발기부전: 두 판 사이의 차이

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심리학적인 발기부전은 육체적인 불능에 의한 것이 아닌, [[생각]] 또는 [[느낌]] 때문에 발기 또는 삽입에 실패하는 경우이다. 이러한 경우는 흔치 않지만, 도움을 주는 것이 가능하다.
심리학적인 발기부전은 육체적인 불능에 의한 것이 아닌, [[생각]] 또는 [[느낌]] 때문에 발기 또는 삽입에 실패하는 경우이다. 이러한 경우는 흔치 않지만, 도움을 주는 것이 가능하다.

== 원인 ==
발기부전의 원인 혹은 기여 요인은 다음과 같다.
* [[중성지방]](saturated fat)이
많은 식단은 [[심장병]](heart diseases)으로 연결되며, 심장병 남성은 발기부전이 있을 가능성이 높다.<ref name="dietcauseerectiledysfunction">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Can Your Diet Cause Erectile Dysfunction? |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/can-your-diet-cause-erectile-dysfunction/ |date=20 January 2021 |website=www.clevelandclinic.org |location=[[Cleveland, Ohio]] |publisher=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="erectandheartdisease">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=17 July 2019 |title=Erectile Dysfunction & Heart Disease |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15029-heart-disease--erectile-dysfunction |website=www.clevelandclinic.org |location=[[Cleveland, Ohio]] |publisher=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> By contrast, [[plant-based diet]]s show a lower risk for ED.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=SR |last2=Breyer |first2=BN |last3=Stampfer |first3=MJ |last4=Rimm |first4=EB |last5=Giovannucci |first5=EL |last6=Kenfield |first6=SA |date=November 2020 |title=Association of Diet With Erectile Dysfunction Among Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study |editor-last=Rivara |editor-first=FP |editor-link=Fred Rivara |journal=[[JAMA Network Open]] |publisher=[[American Medical Association]] |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e2021701 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21701 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7666422 |pmid=33185675 |s2cid=226850997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Y |last2=Kang |first2=J |last3=Li |first3=Z |last4=Wang |first4=X |last5=Liu |first5=K |last6=Zhou |first6=K |last7=Wang |first7=W |last8=Shen |first8=C |date=May 2021 |title=The association between plant-based diet and erectile dysfunction in Chinese men |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |publisher=[[BioMed Central]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s12610-021-00129-5 |doi-access=free |issn=2051-4190 |pmc=8117588 |pmid=33980148 |s2cid=234476038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Russo |first1=GI |last2=Broggi |first2=G |last3=Cocci |first3=A |last4=Capogrosso |first4=P |last5=Falcone |first5=M |last6=Sokolakis |first6=I |last7=Gül |first7=M |last8=Caltabiano |first8=R |last9=Di Mauro |first9=M |date=November 2021 |title=Relationship between Dietary Patterns with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction: A Collaborative Review |journal=[[Nutrients (journal)|Nutrients]] |publisher=[[MDPI]] on behalf of the EAU‐YAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Group |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=4148 |doi=10.3390/nu13114148 |doi-access=free |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=8618879 |pmid=34836403 |s2cid=244453931}}</ref>
*[[처방약]](Prescription drugs) 즉 [[선택적세로토닌재흡수억제제]](SSRI),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Delgado PL, Brannan SK, Mallinckrodt CH, Tran PV, McNamara RK, Wang F, Watkin JG, Detke MJ |date=June 2005 |title=Sexual functioning assessed in 4 double-blind placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trials of duloxetine for major depressive disorder |editor-last=Freeman |editor-first=MP |journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry]] |publisher=Physicians Postgraduate Press |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=686–92 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v66n0603 |issn=1555-2101 |pmid=15960560 |s2cid=39581439}}</ref> [[베타블로커]](beta blockers), [[항히스타민제]](antihistamines)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7850330/ | pmid=7850330 | year=1995 | last1=Cará | first1=A. M. | last2=Lopes-Martins | first2=R. A. | last3=Antunes | first3=E. | last4=Nahoum | first4=C. R. | last5=De Nucci | first5=G. | title=The role of histamine in human penile erection | journal=British Journal of Urology | volume=75 | issue=2 | pages=220–224 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07315.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/drugs-linked-erectile-dysfunction | title=Drugs That Can Cause Erectile Dysfunction }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/8-substances-that-may-be-killing-your-erection-127187355828.html | title=8 Substances That May be Killing Your Erection }}</ref>, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, [[thiazides]], hormone modulators, and [[5α-reductase inhibitors]])<ref name="uptodate" /><ref name="LMCC" />
* 신경학적 질병 : [[당뇨성 신경장애]](diabetic neuropathy), [[측두엽간질]](temporal lobe epilepsy), [[다발성 경화증]](multiple sclerosis), [[파킨슨병]](Parkinson's disease), [[다계통위축증]](multiple system atrophy)<ref name="uptodate"/><ref name="LMCC"/><ref name="booksexualdisfunction">{{cite book |last1=Azadzoi |first1=Kazem M. |last2=Siroky |first2=Mike B. |year=2006 |chapter=Neurogenic Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women |title=Male Sexual Function: A Guide to Clinical Management |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |series=Current Clinical Urology |doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-155-0_9 |isbn=978-1-59745-155-0 |pages=195–226 |s2cid=67897138}}</ref>
* Cavernosal disorders (e.g., [[Peyronie's disease]])<ref name="uptodate"/><ref name=AMN>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2006 |title=Male Sexual Dysfunction Epidemiology |url=http://www.health.am/sex/more/male_sexual_dysfunction_epid/ |work=Erectile dysfunction |publisher=Armenian Health Network, Health.am |access-date=2007-10-07}}</ref>
* [[고프로락틴혈증]](Hyperprolactinemia) : (e.g., due to a [[prolactinoma]])<ref name="uptodate"/>
* 심리적 원인 : [[수행 불안]](performance anxiety), [[스트레스]], [[정신 질환]](mental disorders)<ref name=health.am>{{cite web |vauthors=Lue TF |year=2006 |title=Causes of Erectile Dysfunction |url=http://www.health.am/sex/more/causes_of_erectile_dysfunction/ |work=Erectile dysfunction |publisher=Armenian Health Network, Health.am |access-date=2007-10-07}}</ref>
* 수술 : 급진적 [[전립선절개술]](prostatectomy)<ref name=healthcommunities>{{cite web | title =Erectile Dysfunction Causes | publisher =Healthcommunities.com | work =Erectile Dysfunction | url =http://www.urologychannel.com/erectiledysfunction/causes.shtml | year =1998 | access-date =2007-10-07 | archive-date =2007-10-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071009220836/http://www.urologychannel.com/erectiledysfunction/causes.shtml | url-status =dead }}</ref>
* [[Ageing]]: after age 40 years, ageing itself is a [[risk factor]] for ED, although numerous other pathologies that may occur with ageing, such as [[testosterone deficiency]], [[cardiovascular diseases]], or [[diabetes]], among others, appear to have interacting effects<ref name="Gokce">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gökçe Mİ, Yaman Ö | title = Erectile dysfunction in the elderly male | journal = Turkish Journal of Urology | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–251 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28861293 | pmc = 5562240 | doi = 10.5152/tud.2017.70482 }}</ref><ref name="Meldrum">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meldrum DR, Morris MA, Gambone JC, Esposito K | title = Aging and erectile function | journal = The Aging Male | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 1115–1124 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 31724458 | doi = 10.1080/13685538.2019.1686756 | s2cid = 208018226 }}</ref>
* [[신장병]](Kidney disease) : 발기부전과 만성신장질환은 혈관장애(vascular disorder)와 호르몬 장애(hormonal dysfunction)와 같은 공통적인 병리학적 기제가 있다. 또한 고혈압(hypertension)과 제1형당뇨병(diabetes mellitus)과 같은 발기부전의 기여요인이 되는 다른 동반질환도 공통점이다.<ref name="Papa">{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou E, Varouktsi A, Lazaridis A, Boutari C, Doumas M | title = Erectile dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology to management | journal = World Journal of Nephrology | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 379–387 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26167462 | pmc = 4491929 | doi = 10.5527/wjn.v4.i3.379 }}</ref>
* 생활습관 : 특히 흡연, 이는 [[죽상경화증]](Atherosclerosis)을 촉진하기에 발기부전의 주요 위험 인자이다.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peate I | title = The effects of smoking on the reproductive health of men | journal = Br J Nurs | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 362–66 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15924009 | doi=10.12968/bjon.2005.14.7.17939}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Korenman SG | title = Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction | journal = Endocrine | volume = 23 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 87–91 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15146084 | doi = 10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:087 | s2cid = 29133230 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kendirci M, Nowfar S, Hellstrom WJ | title = The impact of vascular risk factors on erectile function | journal = Drugs of Today | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–74 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15753970 | doi = 10.1358/dot.2005.41.1.875779 }}</ref> Due to its propensity for causing [[detumescence]] and erectile dysfunction, some studies have described [[tobacco]] as an anaphrodisiacal substance.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=28723353 |year=2015 |last1=Verze |first1=P. |title=The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review |journal=European Urology Focus |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |last2=Margreiter |first2=M. |last3=Esposito |first3=K. |last4=Montorsi |first4=P. |last5=Mulhall |first5=J. |doi=10.1016/j.euf.2015.01.003}}</ref>
*[[COVID-19]] : 예비연구는 COVID-19 바이러스 면역이 성적 생리적 건강에 영향을 끼친다고 본다.<ref name="Sansone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, Colonnello E, Vena W, Jannini EA |author7-link=Emmanuele A. Jannini| title = Addressing male sexual and reproductive health in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak | journal = Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–231 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 32661947 | pmc = 7355084 | doi = 10.1007/s40618-020-01350-1 }}</ref><ref name="Tian">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tian Y, Zhou LQ | title = Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on male reproduction | journal = Reproduction | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | pages = R37–R44 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33434886 | doi = 10.1530/rep-20-0523 | s2cid = 229455124 }}</ref>


Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply.<ref name=healthcommunities/> ED is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including [[prostatectomy]] and destruction of the [[prostate]] by [[external beam radiation]], although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve an erection. As far as inguinal hernia surgery is concerned, in most cases, and in the absence of postoperative complications, the operative repair can lead to a recovery of the sexual life of people with preoperative sexual dysfunction, while, in most cases, it does not affect people with a preoperative normal sexual life.<ref name=groin-cause>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM | title = Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–38 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15661052 | doi = 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x | s2cid = 30209465 }}</ref>

ED can also be associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sommer F, Goldstein I, Korda JB | s2cid = 34409059 | title = Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: a review. | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 2346–58 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20102446 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01664.x }}</ref> The increased risk appears to be about 1.7-fold.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huang V, Munarriz R, Goldstein I | title = Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: an increase in interest (and concern). | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 596–604 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16422816 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00099.x }}</ref>

Concerns that use of pornography can cause ED<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson M, Wilson G | title=Porn-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: A Growing Problem | journal=Psychology Today | date = July 11, 2011}}</ref> have little support<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whelan |first1=Georgina |last2=Brown |first2=Jac |title=Pornography Addiction: An Exploration of the Association Between Use, Perceived Addiction, Erectile Dysfunction, Premature (Early) Ejaculation, and Sexual Satisfaction in Males Aged 18-44 Years |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |date=September 2021 |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1582–1591 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.014 |pmid=34400111 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34400111/ |issn=1743-6109 |quote=There was no evidence for an association between internet pornography use with erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, or sexual satisfaction. However, there were small to moderate positive correlations between self-perceived internet pornography addiction and erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation or sexual dissatisfaction.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grubbs |first1=Joshua B. |last2=Gola |first2=Mateusz |title=Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |date=January 2019 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004 |pmid=30621919 |s2cid=58592884 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30621919/ |access-date=30 December 2021 |issn=1743-6109 |quote=there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED.}}</ref> in epidemiological studies, according to a 2015 literature review.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Landripet I, Štulhofer A | title = Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men? | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 1136–1139 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25816904 | doi = 10.1111/jsm.12853 }}</ref> According to [[Gunter de Win]], a Belgian professor and sex researcher, "Put simply, respondents who watch 60 minutes a week and think they're addicted were more likely to report sexual dysfunction than those who watch a care-free 160 minutes weekly."<ref name="Boom 2020">{{cite web | vauthors = Van Boom D | title=Porn addiction is ruining lives, but scientists aren't convinced it's real | website=CNET | date=1 December 2020 | url=https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/ | access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs Geysemans Van Hal Glazemakers p. ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van Hal G, Glazemakers I, Fog-Poulsen K, Vermandel A, De Wachter S, De Win G | display-authors = 6 | title = Is online pornography consumption linked to offline sexual dysfunction in young men? A multivariate analysis based on an international web-based survey | journal = JMIR Public Health and Surveillance | date = September 2021 | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = e32542 | pmid = 34534092 | doi = 10.2196/32542 | publisher = JMIR Publications Inc. | pmc = 8569536 | quote = '''Conclusions:''' This prevalence of ED in young men is alarmingly high and the results of presented study suggest a significant association with PPC. }}</ref>


== 개선 ==
== 개선 ==

2022년 12월 19일 (월) 01:55 판

발기부전
다른 이름Erectile dycurtision, Impotence
무기력한 성기의 단면
진료과비뇨의학과

발기부전(勃起不全, 영어: erectile dysfunction, ED, impotence)은 발기가 온전하지 않은 남성 성기능 장애의 하나이다. 음경이 발기하지 않거나 정상적인 성관계를 하는 동안 발기된 상태를 유지할 수 없는 것을 증상으로 한다.[1] 일반적으로 성욕이 줄면 발기가 잘 되지 않지만 성욕이 있는데도 발기가 되지 않는 경우가 특별히 문제된다.

음경의 발기는 음경 해면체에 혈액이 유입되어 유지되는 수력학적 효과에 의한다. 그 과정은 종종 성적 흥분의 결과로 시작되며, 이때 신호들이 뇌로부터 음경 내 신경으로 전달된다. 발기가 어려운 원인은 다양한데, 칼륨통로(voltage-gated potassium channel)의 변경, 심혈관 질환, 당뇨병, 신경학적 문제, 호르몬 부족, 약제의 부작용 등이 있다.

심리학적인 발기부전은 육체적인 불능에 의한 것이 아닌, 생각 또는 느낌 때문에 발기 또는 삽입에 실패하는 경우이다. 이러한 경우는 흔치 않지만, 도움을 주는 것이 가능하다.

원인

발기부전의 원인 혹은 기여 요인은 다음과 같다.

많은 식단은 심장병(heart diseases)으로 연결되며, 심장병 남성은 발기부전이 있을 가능성이 높다.[2][3] By contrast, plant-based diets show a lower risk for ED.[4][5][6]


Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply.[16] ED is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including prostatectomy and destruction of the prostate by external beam radiation, although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve an erection. As far as inguinal hernia surgery is concerned, in most cases, and in the absence of postoperative complications, the operative repair can lead to a recovery of the sexual life of people with preoperative sexual dysfunction, while, in most cases, it does not affect people with a preoperative normal sexual life.[26]

ED can also be associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression.[27] The increased risk appears to be about 1.7-fold.[28]

Concerns that use of pornography can cause ED[29] have little support[30][31] in epidemiological studies, according to a 2015 literature review.[32] According to Gunter de Win, a Belgian professor and sex researcher, "Put simply, respondents who watch 60 minutes a week and think they're addicted were more likely to report sexual dysfunction than those who watch a care-free 160 minutes weekly."[33][34]

개선

비아그라 등의 효능이 검증된 약과 더불어 단전호흡을 하다 보면 의지와 관계없이 발기가 되는 것으로 보아 단전호흡이 도움 되는 것으로 추정되므로, 오남용 우려 처방 의약품으로 지정한 바 있다.

같이 보기

각주

  1. ↑ Erectile dysfunction, www.muschealth.com
  2. ↑ “Can Your Diet Cause Erectile Dysfunction?”. 《www.clevelandclinic.org》. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Clinic. 2021년 1월 20일. 2022년 1월 4일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ “Erectile Dysfunction & Heart Disease”. 《www.clevelandclinic.org》. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Clinic. 2019년 7월 17일. 2022년 1월 4일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ Bauer, SR; Breyer, BN; Stampfer, MJ; Rimm, EB; Giovannucci, EL; Kenfield, SA (November 2020). Rivara, FP, 편집. “Association of Diet With Erectile Dysfunction Among Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study”. 《JAMA Network Open》 (American Medical Association) 3 (11): e2021701. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21701. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 7666422. PMID 33185675. S2CID 226850997. 
  5. ↑ Lu, Y; Kang, J; Li, Z; Wang, X; Liu, K; Zhou, K; Wang, W; Shen, C (May 2021). “The association between plant-based diet and erectile dysfunction in Chinese men”. 《Basic and Clinical Andrology》 (BioMed Central) 31 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/s12610-021-00129-5. ISSN 2051-4190. PMC 8117588. PMID 33980148. S2CID 234476038. 
  6. ↑ Russo, GI; Broggi, G; Cocci, A; Capogrosso, P; Falcone, M; Sokolakis, I; Gül, M; Caltabiano, R; Di Mauro, M (November 2021). “Relationship between Dietary Patterns with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction: A Collaborative Review”. 《Nutrients》 (MDPI on behalf of the EAU‐YAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Group) 13 (11): 4148. doi:10.3390/nu13114148. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8618879. PMID 34836403. S2CID 244453931. 
  7. ↑ Delgado PL, Brannan SK, Mallinckrodt CH, Tran PV, McNamara RK, Wang F, Watkin JG, Detke MJ (June 2005). Freeman MP, 편집. “Sexual functioning assessed in 4 double-blind placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trials of duloxetine for major depressive disorder”. 《The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry》 (Physicians Postgraduate Press) 66 (6): 686–92. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0603. ISSN 1555-2101. PMID 15960560. S2CID 39581439. 
  8. ↑ Cará, A. M.; Lopes-Martins, R. A.; Antunes, E.; Nahoum, C. R.; De Nucci, G. (1995). “The role of histamine in human penile erection”. 《British Journal of Urology》 75 (2): 220–224. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07315.x. PMID 7850330. 
  9. ↑ “Drugs That Can Cause Erectile Dysfunction”. 
  10. ↑ “8 Substances That May be Killing Your Erection”. 
  11. ↑ 가 나 다 라 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; uptodate라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  12. ↑ 가 나 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; LMCC라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  13. ↑ Azadzoi, Kazem M.; Siroky, Mike B. (2006). 〈Neurogenic Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women〉. 《Male Sexual Function: A Guide to Clinical Management》. Current Clinical Urology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. 195–226쪽. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-155-0_9. ISBN 978-1-59745-155-0. S2CID 67897138. 
  14. ↑ “Male Sexual Dysfunction Epidemiology”. 《Erectile dysfunction》. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. 2006. 2007년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  15. ↑ Lue TF (2006). “Causes of Erectile Dysfunction”. 《Erectile dysfunction》. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. 2007년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ 가 나 “Erectile Dysfunction Causes”. 《Erectile Dysfunction》. Healthcommunities.com. 1998. 2007년 10월 9일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2007년 10월 7일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ Gökçe Mİ, Yaman Ö (September 2017). “Erectile dysfunction in the elderly male”. 《Turkish Journal of Urology》 43 (3): 247–251. doi:10.5152/tud.2017.70482. PMC 5562240. PMID 28861293. 
  18. ↑ Meldrum DR, Morris MA, Gambone JC, Esposito K (December 2020). “Aging and erectile function”. 《The Aging Male》 23 (5): 1115–1124. doi:10.1080/13685538.2019.1686756. PMID 31724458. S2CID 208018226. 
  19. ↑ Papadopoulou E, Varouktsi A, Lazaridis A, Boutari C, Doumas M (July 2015). “Erectile dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology to management”. 《World Journal of Nephrology》 4 (3): 379–387. doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i3.379. PMC 4491929. PMID 26167462. 
  20. ↑ Peate I (2005). “The effects of smoking on the reproductive health of men”. 《Br J Nurs》 14 (7): 362–66. doi:10.12968/bjon.2005.14.7.17939. PMID 15924009. 
  21. ↑ Korenman SG (2004). “Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction”. 《Endocrine》 23 (2–3): 87–91. doi:10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:087. PMID 15146084. S2CID 29133230. 
  22. ↑ Kendirci M, Nowfar S, Hellstrom WJ (2005). “The impact of vascular risk factors on erectile function”. 《Drugs of Today》 41 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.1.875779. PMID 15753970. 
  23. ↑ Verze, P.; Margreiter, M.; Esposito, K.; Montorsi, P.; Mulhall, J. (2015). “The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review”. 《European Urology Focus》 1 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2015.01.003. PMID 28723353. 
  24. ↑ Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, Colonnello E, Vena W, Jannini EA (February 2021). “Addressing male sexual and reproductive health in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak”. 《Journal of Endocrinological Investigation》 44 (2): 223–231. doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01350-1. PMC 7355084. PMID 32661947. 
  25. ↑ Tian Y, Zhou LQ (February 2021). “Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on male reproduction”. 《Reproduction》 161 (2): R37–R44. doi:10.1530/rep-20-0523. PMID 33434886. S2CID 229455124. 
  26. ↑ Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM (2005). “Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia”. 《Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis》 12 (1): 35–38. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x. PMID 15661052. S2CID 30209465. 
  27. ↑ Sommer F, Goldstein I, Korda JB (July 2010). “Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: a review.”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 7 (7): 2346–58. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01664.x. PMID 20102446. S2CID 34409059. 
  28. ↑ Huang V, Munarriz R, Goldstein I (September 2005). “Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: an increase in interest (and concern).”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 2 (5): 596–604. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00099.x. PMID 16422816. 
  29. ↑ Robinson M, Wilson G (2011년 7월 11일). “Porn-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: A Growing Problem”. 《Psychology Today》. 
  30. ↑ Whelan, Georgina; Brown, Jac (September 2021). “Pornography Addiction: An Exploration of the Association Between Use, Perceived Addiction, Erectile Dysfunction, Premature (Early) Ejaculation, and Sexual Satisfaction in Males Aged 18-44 Years”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 18 (9): 1582–1591. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.014. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 34400111. There was no evidence for an association between internet pornography use with erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, or sexual satisfaction. However, there were small to moderate positive correlations between self-perceived internet pornography addiction and erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation or sexual dissatisfaction. 
  31. ↑ Grubbs, Joshua B.; Gola, Mateusz (January 2019). “Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 16 (1): 111–125. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 30621919. S2CID 58592884. 2021년 12월 30일에 확인함. there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED. 
  32. ↑ Landripet I, Štulhofer A (May 2015). “Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men?”. 《The Journal of Sexual Medicine》 12 (5): 1136–1139. doi:10.1111/jsm.12853. PMID 25816904. 
  33. ↑ Van Boom D (2020년 12월 1일). “Porn addiction is ruining lives, but scientists aren't convinced it's real”. 《CNET》. 2021년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  34. ↑ Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van Hal G, Glazemakers I, Fog-Poulsen K, Vermandel A, 외. (September 2021). “Is online pornography consumption linked to offline sexual dysfunction in young men? A multivariate analysis based on an international web-based survey”. 《JMIR Public Health and Surveillance》 (JMIR Publications Inc.) 7 (10): e32542. doi:10.2196/32542. PMC 8569536. PMID 34534092. Conclusions: This prevalence of ED in young men is alarmingly high and the results of presented study suggest a significant association with PPC. 

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