탕산대지진: 두 판 사이의 차이
내용 삭제됨 내용 추가됨
잔글 봇: 틀 이름 및 스타일 정리 |
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'''탕산 지진'''({{llang|zh-cn|唐山地震|탕산디진}}) 혹은 '''탕산대지진'''({{llang|zh|唐山大地震}})은 1976년 7월 28일 오전 3시 42분에 [[중국]] [[허베이성]] [[탕산시]] 주변 지역을 강타한 [[모멘트 규모]]M<sub>w</sub>7.6의 [[지진]]이다. 지진의 최대진도는 [[수정 메르칼리 진도 계급]] 기준 XI이다. 지진 직후 탕산시의 건물 85%가 붕괴되거나 사용 불가능 수준으로 파괴되었고 모든 사회 서비스가 중단되었으며 고속도로와 교량 대부분이 붕괴되거나 심각한 손상을 입었다.<ref>{{Harvnb|Housner|He|2002|loc=Prologue}}.</ref> 중국 측 공식 보고서에 따르면 탕산시에서 242,769명이 사망하고 164,851명이 중상을 입었다고 발표했지만 실종자와 나중에 사망한 부상자, 인근 [[베이징]]과 [[톈진]]에서의 사망자를 고려하면 최소 30만명이 사망했다고 추정되며<ref name="Xia Mingfang">{{cite book|chapter=家庭的解体与重生:历史视野下的唐山大地震 |title=文明的"双相"——灾害与历史的缠绕|last=夏明方|date=2020|publisher=广西师范大学出版社|page=79|chapter-url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_8247540}}</ref><ref name="year40">{{cite news|title=唐山大地震四十年:反思与"记忆"|work=东方历史评论|last=王瓒玮|date=2016-07-28|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/107947175_120776}} Reprinted as: {{Cite news|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/769233.html|title=唐山大地震40年:从死亡人数到天灾还是人祸仍是一地鸡毛|work=Jiemian|access-date=2019-02-06|date=2016-07-28|author=王瓒玮|archive-date=2021-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115010316/https://www.jiemian.com/article/769233.html}}</ref> 이는 [[지진 목록|근대 기록상 가장 많은 사망자가 발생한 지진]]이자 중국에서 사망자가 가장 많은 자연재해 중 하나로 꼽힌다. |
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'''탕산 지진'''(唐山地震, {{llang|zh-cn|唐山地震}})은 [[1976년]] [[7월 28일]] 3시 42분에 [[중화인민공화국]] [[허베이성]] [[탕산 시]] 부근을 진원으로서 발생한 규모 7.5(미국지질조사소 발표, 중국지진국은 규모 7.8로 구분)의 직하형 지진이다. 시가지를 북북동에서 남남서로 달리는 단층을 따라서 큰 수평 오른쪽에 차이가 발생하면서, 격진에 의해서 당시 중국의 유수한 공업도시인 탕산은 괴멸 상태가 되었다. 공식 기록에 의하면 이 지진에 의한 사망자는 242,419명이며, 이것은 20 세기 최대의 피해이다. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.3em" |
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== 지진 == |
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|+가장 피해가 컸던 지진 |
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!순위 |
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!일자 |
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!장소 |
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!이름 |
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!사망자 |
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!규모 |
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|- |
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!1 |
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|1556년 1월 23일 |
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|[[중화인민공화국|중국]] [[산시성 (섬서성)|산시]] |
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|[[산시 대지진]] |
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|830,000 |
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|8.0 |
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|- |
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!2 |
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|1976년 7월 28일 |
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|[[중화인민공화국|중국]] [[탕산]] |
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|탕산 지진 |
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|255,000 (공식) |
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|7.5 |
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|- |
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!3 |
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|2010년 1월 12일 |
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|[[아이티]] |
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|[[2010년 아이티 지진]] |
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|230,000 이상 |
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|7.0 |
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|- |
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!4 |
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|2004년 12월 26일 |
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|[[인도네시아]] [[수마트라섬]] |
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|[[2004년 인도양 지진 해일]] |
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|230,210 |
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|9.1-9.3 |
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|- |
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!5 |
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|1138년 10월 11일 |
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|[[시리아]] [[알레포]] |
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|[[1138년 알레포 지진]] |
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|230,000 |
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|8.5 |
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|- |
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!6 |
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|1920년 12월 16일 |
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|[[중화인민공화국|중국]] [[닝샤]] - [[간쑤]] |
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|[[1920년 하이위안 지진]] |
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|200,000 - 240,000 |
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|7.8 또는 8.5 |
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|- |
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!7 |
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|893년 3월 23일 |
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|[[이란]] [[아르다빌]] |
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|[[893년 아르다빌 지진]] |
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|150,000 |
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| |
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|- |
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!8 |
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|1923년 9월 1일 |
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|[[일본]] [[간토]] |
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|[[간토 대지진]] |
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|143,000 |
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|7.9 |
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|- |
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!9 |
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|1948년 10월 6일 |
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|[[투르크메니스탄]] [[아시가바트]] |
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|[[아시가바트 지진|1948년 아시가바트 지진]] |
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|110,000 |
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|7.3 |
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|} |
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== 영화 == |
== 영화 == |
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125번째 줄: | 55번째 줄: | ||
== 같이 보기 == |
== 같이 보기 == |
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* [[ |
* [[중국의 지진 목록]] |
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* [[ |
* [[1976년 지진]] |
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== 각주 == |
== 각주 == |
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134번째 줄: | 64번째 줄: | ||
;출처주 |
;출처주 |
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{{각주}} |
{{각주}} |
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== 참고 문헌 == |
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|title = The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 |
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|publisher= Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |
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|place= Pasadena, California |
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|volume= 1 |
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|url= http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEERL:EERL.2002.001 |
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|surname1= Yao |first1= Binghua |
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|pages= 244–248 |
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|chapter= Earthquake Damage Distribution in the City of Beijing |
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|chapter-url= https://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/Tangshan/Volume1_Chapter_3.pdf |
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|date= 2002 |
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|editor1-first= George W. |editor1-last= Housner |
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|editor2-first= Duxin |editor2-last= He |
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|title= The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 |
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|publisher= Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |
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|place= Pasadena, California |
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|volume= 1 |
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|url= http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEERL:EERL.2002.001 |
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}}. |
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* {{Citation |
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|first1= Emile Kok-Kheng |last1= Yeoh |
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|date= October 2010 |
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|title= Changing China: Three Decades of Social Transformation |
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|journal= International Journal of China Studies |
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|volume= 1 |issue= 2 |pages= 239–308 |
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|issn= 2180-3250 |
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|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277240340 |
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* {{Citation |
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|surname1= Zhao |first1= Yucheng |
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|pages= 625–645 |
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|chapter= Earthquake Damage to Shafts and Roadways in Kailuan |
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|chapter-url= https://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/Tangshan/Volume2_Chapter_4.pdf |
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|date= 2002 |
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|editor1-first= George W. |editor1-last= Housner |
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|editor2-first= Duxin |editor2-last= He |
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|title= The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 |
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|publisher= Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |
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|place= Pasadena, California |
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|volume= 2 |
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|url= http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEERL:EERL.2002.001 |
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}}. |
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* {{Citation |
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|surname1= Zhu |first1= Chuanzhen |
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|pages= 1–23 |
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|chapter= Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas |
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|chapter-url= https://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/Tangshan/Volume1_Chapter_1.pdf |
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|date= 2002 |
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|editor1-first= George W. |editor1-last= Housner |
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|editor2-first= Duxin |editor2-last= He |
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|title= The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 |
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|publisher= Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |
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|place= Pasadena, California |
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|volume= 1 |
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|url= http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEERL:EERL.2002.001 |
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}}. |
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* {{Citation |
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|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3092845/chinese-city-tangshan-hit-magnitude-51-quake-stirring-memories |
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|title=Chinese city of Tangshan hit by magnitude 5.1 quake, stirring memories of 1976 tragedy |
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|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |
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|last=Liu |
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|first=Zhen |
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|date=12 July 2020 |
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|access-date=11 October 2020 |
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}}. |
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<!-- {{Harvnb|Chen|Liu|Wang|2021}} --> |
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* {{Citation |
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|surname1= Chen |
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|first1= Yuxuan |
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|surname3= Wang |
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|first3= Hui |
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|pages= 625–645 |
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|doi= 10.1029/2020JB021395 |
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|date= 2021 |
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|title= Aftershocks and Background Seismicity in Tangshan and the Rest of North China |
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|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |
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|volume= 126 |
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|issue= 5 |
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|bibcode= 2021JGRB..12621395C |
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|s2cid= 234848679 |
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}}. |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{div col end}} |
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== 추가 읽기 == |
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* [[Qian Gang]]. ''The Great China Earthquake''. Beijing: [[Foreign Languages Press]], 1989. {{ISBN|0835122271}}. |
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* James Palmer. ''Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China''. New York: Basic Books, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-465-01478-1}} (hardcover alk. paper) 9780465023493 (ebk. alk. paper). |
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* [http://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/TangshanEQRept.htm Report on The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976]: English translation of an extensive Chinese report from 1986. |
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* {{cite web|author=Knotts, Joey|url=https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2019/12/05/tangshan-earthquake-felt-beijing-reminder-2nd-most-deadly-quake-last-century|title=Beijing Tremors a Ghostly Reminder of Catastrophic 1976 Tangshan Quake|work=[[The Beijinger]]|date=2019-12-05}} |
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== 외부 링크 == |
== 외부 링크 == |
||
* {{언어링크|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101008054651/http://rms.com/Publications/1976Tangshan.pdf 탕산 대지진 30주년 기념 자료] (PDF) |
* {{언어링크|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101008054651/http://rms.com/Publications/1976Tangshan.pdf 탕산 대지진 30주년 기념 자료] (PDF) |
||
* {{언어링크|en}} [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php 세계 최악의 지진들, USGS] {{웨이백|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php |date=20090901233953 }} |
* {{언어링크|en}} [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php 세계 최악의 지진들, USGS] {{웨이백|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php |date=20090901233953 }} |
||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130911062352/http://www.globalwatch.org/ungp/qinglong.htm "Integration of Public Administration and Earthquake Science: The Best Practice Case of Qinglong County"] at GlobalWatch.org |
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* {{EQ-isc-link|711732}} |
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* An isoseismal map (showing the different zones of shaking intensity) of the Tangshan earthquake can be found [https://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/Tangshan/Volume4.0_front_matter.pdf here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128134409/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/Tangshan/Volume4.0_front_matter.pdf |date=28 November 2020 }}. |
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{{중화인민공화국의 지진}} |
{{중화인민공화국의 지진}} |
2024년 5월 15일 (수) 18:00 판
본진 | |
---|---|
UTC 시각 | 이중지진: |
1976-07-27 19:42:55 | |
1976-07-28 10:45:36 | |
ISC 지진번호 | |
711732 | |
711773 | |
USGS-ANSS | |
ComCat | |
ComCat | |
현지일 | 1976년 7월 28일 |
현지시간 | |
3시 42분 55초 | |
18시 45분 36초 | |
규모 | |
모멘트 규모 7.5 표면파 규모 Ms7.6[1] | |
모멘트 규모 7.4 표면파 규모 Ms7.4[2] | |
최대 진도 | 수정 메르칼리 진도 계급 진도 XI |
진원 깊이 | |
12.2[1] km | |
16.7[2] km | |
진앙 | 중국 허베이성 탕산시 지역 북위 39° 38′ 동경 118° 06′ / 북위 39.63° 동경 118.10° |
피해 | |
피해 지역 | 중국 허베이성 |
피해액 | 100억 위안 이상 |
사상자 | 242,419명[3][a]~655,000명[4][5] |
탕산 지진(중국어 (중국): 唐山地震 탕산디진) 혹은 탕산대지진(중국어: 唐山大地震)은 1976년 7월 28일 오전 3시 42분에 중국 허베이성 탕산시 주변 지역을 강타한 모멘트 규모Mw7.6의 지진이다. 지진의 최대진도는 수정 메르칼리 진도 계급 기준 XI이다. 지진 직후 탕산시의 건물 85%가 붕괴되거나 사용 불가능 수준으로 파괴되었고 모든 사회 서비스가 중단되었으며 고속도로와 교량 대부분이 붕괴되거나 심각한 손상을 입었다.[6] 중국 측 공식 보고서에 따르면 탕산시에서 242,769명이 사망하고 164,851명이 중상을 입었다고 발표했지만 실종자와 나중에 사망한 부상자, 인근 베이징과 톈진에서의 사망자를 고려하면 최소 30만명이 사망했다고 추정되며[7][8] 이는 근대 기록상 가장 많은 사망자가 발생한 지진이자 중국에서 사망자가 가장 많은 자연재해 중 하나로 꼽힌다.
지진
영화
- 2010년 7월 22일, 《탕산대지진》 개봉.
- 2010년 11월 4일, 《탕산대지진》 한국 개봉.
같이 보기
각주
- 내용주
- ↑ 초기에는 사망자 수치가 불확실하고 그 오차범위가 커서 최대 75만명 사망설을 주장한 곳도 있었다.
- 출처주
- ↑ 가 나 ISC-EHB Event 711732 [IRIS].
- ↑ 가 나 ISC-EHB Event 711773 [IRIS].
- ↑ Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017; Chen 등. 1988
- ↑ Pararas-Carayannis, George (March 2001). 《The Big One: The Next Great California Earthquake; Understanding Why, Where, and when, It Will Happen》. Forbes Pub. ISBN 9780970972507.
- ↑ “'76 Termed Among Worst in Toll from Earthquakes”. 《The New York Times》. 1977년 1월 24일.
- ↑ Housner & He 2002, Prologue.
- ↑ 夏明方 (2020). 〈家庭的解体与重生:历史视野下的唐山大地震〉. 《文明的"双相"——灾害与历史的缠绕》. 广西师范大学出版社. 79쪽.
- ↑ 王瓒玮 (2016년 7월 28일). “唐山大地震四十年:反思与"记忆"”. 《东方历史评论》. Reprinted as: 王瓒玮 (2016년 7월 28일). “唐山大地震40年:从死亡人数到天灾还是人祸仍是一地鸡毛”. 《Jiemian》. 2021년 1월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 2월 6일에 확인함.
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- Wang, Ru-diao (February 2007), “Questioning about that "830 Thousand People Died" in the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake”, 《Earthquake Research in Shanxi》 2: 42–46, ISSN 1000-6265, 2018년 12월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서, 2018년 12월 5일에 확인함.
- Wang, Zixing; Cui, Xifu; Liu, Keren (2002), 〈Disaster Relief After the Tangshan Earthquake〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 747–764쪽.
- Whitham, K.; Berry, M.J.; Heidebrecht, A.C.; Kanasewich, E.R.; Milne, W.G (1976), “Earthquake Prediction in China”, 《Geoscience Canada》 3 (4): 96, 263–268.
- Xie, Lili; Qu, Zhe (January 2018), “On civil engineering disasters and their mitigation” (PDF), 《Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration》 17 (1): 1–10, Bibcode:2018EEEV...17....1X, doi:10.1007/s11803-018-0420-6, S2CID 116230669.
- Xiao, Yuefan (October 2013), 《The Politics of Crisis Management in China [dissertation]》 (PDF).
- Xing, Jiaming; Zou, Baoshan (2002), 〈Geomorphologic Characteristics in the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan Area and Their Relation with Tectonic Activity〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 85–98쪽.
- 唐山地震纪念墙上的新名字:每个名字,都是一块墓碑 [The new name on the Tangshan earthquake memorial wall: each name is a tombstone] (중국어), Xinhua News Agency, 2017년 7월 29일, 2019년 2월 7일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서, 2019년 2월 27일에 확인함
- Xu, Wei (2002), 〈Earthquake Intensity Distribution in the City of Beijing〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 241–243쪽.
- Yang, Lihua (2002a), 〈Geologic-Tectonic Background and Seismogenic Structure of the Tangshan Earthquake〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 85–98쪽.
- Yang, Lihua (2002b), 〈Distribution and Ground Failure Intensity Distribution of the Tangshan Earthquake〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 171–183쪽.
- Yao, Binghua (2002), 〈Earthquake Damage Distribution in the City of Beijing〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 244–248쪽.
- Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng (October 2010), “Changing China: Three Decades of Social Transformation”, 《International Journal of China Studies》 1 (2): 239–308, ISSN 2180-3250.
- Zhao, Yucheng (2002), 〈Earthquake Damage to Shafts and Roadways in Kailuan〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 2, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 625–645쪽.
- Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002), 〈Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas〉 (PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1–23쪽.
- Liu, Zhen (2020년 7월 12일), 《Chinese city of Tangshan hit by magnitude 5.1 quake, stirring memories of 1976 tragedy》, South China Morning Post, 2020년 10월 11일에 확인함.
- Chen, Yuxuan; Liu, Mian; Wang, Hui (2021), “Aftershocks and Background Seismicity in Tangshan and the Rest of North China”, 《Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth》 126 (5): 625–645, Bibcode:2021JGRB..12621395C, doi:10.1029/2020JB021395, S2CID 234848679.
추가 읽기
- Qian Gang. The Great China Earthquake. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989. ISBN 0835122271.
- James Palmer. Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China. New York: Basic Books, 2011. ISBN 978-0-465-01478-1 (hardcover alk. paper) 9780465023493 (ebk. alk. paper).
- Report on The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: English translation of an extensive Chinese report from 1986.
- Knotts, Joey (2019년 12월 5일). “Beijing Tremors a Ghostly Reminder of Catastrophic 1976 Tangshan Quake”. 《The Beijinger》.
외부 링크
- (영어) 탕산 대지진 30주년 기념 자료 (PDF)
- (영어) 세계 최악의 지진들, USGS Archived 2009년 9월 1일 - 웨이백 머신
- "Integration of Public Administration and Earthquake Science: The Best Practice Case of Qinglong County" at GlobalWatch.org
- 국제 지진학 센터에 본 지진의 서지 및/혹은 해석 데이터가 있습니다.
- An isoseismal map (showing the different zones of shaking intensity) of the Tangshan earthquake can be found here 보관됨 28 11월 2020 - 웨이백 머신.