사용자:Tichiel/연습장

에코 챔버

( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media) 문서의 08:45, 19 September 2019 버전을 참조하였습니다. <-나중에 쓰기)

뉴스 미디어에서 '에코 챔버'는 폐쇄된 시스템 내부의 소통과 반복에 의해 신념이 증폭되거나 강화되는 상황을 뜻한다. 에코 챔버를 방문함으로써, 사람들은 확증 편향의 무의식적인 작용으로서, 자신의 기존 견해를 강화하는 정보를 찾을 수 있다.

( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria 문서의 17:44, 17 October 2019 버전을 참조하였습니다. <-나중에 쓰기)

---

-리미널리티

=역치성

---

-메타인지 Metacognition 번역

정의

이런 높은 수준의 인지는 미국의 발달 심리학자 인 John H. Flavell (1976)에 의해 메타 인지라고 정의되었다. 메타인지라는 용어는 말그대로 '인지 이상의 것'을 의미하며,인지에 대한 인지를 가리키거나, 보다 비격식적으로는 생각에 대해 생각하는것을 의미한다. Flavell은 메타인지를 인지 및 인지의 제어에 대한 지식으로 정의했다. 예를 들어, 어떤 사람이 B보다 A를 배우는 데 더 많은 문제가 있음을 알아차리거나, 사실로 받아들이 기 전에 C를 다시 확인해야한다고 생각하면 메타인지를 활용한 것이다.J. H. Flavell (1976, 232 쪽). Andreas Demetriou의 이론 (신 피아제 인지발달이론 중 하나)은 인간 정신의 필수 구성 요소로 간주되는 자기 모니터링, 자기 표현 및 자기 조절 과정을 지칭하기 위해 과인지(Hyper-Cognition)라는 용어를 사용했습니다.

Metacognition also involves thinking about one's own thinking process such as study skills, memory capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. This concept needs to be explicitly taught along with content instruction.

Metacognitive knowledge is about one's own cognitive processes and the understanding of how to regulate those processes to maximize learning.

Some types of metacognitive knowledge would include:

• Content knowledge (declarative knowledge) which is understanding one's own capabilities, such as a student evaluating their own knowledge of a subject in a class. It is notable that not all metacognition is accurate. Studies have shown that students often mistake lack of effort with understanding in evaluating themselves and their overall knowledge of a concept. Also, greater confidence in having performed well is associated with less accurate metacognitive judgment of the performance.
• Task knowledge (procedural knowledge), which is how one perceives the difficulty of a task which is the content, length, and the type of assignment. The study mentioned in Content knowledge also deals with a person's ability to evaluate the difficulty of a task related to their overall performance on the task. Again, the accuracy of this knowledge was skewed as students who thought their way was better/easier also seemed to perform worse on evaluations, while students who were rigorously and continually evaluated reported to not be as confident but still did better on initial evaluations.
• Strategic knowledge (conditional knowledge) which is one's own capability for using strategies to learn information. Young children are not particularly good at this; it is not until students are in upper elementary school that they begin to develop an understanding of effective strategies.

Metacognition is a general term encompassing the study of memory-monitoring and self-regulation, meta-reasoning, consciousness/awareness and autonoetic consciousness/self-awareness. In practice these capacities are used to regulate one's own cognition, to maximize one's potential to think, learn and to the evaluation of proper ethical/moral rules. It can also lead to a reduction in response time for a given situation as a result of heightened awareness, and potentially reduce the time to complete problems or tasks.

In the domain of experimental psychology, an influential distinction in metacognition (proposed by T. O. Nelson & L. Narens) is between Monitoring—making judgments about the strength of one's memories—and Control—using those judgments to guide behavior (in particular, to guide study choices). Dunlosky, Serra, and Baker (2007) covered this distinction in a review of metamemory research that focused on how findings from this domain can be applied to other areas of applied research.

In the domain of cognitive neuroscience, metacognitive monitoring and control has been viewed as a function of the prefrontal cortex, which receives (monitors) sensory signals from other cortical regions and implements control using feedback loops (see chapters by Schwartz & Bacon and Shimamura, in Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008).

Metacognition is studied in the domain of artificial intelligence and modelling. Therefore, it is the domain of interest of emergent systemics.