사용자:Bae. S./(역사서술론(혹은 역사학(?))-Historiography 번역 작업)

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Historiography is the study of the practice of history. This can take many forms, including the study of historical method and the historical development of history as an academic discipline. The term can also be used to refer a specific body of historical writing. For instance, "medieval historiography during the 1960s" can be taken to mean the methodological approaches and ideas about medieval history present in written history during that decade. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians.

역사서술론 (Historiography, 한국 대학교과에서는 주로 사학사라 부름)란 역사학이 어떻게 이루어지는가에 대한 연구이다. 연구는 여러 다른 방식으로 이루어질 수 있는데, 역사학적 방법론에 대한 연구와 학문 분과로서 역사학의 (역사적)발전 과정 등이다. 이 용어는 또한 특정한 역사적 서술을 일컫는 말로 쓰이기도 한다. 예를 들어 "1960년대 당시의 중세 역사서술론"이란 60년대라는 시기에 이루어진 중세 역사학에 관한 방법론적인 접근과 개념들을 의미한다고 받아들여진다. (이하 생략)

Defining historiography

역사서술론에 대한 정의

Conal Furay and Michael J. Salevouris define "historiography" as "the study of the way history has been and is written — the history of historical writing... When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians." (The Methods and Skills of History: A Practical Guide, 1988, p. 223, ISBN 0-88295-982-4)

Conal Furay와 Michael J. Salevoris는 "역사서술론"을 "역사학이 걸어오고 서술된 방법에 대한 연구-역사학 서술에 대한 역사...당신이 '역사서술론'을 공부한다면 당신은 직접 과거의 사건들을 연구하는 것이 아니라 개개인의 역사가들에 의한 이들 과거의 사건들에 대한 변화하는 해석들을 연구하는 것이다."라고 정의한다. (The Methods and Skills of History: A Practical Guide, 1988, p. 223, ISBN 0-88295-982-4)

Although questions of method have concerned historians since Thucydides, many trace the modern study of historiography to E. H. Carr's 1961 work What is History?. Carr challenged the traditional belief that the study of the methods of historical research and writing were unimportant. His work remains in print to this day, and is used in many postgraduate programs of study in the English-speaking world.

비록 방법에 대한 문제는 투키디데스로부터 역사가들에게 고려의 대상이었지만, 대다수는 근대 역사서술론 연구의 본격적인 시작을 E. H. Carr의 1961년도 저작인 "역사란 무엇인가"로 삼고 있다. Carr는 역사학적 방법론, 즉 역사학적 연구에 대한 방법들에 대한 연구와 서술이 중요하지 않다는 과거 전통적인 믿음에 도전했다. 고전으로 알려진 E. H. Carr의 저술은 영어권에서는 대학원 이상의 상당수 과정에서 쓰이고 있으며, 한국에서도 추천도서로 많은 대학생들, 나아가 중, 고등 학생을 포함한 일반인들에게도 교양서로 인식되고 있다.

Historiography is often political in nature. For example, the Dunning school of historiography, which was sympathetic to former slave owners and leaders of the Confederacy, contended that black people, particularly former slaves, should neither be permitted to vote nor bear arms. In the 1960s, historiography corrected the racism of the Dunning School viewpoint, and history that included the viewpoint of African Americans who had been disenfranchised by the Jim Crow political and economic system that grew up alongside the powerful Dunning School and its way of telling history from the viewpoint of former slave owners. Mid-twentieth century historians also focused on primary sources to reveal previously excluded roles of women, minorities, and labor from earlier histories of the United States. According to these historiographers, historians in the 1930s and 1940s had a bias toward wealthy and well-connected white males. Some historians from that point onward devoted themselves to what they saw as more accurate representations of the past, casting a light on those who had been previously disregarded as non-noteworthy.

역사서술론은 종종 정치적인 성격을 지닌다. (동양 역사서술론 논쟁에 관한 논점이 추가되어야 함. Dunning 학파에 대한 예시는 좋으나, 미국에 관한 예임.)

The study of historiography demands a critical approach that goes beyond the mere examination of historical fact. Historiographical studies consider the source, often by researching the author, his or her position in society, and the type of history being written at the time.

역사서술론에 관한 연구는 단순한 역사적 사실에 관한 연구의 차원을 넘어 비판적인 접근을 필요로 한다. 역사서술론 연구들은 사료를 연구하며, 이는 종종 역사를 서술하는 역사가의 배경을 연구함으로써 이루어진다. 그 역사가의 사회에서의 위치는 무엇인가, 그리고 한 시기에 어떤 종류의 역사가 쓰여졌는가 등이 연구된다.

Basic issues studied in historiography

역사서술론 연구의 기본 문제들

Some of the common questions of historiography are: 역사서술론에 대한 흔한 질문들이 몇몇가지 있다. 다음에 소개한다:

• Who wrote the source (primary or secondary)?
• For primary sources, we look at the person in his or her society, for secondary sources, we consider the theoretical orientation of the approach for example, Marxist or Annales School, ("total history"), political history, etc.
• What is the authenticity, authority, bias/interest, and intelligibility of the source?
• What was the view of history when the source was written?
• Was history supposed to provide moral lessons?
• What or who was the intended audience?
• What sources were privileged or ignored in the narrative?
• By what method was the evidence compiled?
• In what historical context was the work of history itself written?

• 누가 일차 또는 이차적 자료(역사학에서는 흔히 사료라고 칭함)를 작성했는가?

///이어서.

Issues engaged in so-called critical historiography includes topics such as:

• What constitutes an historical "event"?
• In what modes does a historian write and produce statements of "truth" and "fact"?
• How does the medium (novel, textbook, film, theatre, comic) through which historical information is conveyed influence its meaning?
• What inherent epistemological problems does archive-based history contain?
• How does the historian establish their own objectivity or come to terms with their own subjectivity?
• What is the relation of historical theory to historical practice?
• What is the "goal" of history?
• What is history?