일). “The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?” (The Guardian). 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 24일에 확인함. 
  41. ↑ “AUKUS reveals much about the new global strategic context”. 《Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank》 (영어). 2021년 9월 18일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  42. ↑ “Pact with U.S., Britain, will see Australia scrap French sub deal-media”. 《Reuters》 (영어). 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  43. ↑ PA Media (2021년 9월 16일). “Prime Minister: Aukus is not intended to be adversarial towards China”. Yahoo! News. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  44. ↑ Ritchie 2015, 3,4-5쪽.
  45. ↑ Galliford, Claire; Rohweder, LT Sarah (2021년 9월 17일). “Navy enters new era”. 《Department of Defence》 (보도 자료). 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  46. ↑ Remeikis, Amy (2021년 9월 19일). “Australia could initially lease submarines from UK or US but nuclear weapons remain off limits”. 《The Guardian》. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  47. ↑ “Australia to consider leasing or buying existing submarines from the US, UK”. 《Sky News Australia》. 2021년 9월 19일. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  48. ↑ Dutton, Defence Minister Peter (2021년 9월 17일). 《Interview with Karl Stefanovic, Today Show, Channel Nine》. 《Today》. 인터뷰어: Karl Stefanovic (Sydney). 2021년 9월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 28일에 확인함. 
  49. ↑ Hawke, Allan; Smith, Ric (2012년 3월 30일). Australian Defence Force Posture Review (PDF) (보고서). Department of Defence. v,35쪽. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 28일에 확인함. 
  50. ↑ “Joint Statement on Australia-U.S. Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) 2021”. 《U.S. Department of State》 (보도 자료). 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  51. ↑ “AUSMIN - Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations”. 《Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)》. Australian Government. 2021년 10월 3일에 확인함. 
  52. ↑ 가 나 다 Shepherd, Tory (2021년 9월 17일). “Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says”. 《The Guardian》. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  53. ↑ 가 나 다 Philippe, Sébastien; von Hippel, Frank (November 2016). “The Feasibility of Ending HEU Fuel Use in the U.S. Navy” (PDF). 《Arms Control Today》. 2021년 6월 28일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  54. ↑ Moore, Dr. George (March 2017). Life-of-the-Ship Reactors and Accelerated Testing of Naval Propulsion Fuels and Reactors (PDF) (보고서). Federation of American Scientists. 11–12쪽. 2021년 9월 20일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 30일에 확인함. 
  55. ↑ Morrison, Prime Minister Scott (2021년 9월 17일). 《Interview with Ben Fordham, 2GB》. 《2GB》. 인터뷰어: Ben Fordham (Sydney). 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  56. ↑ Husseini, Talal (2019년 4월 15일). “Astute vs Virginia: Which navy has the best nuclear attack submarine?”. 《Naval Technology》 (영국 영어). 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 23일에 확인함. 
  57. ↑ Ritchie, Dr Nick (February 2015). The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium (PDF) (보고서). University of York, UK. 4쪽. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  58. ↑ Hanlon, Brendan (2015). 《Validation of the Use of Low Enriched Uranium as a Replacement for Highly Enriched Uranium in US Submarine Reactors》 (PDF) (Masters). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2021년 10월 1일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  59. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (2021년 9월 15일). “Biden Announces Defense Deal With Australia in a Bid to Counter China”. 《The New York Times》 (미국 영어). ISSN 0362-4331. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  60. ↑ 가 나 Megerian; Chris (2021년 9월 15일). “U.S. will share nuclear submarine technology with Australia in new defense partnership”. 《Los Angeles Times》 (미국 영어). 2021년 9월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  61. ↑ “Fact Sheet on U.S. Nuclear Powered Warship (NPW) Safety” (PDF). 2021년 2월 16일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  62. ↑ Hollinshead, Dr P; MacKinder, A P (2009). 〈Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009)〉. 《Successor Submarine Project (Note by the Assistant Secretary)》 (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. Released under FOI. 2021년 10월 18일에 확인함. 
  63. ↑ “Safety paramount for RN nuclear submarine reactors” (PDF). 《Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science》 (Ministry of Defence) (9): 15. Autumn 2011. 2011년 10월 13일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 
  64. ↑ “Background Press Call on AUKUS”. 《The White House》. 2021년 9월 15일. 2021년 10월 18일에 확인함. 
  65. ↑ “Background Press Call by a Senior Administration Official Previewing the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”. 《The White House》. 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 10월 18일에 확인함. 
  66. ↑ Byong-su, Park (2021년 10월 3일). “Is S. Korea next in line for nuclear submarines?”. 《The Hankyoreh》. 2021년 10월 18일에 확인함. 
  67. ↑ “Nuclear-powered submarine development is pursued hastily”. 《The Dong-a Ilbo》. 2020년 10월 7일. 2021년 10월 18일에 확인함. 
  68. ↑ Lee, Peter K (2021년 10월 4일). “AUKUS and South Korea's dilemma”. 《The Korea Times》. 2021년 10월 18일에 확인함. 
  69. ↑ Prime Minister Scott Morrison; Minister for Defence Linda Reynolds (2020년 7월 1일). “Long Range Strike Capabilities to Maintain Regional Security”. 《Prime Minister of Australia》 (보도 자료). 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  70. ↑ Defence Minister Linda Reynolds (2020년 12월 1일). “Australia collaborates with the US to develop and test high speed long-range hypersonic weapons”. 《Department of Defence Ministers》 (보도 자료). 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  71. ↑ “SCIFiRE Hypersonics”. 《Royal Australian Air Force》. 2021년 7월 16일. 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  72. ↑ Pittaway, Nigel (2020년 12월 1일). “Australia, US partner on air-launched hypersonic missile”. 《DefenseNews》. 2021년 10월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  73. ↑ Defence Minister Peter Dutton (2021년 8월 12일). “Australia and US partner to spearhead precision strike missile capability”. 《Department of Defence Ministers》 (보도 자료). 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  74. ↑ Vandermaarel, Cathy (2021년 7월 28일). “US and Australian Defense Departments to partner on precision fires”. 《Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Defense Exports and Cooperation》 (보도 자료). 2021년 10월 3일에 확인함. 
  75. ↑ Prime Minister Scott Morrison; Minister for Defence Peter Dutton; Minister for Defence Industry Melissa Price; Minister for Industry, Science and Technology Christian Porter (2021년 3월 31일). “Sovereign Guided Weapons manufacturing”. 《Prime Minister of Australia》 (보도 자료). 2021년 10월 3일에 확인함.  This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
  76. ↑ US Secretary of State Antony Blinken; US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin; Australian Foreign Minister Marise Payne; Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton (2021년 9월 16일). “Secretary Antony J. Blinken, Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III, Australian Foreign Minister Marise Payne, and Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton At a Joint Press Availability”. 《U.S. Department of Defense》. 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  77. ↑ 가 나 다 Hurst, Daniel (2021년 9월 17일). “Australia dismisses China 'outbursts' and flags plans for more US military on home soil”. 《The Guardian》. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  78. ↑ “UK, US AND Australia launch new security partnership”. Prime Minister's Office. 2021년 9월 15일. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  79. ↑ 가 나 다 Dempsey, Paul (2021년 9월 17일). “View from Washington: Aukus looms over AI and quantum”. Engineering & Technology. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  80. ↑ ALEX; Ward, Er; Forgey, Quint. “Could AUKUS give Iran a nuclear excuse?” (영어). 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. “What does the Australian submarine deal mean for non-proliferation?”. 《The Economist》. 2021년 9월 17일. ISSN 0013-0613. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  81. ↑ 가 나 다 “The new Australia, UK, and US nuclear submarine announcement: a terrible decision for the nonproliferation regime”. 2021년 9월 17일. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  82. ↑ Pager, Tyler; Gearan, Anne (2021년 9월 16일). “U.S. will share nuclear submarine technology with Australia as part of new alliance, a direct challenge to China”. 《The Washington Post》. ISSN 0190-8286. 2021년 9월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  83. ↑ “AUKUS and the Consequences of the Non-Proliferation Regime Crisis”. 《ISPI》. 2021년 9월 21일. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  84. ↑ Acton, James M. “Why the AUKUS Submarine Deal Is Bad for Nonproliferation—And What to Do About It”. 《Carnegie Endowment for International Peace》. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  85. ↑ “Brazil launches first of five navy attack submarines”. 《EFE》. 2019년 12월 14일. 2019년 8월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  86. ↑ “Brazil take first step in program to join nuclear-powered sub club”. 《Reuters》. 2018년 12월 14일. 2020년 11월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  87. ↑ “¿Cómo es el proyecto Submarino Nuclear Brasileño? (2020)”. 2021년 9월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  88. ↑ 가 나 Probyn, Andrew (2021년 9월 16일). “Australia's embrace of nuclear submarine technology cements role as regional foil against China”. 《ABC News》. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  89. ↑ 가 나 다 Dalzell, Stephanie (2021년 9월 16일). “China condemns AUKUS pact as Tony Abbott calls China a 'common danger' and Kevin Rudd urges caution”. 《ABC News》. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  90. ↑ “Adam Bandt: nuclear subs deal "makes Australia less safe"”. 《ABC Radio National》. 2021년 9월 17일. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  91. ↑ 가 나 다 Blair, Gavin; Davidson, Helen (2021년 9월 16일). “China warns US-UK-Australia pact could 'hurt their own interests'”. 《The Guardian》. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  92. ↑ “Theresa May suggests Aukus submarine pact could drag UK into war with China”. 《inews.co.uk》 (영어). 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  93. ↑ Donaldson, Kitty (2021년 9월 22일). “Boris Johnson Mocks French Outrage Over Submarine Spat”. 《Bloomberg.com》 (영어). 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  94. ↑ McGee, Luke. “Analysis: UK and France reheat one of the world's oldest rivalries at a risky time for both”. 《CNN》. 2021년 9월 25일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  95. ↑ Bourke, Latika (2021년 10월 3일). “Britain wants more AUKUS deals to fight China, Russia”. 《The Sydney Morning Herald》 (영어). 2021년 10월 4일에 확인함. 
  96. ↑ Scott, Geraldine (2021년 9월 26일). “AUKUS pact 'crazy beyond belief', Corbyn”. 《The Canberra Times》. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  97. ↑ “Labour members declare Aukus military pact 'dangerous' threat to world peace”. 《The Independent》. 2021년 9월 27일. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  98. ↑ “Turnbull blows up over Morrison's sub deal”. 2021년 9월 29일. 2021년 9월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 
  99. ↑ “Why is AUKUS formed? What impact it will have on China?”. 《Firstpost》 (영어). 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  100. ↑ 가 나 “Macron, Biden agree to soothe tensions after submarine row”. 《France 24》. 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  101. ↑ “Joint Statement on the Phone Call between President Biden and President Macron”. 《The White House》 (보도 자료). 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  102. ↑ Probyn, Andrew (2021년 9월 17일). “French Ambassador says Australia's decision to scrap submarine deal was a breach of trust”. 《ABC News》 (오스트레일리아 영어). 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함. 
  103. ↑ Bezat, Jean-Michel (2021년 9월 16일). “Sous-marins : la fin du " contrat du siècle " avec l'Australie porte un coup à l'image de Naval Group” [Submarines: the end of the 'contract of the century' with Australia strikes a blow to the image of Naval Group]. 《Le Monde》 (프랑스어). 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  104. ↑ 가 나 Cowan, Christopher (2016년 5월 3일). “The ‘Contract of the Century’: France reacts to the Australian submarine deal”. 《The Strategist》 (The Australian Strategic Policy Institute). 2021년 10월 13일에 확인함. 
  105. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (2021년 9월 17일). “A landmark submarine deal may be aimed at China, but it has upset France”. 《The Washington Post》. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함. 
  106. ↑ “Communiqué conjoint de Jean-Yves Le Drian et de Florence Parly”. 《France Diplomatie》 (프랑스어). Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  107. ↑ Wadhams, Nick; Adghirni, Samy; Nussbaum, Ania (2021년 9월 17일). “France Recalls Its Ambassador to U.S. for First Time Over Subs” (영어). Bloomberg L.P. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  108. ↑ 가 나 “Geoffrey Miller: New Zealand could be the big winner of Aukus fallout”. 《RNZ》 (영어). 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  109. ↑ “France calls UK a 'junior partner' in submarine deal as Germany warns it threatens Western unity”. 《The Daily Telegraph》. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  110. ↑ “PM Morrison rejects France's accusation that Australia lied over cancelled submarine deal”. France 24. 2021년 9월 19일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  111. ↑ “UK-France defence summit cancelled in Aukus row”. 《The Guardian》. 2021년 9월 19일. 2021년 9월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  112. ↑ “Crise des sous-marins: Macron appelé par ses opposants à revoir la position de la France vis-à-vis de l'Otan” [Submarine crisis: Macron called by his opponents to review France's position vis-à-vis NATO]. 《Le HuffPost》 (프랑스어). 2021년 9월 19일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  113. ↑ “Crise des sous-marins : Christian Jacob demande la convocation d'une commission d'enquête parlementaire”. 2021년 9월 26일. 2021년 9월 26일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 26일에 확인함. 
  114. ↑ “AUKUS deal sinks meeting on UN sidelines”. 《The Canberra Times》. 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 23일에 확인함. 
  115. ↑ “australia: Fuming France cancels meet with Australia, India | India News – Times of India”. 《The Times of India》. 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 23일에 확인함. 
  116. ↑ “Macron dials Modi as France's US, Australia ties plunge into crisis | India News – Times of India”. 《The Times of India》. 2021년 9월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 23일에 확인함. 
  117. ↑ “Le ministre du Commerce extérieur Franck Riester refuse de rencontrer son homologue australien” [Foreign Trade Minister Franck Riester refuses to meet his Australian counterpart]. 《Ouest-France》 (프랑스어). 2021년 9월 24일. 
  118. ↑ “macron: Macron tells Europe to 'stop being naive' after France signs defence deal with Greece - Times of India”. 《The Times of India》. 2021년 9월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 28일에 확인함. 
  119. ↑ “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on September 16, 2021”. 《Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia》. 2021년 9월 16일. 2021년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  120. ↑ “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on September 22, 2021”. 《Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia》. 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  121. ↑ “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on September 27, 2021”. 《Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia》. 2021년 9월 27일. 2021년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  122. ↑ Henderson, Gerard (2021년 9월 25일). “Subs pact makes us a target for nuke attack? Gao figure”. 《The Australian》. 2021년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  123. ↑ White, Edward (2021년 9월 22일). “China says Asia needs jobs over submarines in fresh Aukus salvo”. 《Financial Times》. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  124. ↑ Zhang, Rachel (2021년 9월 24일). “China urges France to boost cooperation in wakes of Aukus pact”. 《South China Morning Post》. 2021년 9월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 24일에 확인함. 
  125. ↑ “Trudeau lambasted over exclusion from US-led military alliance as election nears”. 《The Guardian》 (영어). 2021년 9월 17일. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  126. ↑ “Denmark sides against EU, with Biden in AUKUS submarine row”. 《The Local.dk》. 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  127. ↑ 가 나 “German minister: Submarine dispute is 'a wake-up call'”. Deutsche Welle. 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  128. ↑ Blenkinsop, Phillip; Emmot, Robin (2021년 9월 21일). “Germany warns of lost U.S. trust as France wins EU support”. 《Reuters》. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  129. ↑ “Indonesia urges China and Australia not to embark on 'arms race'”. 《The Independent》. 2021년 9월 19일. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  130. ↑ Barrett, Chris (2021년 9월 17일). “'Deeply concerned': Indonesia uneasy about Australian nuclear subs”. 《Brisbane Times》 (영어). 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  131. ↑ Septiari, Dian (2021년 9월 18일). “Indonesia chides Australia as Indo-Pacific tensions rise”. 《The Jakarta Post》. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  132. ↑ “PM's trip to Indonesia cancelled amid fallout over AUKUS alliance”. Sky News. 2021년 9월 18일. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  133. ↑ Alfons, Matius (2021년 9월 22일). “Pemerintah Diminta Ambil Sikap Soal AUKUS, Jangan Cuma Bilang Khawatir”. 《detiknews》 (인도네시아어). 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  134. ↑ Defence, Supplied (2021년 9월 28일). “Kiribati President says AUKUS nuclear submarine deal puts Pacific at risk”. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함 – www.abc.net.au 경유. 
  135. ↑ 가 나 “Malaysia warns Australia nuclear subproject could 'provoke other powers' in Asia”. 《ABC News》 (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2021년 9월 18일. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  136. ↑ “Malaysia nyatakan kebimbangan terhadap AUKUS” (말레이어). Berita Harian. 2021년 9월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  137. ↑ Hani, Azreen (2021년 9월 20일). “Australian officials to clarify on AUKUS with Malaysia”. The Malaysian Reserve. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  138. ↑ “Malaysia to seek China's view on AUKUS”. Canberra Times. 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 27일에 확인함. 
  139. ↑ “Malaysia plans China consultations as anxiety simmers over Aukus defence pact”. 《South China Morning Post》. 2021년 9월 22일. 2021년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 24일에 확인함. 
  140. ↑ McClure, Tess (2021년 9월 16일). “Aukus submarines banned from New Zealand as pact exposes divide with western allies”. 《The Guardian》 (영어). 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  141. ↑ Palmer, Russell (2021년 9월 16일). “New Zealand a winner in AUKUS agreement, but risks remain – experts”. 《The New Zealand Herald》. 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  142. ↑ Ensor, Jamie (2021년 9월 16일). “AUKUS's impact on New Zealand: Nuclear policy 'unchanged', Five Eyes 'will endure' in face of new defence pact”. 《Newshub》 (영어). 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 18일에 확인함. 
  143. ↑ “AUKUS adds ambiguity to the Australia–New Zealand alliance”. 《The Strategist》 (오스트레일리아 영어). 2021년 10월 11일. 2021년 10월 27일에 확인함. 
  144. ↑ “N.Korea slams AUKUS submarine deal”. 《NHK World-Japan》. 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  145. ↑ “North Korea slams AUKUS deal as 'undesirable and dangerous' | NK News”. 《NK News – North Korea News》 (미국 영어). 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 9월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  146. ↑ “Answer of Chief of Foreign News Section of Department of Press and Information of DPRK Foreign Ministry” (미국 영어). Korean Central News Agency. 2017년 2월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  147. ↑ “Statement of Foreign Affairs Teodoro L. Locsin, Jr. on the Australia-United Kingdom-United States (AUKUS) enhanced trilateral security partnership”. Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  148. ↑ “Philippines supports Australia nuclear sub pact to counter China”. 《Reuters》. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  149. ↑ Dziedzic, Stephen. “Australia seeks to allay South-East Asian concerns over AUKUS nuclear submarine deal”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  150. ↑ “Portugal stands with France against AUKUS”. 《www.theportugalnews.com》. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  151. ↑ “Portugal expressa solidariedade com França e diz que Austrália "furou compromissos"” [Portugal expresses solidarity with France and says that Australia "has broken commitments"]. 《Portugal expressa solidariedade com França e diz que Austrália "furou compromissos"》 (포르투갈어). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  152. ↑ Defence, Supplied (2021년 10월 1일). “Russia becomes latest nation to express dismay over AUKUS submarine deal”. 《ABC News》 (오스트레일리아 영어). 2021년 10월 3일에 확인함. 
  153. ↑ PM Lee welcomes Australia’s assurance on AUKUS amid China’s fears over 3-nation pact. 27 August 2021. Aol.com. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  154. ↑ Lai, Ching-te. “Taiwan welcomes #AUKUS as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region.” (영어). 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함 – Twitter 경유. 틀:Primary source inline
  155. ↑ “澳英美「核潛艇」協議AUKUS的更深層涵義”. 《BBC News》. 2021년 9월 17일. 2021년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함. 
  156. ↑ Bagshaw, Eryk (2021년 10월 4일). “Taiwan backs AUKUS, warns of threat of war with China”. 《The Sydney Morning Herald》 (영어). 2021년 10월 4일에 확인함. 
  157. ↑ 가 나 Barrett, Chris (2021년 9월 16일). “Australia's nuclear sub deal 'gravely undermines regional peace' says China”. 《The Age》 (Nine Newspapers). 2021년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  158. ↑ “'Crisis of trust': France bristles at US submarine deal”. 《AP NEWS》 (영어). 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 9월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  159. ↑ “EU chief: Treatment of France 'not acceptable'”. CNN. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  160. ↑ “Aukus row: EU officials demand apology from Australia over France's treatment before trade talks”. 2021년 9월 21일. 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  161. ↑ “EU chief Michel denounces 'lack of loyalty' by US”. 《France24》. 2021년 9월 20일. 2021년 9월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  162. ↑ “Consejo de ministros de la UE: la crisis de submarinos afecta a toda la Unión” [Council of ministers of the EU: the submarine crisis affects the whole Union]. 《efe.com》 (스페인어). 2021년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 21일에 확인함. 
  163. ↑ 가 나 Cagnassola, Mary Ellen (2021년 9월 21일). “France pushes EU to consider halting trade agreement with Australia after submarine deal”. 《Newsweek》. 
  164. ↑ 가 나 “EU’s free-traders defeat French push to punish US”. 《POLITICO》. 2021년 9월 24일. 
  165. ↑ “Europe divided on plans for its own army after Aukus submarine row”. 《The National》. 
  166. ↑ Heath, Ryan. “So France is furious: Now what?”. 《POLITICO》. 

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