폴 매카트니: 두 판 사이의 차이

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
내용 삭제됨 내용 추가됨
편집 요약 없음
편집 요약 없음
46번째 줄: 46번째 줄:
매카트니는 1947년에서 1949년까지 스톡턴 우드 로드 프라이머리 학교에 다녔다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=1}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; {{harvnb|Carlin|2009|p=13}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949.</ref> 나중에는 학교의 정원 초과로 조셉 윌리엄스 주니어 학교로 전학을 가게 되었다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=1}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; {{harvnb|Carlin|2009|p=13}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949.</ref> 1953년, 매카트니는 90명의 수험생 중 3명만이 통과한 일레븐 플러스 시험을 통과했고, 세컨드 모던 학교보다 [[그래머 스쿨]] 다운, 리버풀 인스티튜트 남자 고등학교에 입학했다.<ref>For his attendance at Joseph Williams Junior School see: {{뉴스 인용|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/merseyside/8203923.stm|title=Beatle's schoolboy photo auction |publisher=BBC News|date=16 August 2009|accessdate=13 June 2012}}; For McCartney passing the 11-plus exam see: {{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=9}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Benitez|2010|pp=1–2}}: (secondary source).</ref> 1954년, 그는 스피크에 위치한 집에 가는 버스에서 [[조지 해리슨]]을 만났다. 둘은 빠르게 친구가 되었다. 폴 매카트니는 이렇게 말했다. "난 그를 깔보듯이 말하곤 했는데, 그가 나보다 한 살 어렸기 때문이다."<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=2}}: The two soon became friends, "I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger"; {{harvnb|Spitz|2005|pp=82–83}}: On grammar school versus secondary modern, 125: On meeting Harrison.</ref>
매카트니는 1947년에서 1949년까지 스톡턴 우드 로드 프라이머리 학교에 다녔다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=1}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; {{harvnb|Carlin|2009|p=13}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949.</ref> 나중에는 학교의 정원 초과로 조셉 윌리엄스 주니어 학교로 전학을 가게 되었다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=1}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; {{harvnb|Carlin|2009|p=13}}: Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949.</ref> 1953년, 매카트니는 90명의 수험생 중 3명만이 통과한 일레븐 플러스 시험을 통과했고, 세컨드 모던 학교보다 [[그래머 스쿨]] 다운, 리버풀 인스티튜트 남자 고등학교에 입학했다.<ref>For his attendance at Joseph Williams Junior School see: {{뉴스 인용|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/merseyside/8203923.stm|title=Beatle's schoolboy photo auction |publisher=BBC News|date=16 August 2009|accessdate=13 June 2012}}; For McCartney passing the 11-plus exam see: {{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=9}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Benitez|2010|pp=1–2}}: (secondary source).</ref> 1954년, 그는 스피크에 위치한 집에 가는 버스에서 [[조지 해리슨]]을 만났다. 둘은 빠르게 친구가 되었다. 폴 매카트니는 이렇게 말했다. "난 그를 깔보듯이 말하곤 했는데, 그가 나보다 한 살 어렸기 때문이다."<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=2}}: The two soon became friends, "I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger"; {{harvnb|Spitz|2005|pp=82–83}}: On grammar school versus secondary modern, 125: On meeting Harrison.</ref>


{{quote box|align=오른쪽|width=25em|bgcolor = LightCyan|quote="내가 자랐던 곳에는, 이보다 좋을 수 없을 사람들이 있었다! 전 세계를 둘러봐도! 내 말은, 대통령이든, 수상이든, 리버풀 사람의 다정함을 반이라도 따라갈 사람은 어디에도 없을 것이다. 그들은 유명세에 연연하지 않지만, 영리하다. 내 아버지가 그랬듯. 내 말은, 그 사람들은 뜨거운 칼로 버터를 자르듯이 문제를 헤쳐나갔다. 당신의 삶에 필요한 사람들이지. 세상의 소금이다."|source=폴 매카트니의 1984년 《플레이보이》지 인터뷰<ref name=Playboy>''Playboy'' Interview, December 1984</ref>}}
{{quote box|align=오른쪽|width=25em|bgcolor = LightCyan|quote="내가 자랐던 곳에는, 이보다 좋을 수 없을 사람들이 있었다! 전 세계를 둘러봐도! 내 말은, 대통령이든, 수상이든, 리버풀 사람의 다정함을 반이라도 따라갈 사람은 어디에도 없을 것이다. 그들은 유명세에 연연하지 않지만, 영리하다. 내 아버지가 그랬듯. 내 말은, 그 사람들은 뜨거운 칼로 버터를 자르듯이 문제를 헤쳐나갔다. 당신의 삶에 필요한 사람들이지. 세상의 소금이다."|source=폴 매카트니, 1984년 《플레이보이》지 인터뷰에서<ref name=Playboy>''Playboy'' Interview, December 1984</ref>}}


매카트니의 어머니 매리는 조산사였고, 가족의 주요 수입원이었다. 그녀의 수입 덕분에 그들은 앨러튼의 포틀린 20번지에 이사를 갔고, 1964년까지 거기서 살았다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=2}}: "Mary was the family's primary wage earner"; {{harvnb|Harry|2002|pp=340–341}}: "where they lived through 1964".</ref> 그녀는 환자에게 자전거를 타고 갔는데, 매카트니는 그녀가 집을 떠나던 어릴 때의 기억을 이렇게 묘사했다. "새벽 3시의 거리였고&nbsp;... 눈은 두껍게 쌓여 있었다".{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=6}} 1956년 10월 31일, 매카트니가 14살이 되던 해, 그의 어머니는 [[색전증]]으로 사망했다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=2}}: On Mary's death (secondary source); {{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=20}}: On Mary's death (primary source); {{harvnb|Womack|2007|p=10}}: Mary died from an embolism.</ref> 이것은 그의 인생에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. [[존 레논|레논]]의 어머니 줄리아 레논은 [[1958년]] [[7월 15일]] 레논이 17세 되던 해에 사망했는데, 후에 매카트니는 [[존 레논|레논]]과의 이러한 공통점을 통해 더욱 친해질 수 있었다.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=31}}
매카트니의 어머니 매리는 조산사였고, 가족의 주요 수입원이었다. 그녀의 수입 덕분에 그들은 앨러튼의 포틀린 20번지에 이사를 갔고, 1964년까지 거기서 살았다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=2}}: "Mary was the family's primary wage earner"; {{harvnb|Harry|2002|pp=340–341}}: "where they lived through 1964".</ref> 그녀는 환자에게 자전거를 타고 갔는데, 매카트니는 그녀가 집을 떠나던 어릴 때의 기억을 이렇게 묘사했다. "새벽 3시의 거리였고&nbsp;... 눈은 두껍게 쌓여 있었다".{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=6}} 1956년 10월 31일, 매카트니가 14살이 되던 해, 그의 어머니는 [[색전증]]으로 사망했다.<ref>{{harvnb|Benitez|2010|p=2}}: On Mary's death (secondary source); {{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=20}}: On Mary's death (primary source); {{harvnb|Womack|2007|p=10}}: Mary died from an embolism.</ref> 이것은 그의 인생에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. [[존 레논|레논]]의 어머니 줄리아 레논은 [[1958년]] [[7월 15일]] 레논이 17세 되던 해에 사망했는데, 후에 매카트니는 [[존 레논|레논]]과의 이러한 공통점을 통해 더욱 친해질 수 있었다.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=31}}
68번째 줄: 68번째 줄:
1985년 8월, 비틀즈는 매카트니가 작곡한, [[현악 사중주]]가 들어가 있는 노래 〈[[Yesterday]]〉를 발표했다. 이것는 LP 《[[Help!]]》에 수록되었다. 〈Yesterday〉는 비틀즈가 처음으로 고전 음악의 요소를 사용하고, 한 멤버만이 녹음에 참여한 첫 노래다.<ref>{{harvnb|Buk|1996|p=51}}: Their first recording that involved only a single band member; {{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=278}}: The group's first recorded use of classical music elements in their music.</ref> 〈Yesterday〉는 대중 음악 사상 가장 많이 커버된 곡이 되었다.<ref>{{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=157–158}}: "Yesterday" as the most covered song in history.</ref> 다음해, 《[[Rubber Soul]]》의 녹음 세션 때, 매카트니는 레논을 대신하여 비틀즈에 우세한 음악적 힘을 불어넣는다. [[음악학자]] [[이안 맥크라켄]]이 적기를, "[1965년] 부터&nbsp;... [매카트니]는 비틀즈의 송라이터 뿐만이 아닌, 기악 연주자, 편곡자, 프로듀서, 그리고 사실상 음악 감독으로서 우세해졌다."{{sfn|MacDonald|2005|p=172}} 비평가는 《Rubber Soul》을 정제, 그리고 밴드의 음악과 가사에서의 깊이에 큰 발전이 있었다고 묘사했다.<ref>{{harvnb|Levy|2005|p=18}}: ''Rubber Soul'' is described by critics as an advancement of the band's music; {{harvnb|Brown|Gaines|2002|pp=181–82}}: As they explored facets of romance and philosophy in their lyrics.</ref> 비틀즈의 곡 중에서도 정상에 있다고 여겨지는 〈[[In My Life|In My Life〉]]는, 레논과 매카트니 둘 다 자신이 썼다고 주장한다.<ref>{{Harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=169–170}}: "In My Life" as a highlight of the Beatles catalogue.; {{Harvnb|Spitz|2005|p=587}}: Both Lennon and McCartney have claimed lead authorship for "In My Life".</ref> 매카트니가 음반에 대해 말하길, "우린 귀여운 시간을 보냈고, 이제는 확장할 시간이였다."{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=197}} 녹음 엔지니어 노만 스미스는 《Rubber Soul》의 세션이 늘어나는 밴드의 불화의 조짐을 들어나게 했다고 말한다. "존과 폴 사이에서의 충돌은 점점 명백해졌다 ... [그리고] 폴로서는, 조지에겐 아무 권리가 없다고 여겼다—폴은 너무나 까다로웠다."{{sfn|Harry|2000b|p=780}}
1985년 8월, 비틀즈는 매카트니가 작곡한, [[현악 사중주]]가 들어가 있는 노래 〈[[Yesterday]]〉를 발표했다. 이것는 LP 《[[Help!]]》에 수록되었다. 〈Yesterday〉는 비틀즈가 처음으로 고전 음악의 요소를 사용하고, 한 멤버만이 녹음에 참여한 첫 노래다.<ref>{{harvnb|Buk|1996|p=51}}: Their first recording that involved only a single band member; {{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=278}}: The group's first recorded use of classical music elements in their music.</ref> 〈Yesterday〉는 대중 음악 사상 가장 많이 커버된 곡이 되었다.<ref>{{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=157–158}}: "Yesterday" as the most covered song in history.</ref> 다음해, 《[[Rubber Soul]]》의 녹음 세션 때, 매카트니는 레논을 대신하여 비틀즈에 우세한 음악적 힘을 불어넣는다. [[음악학자]] [[이안 맥크라켄]]이 적기를, "[1965년] 부터&nbsp;... [매카트니]는 비틀즈의 송라이터 뿐만이 아닌, 기악 연주자, 편곡자, 프로듀서, 그리고 사실상 음악 감독으로서 우세해졌다."{{sfn|MacDonald|2005|p=172}} 비평가는 《Rubber Soul》을 정제, 그리고 밴드의 음악과 가사에서의 깊이에 큰 발전이 있었다고 묘사했다.<ref>{{harvnb|Levy|2005|p=18}}: ''Rubber Soul'' is described by critics as an advancement of the band's music; {{harvnb|Brown|Gaines|2002|pp=181–82}}: As they explored facets of romance and philosophy in their lyrics.</ref> 비틀즈의 곡 중에서도 정상에 있다고 여겨지는 〈[[In My Life|In My Life〉]]는, 레논과 매카트니 둘 다 자신이 썼다고 주장한다.<ref>{{Harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=169–170}}: "In My Life" as a highlight of the Beatles catalogue.; {{Harvnb|Spitz|2005|p=587}}: Both Lennon and McCartney have claimed lead authorship for "In My Life".</ref> 매카트니가 음반에 대해 말하길, "우린 귀여운 시간을 보냈고, 이제는 확장할 시간이였다."{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=197}} 녹음 엔지니어 노만 스미스는 《Rubber Soul》의 세션이 늘어나는 밴드의 불화의 조짐을 들어나게 했다고 말한다. "존과 폴 사이에서의 충돌은 점점 명백해졌다 ... [그리고] 폴로서는, 조지에겐 아무 권리가 없다고 여겼다—폴은 너무나 까다로웠다."{{sfn|Harry|2000b|p=780}}


1966년, 비틀즈는 《[[Revolver]]》를 발표했다. 음반은 수준 높은 가사, 스튜디오 실험, 그리고 혁신적인 현악기 편곡이 쓰인 사이키델릭 록으로 하여금 음악 장르 범위의 목록을 확장시켰고, 비틀즈의 예술적 도약을 보여주었다.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=348}} The first of three consecutive McCartney [[A-side and B-side|A-sides]], the single "[[Paperback Writer]]" preceded the LP's release.<ref>{{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|p=195}}: The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=350–351}}: ''Revolver''{{'}}s release was preceded by "Paperback Writer".</ref> The Beatles produced a short promotional film for the song, and another for its B-side, "[[Rain (Beatles song)|Rain]]". The films, described by Harrison as "the forerunner of [[music video|videos]]", aired on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' and ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' in June 1966.<ref>{{harvnb|The Beatles|2000|p=214}}: "the forerunner of videos"; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=221–222}}: The films aired on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' and ''Top of the Pops''.</ref> ''Revolver'' also included McCartney's "[[Eleanor Rigby]]", which featured a [[Octet (music)|string octet]]. According to Gould, the song is "a neoclassical tour de force ... a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song".<ref>{{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=350}}: "neoclassical tour de force", {{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=402}}: "a true hybrid".</ref> Except for some backing vocals, the song included only McCartney's lead vocal and the strings arranged by producer [[George Martin]].{{sfn|Harry|2002|pp=313–316}}{{refn|group=nb|Also included on ''Revolver'' was "[[Here, There and Everywhere]]", a McCartney composition which is his second favourite after "Yesterday".{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=328}}}}
1966년, 비틀즈는 《[[Revolver]]》를 발표했다. 수준 높은 가사, 스튜디오 실험, 그리고 혁신적인 현악기 편곡이 쓰인 사이키델릭 록으로 하여금 [[음악 장르]] 범위의 확장을 보여준 음반은, 비틀즈의 예술적 도약을 뚜렷하게 보여주었다.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=348}} 매카트니가 처음 세번 연이어 A 사이드를 차지하게 , 싱글 [[Paperback Writer]]〉는 LP로 앞서 발매되었다.<ref>{{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|p=195}}: The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=350–351}}: ''Revolver''{{'}}s release was preceded by "Paperback Writer".</ref> 비틀즈는 노래의 홍보용 단편 영화를 제작했다. 그리고 B 사이드의 〈Rain〉의 또한 제작되었다. 해리슨은 영화를 "[[뮤직 비디오|비디오]] 전조"라고 묘사했다. 영화는 1966년 6월 [[에드 설리번 ]] [[ 오브 팝스]]에서 공개되었다.<ref>{{harvnb|The Beatles|2000|p=214}}: "the forerunner of videos"; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=221–222}}: The films aired on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' and ''Top of the Pops''.</ref> Revolver》에는 현악 8중주가 들어간, 매카트니의 〈[[Eleanor Rigby]]〉가 수록되어 있다. According to Gould, the song is "a neoclassical tour de force ... a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song".<ref>{{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=350}}: "neoclassical tour de force", {{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=402}}: "a true hybrid".</ref> Except for some backing vocals, the song included only McCartney's lead vocal and the strings arranged by producer [[George Martin]].{{sfn|Harry|2002|pp=313–316}}{{refn|group=nb|Also included on ''Revolver'' was "[[Here, There and Everywhere]]", a McCartney composition which is his second favourite after "Yesterday".{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=328}}}}

[[File:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.jpg|thumb|alt=An image of the Beatles, holding marching band instruments and wearing colourful uniforms, standing near a grave covered with flowers that spell "Beatles". Standing behind the band are several dozen famous people.|《Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band》, "그 어떤 커버보다 유명한 음반 커버", 비틀즈 전기 작가 [[빌 해리]]가 씀.{{sfn|Harry|2000a|p=970}}]]

The band gave their final commercial concert at the end of their [[The Beatles' 1966 US tour|1966 US tour]].{{sfn|Lewisohn|1992|p=230}} Later that year, McCartney completed his first musical project apart from the group—a [[film score]] for the UK production ''[[The Family Way (soundtrack)|The Family Way]]''. The score was a collaboration with Martin, who used two McCartney themes to write thirteen variations. The soundtrack failed to chart, but it won McCartney an [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] for Best Instrumental Theme.{{sfn|Blaney|2007|p=8}}

Upon the end of the Beatles' performing career, McCartney sensed unease in the band and wanted them to maintain creative productivity. He pressed them to start a new project, which became ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', widely regarded as [[Rock music|rock]]'s first [[concept album]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harry|2000a|p=970}}: Rock's first concept album; {{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|p=254}}: McCartney sensed unease among the bandmates and wanted them to maintain creative productivity.</ref> Inspired to create a new [[persona]] for the group, to serve as a vehicle for experimentation and to demonstrate to their fans that they had musically matured, McCartney invented the fictional band of the album's [[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|title track]].<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=303}}: McCartney creating a new identity for the group.</ref> As McCartney explained, "We were fed up with being the Beatles. We really hated that fucking four little [[mop-top]] approach. We were not boys we were men&nbsp;... and [we] thought of ourselves as artists rather than just performers."{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=303}}

Starting in November 1966, the band adopted an experimental attitude during recording sessions for the album.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1992|p=232}} According to engineer [[Geoff Emerick]], "the Beatles were looking to go out on a limb, both musically and sonically&nbsp;... we were utilising a lot of [[Magnetic tape|tape]] [[Pitch control|varispeeding]] and other manipulation techniques&nbsp;... [[Compressor limiter|limiters]] and&nbsp;... effects like [[flanging]] and [[Automatic double tracking|ADT]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Emerick|Massey|2006|p=170}}: Flanging and ADT use, {{harvnb|Emerick|Massey|2006|p=190}}: "we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding", {{harvnb|Emerick|Massey|2006|p=192}}: "The Beatles were looking to go out on a limb".</ref> Their recording of "[[A Day in the Life]]" required a forty-piece orchestra, which Martin and McCartney took turns conducting.<ref>{{harvnb|Emerick|Massey|2006|p=158}}: Martin and McCartney took turns conducting; {{harvnb|Gould|2007|pp=387–388}}: Recording "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra.</ref> The sessions produced the [[double A-side]] single "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]"/"[[Penny Lane]]" in February 1967, and the LP followed in June.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1992|pp=350–351}}{{refn|group=nb|Written by McCartney as a commentary on his childhood in Liverpool, "Penny Lane" featured a [[piccolo trumpet]] solo inspired by [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s second [[Brandenburg concertos|Brandenburg concerto]].{{sfn|Sounes|2010|pp=161–162}}}} McCartney's "[[She's Leaving Home]]" was an orchestral pop song. MacDonald described the track as "[among] the finest work on ''Sgt. Pepper''—imperishable popular art of its time".{{sfn|MacDonald|2005|p=245}} Based on an ink drawing by McCartney, the LP's cover included a collage designed by [[pop art]]ists [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]] and [[Jann Haworth]], featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, standing with [[List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|a host of celebrities]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gould|2007|pp=391–395}}: The ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover featured the Beatles as the imaginary band alluded to in the album's title track, standing with a host of celebrities (secondary source); {{harvnb|The Beatles|2000|p=248}}: Standing with a host of celebrities (primary source); {{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=333}}: On McCartney's design for the ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover (primary source); {{harvnb|Sounes|2010|p=168}}: On McCartney's design for the ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover (secondary source).</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover piqued a frenzy of analysis.<ref>{{harvnb|Gould|2007|pp=391–395}}: The ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover attracted curiosity and analysis; {{harvnb|Miles|1997|p=333}}: On McCartney's design for the ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover (primary source); {{harvnb|Sounes|2010|p=168}}: On McCartney's design for the ''Sgt. Pepper'' cover (secondary source).</ref>}} The heavy moustaches worn by the Beatles reflected the growing influence of [[hippie]] style trends on the band, while their clothing "spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions", wrote Gould.<ref>{{harvnb|The Beatles|2000|p=236}}: The growing influence of hippie style on the Beatles; {{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=385}}: "spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions".</ref> Scholar David Scott Kastan described ''Sgt. Pepper'' as "the most important and influential rock-and-roll album ever recorded".{{sfn|Kastan|2006|p=139}}

{{quote box|quote= "After Brian died&nbsp;... Paul took over and supposedly led us you know&nbsp;... we went round in circles&nbsp;... We broke up then. That was the disintegration. I thought, 'we've fuckin' had it.'"{{sfn|Wenner|George-Warren|2000|pp=24–25}} |source=—John Lennon, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, 1970 |width=25%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}

Epstein's death in August 1967 created a void, which left the Beatles perplexed and concerned about their future.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=247}} McCartney, stepping in to fill that void, gradually became the ''de facto'' leader and business manager of the group Lennon had once led.{{sfn|Benitez|2010|pp=8–9}} His first creative suggestion after this change of leadership was to propose that the band move forward on their plans to produce a film for television, which was to become ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]''. The project was "an administrative nightmare throughout", according to Beatles' historian [[Mark Lewisohn]].{{sfn|Lewisohn|1992|pp=238–239}} McCartney largely directed the film, which brought the group their first unfavourable critical response.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=455–456}} However, the [[Magical Mystery Tour|film's soundtrack]] was more successful. It was released in the UK as a six-track double [[extended play]] disc (EP), and as an identically titled LP in the US, filled out with five songs from the band's recent singles.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1992|pp=350–351}} The only Capitol compilation later included in the group's official canon of studio albums, the ''Magical Mystery Tour'' LP achieved $8&nbsp;million in sales within three weeks of its release, higher initial sales than any other Capitol LP up to that point.{{sfn|Harry|2000a|p=699}}

In January 1968, EMI filmed the Beatles for a [[Trailer (promotion)|promotional trailer]] intended to advertise the animated film ''[[Yellow Submarine (film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', loosely based on the imaginary world evoked by McCartney's 1966 [[Yellow Submarine (song)|composition]]. Though critics admired the film for its visual style, humour and music, the [[Yellow Submarine (album)|soundtrack album]] issued seven months later received a less enthusiastic response.<ref>{{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=487}}: Critical response; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|p=278}}: Filming of the promotional trailer, {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|p=304}}: ''Yellow Submarine'' soundtrack release.</ref> By late 1968, relations within the band were deteriorating. The tension grew during the recording of their self-titled double album, also known as the "[[The Beatles (album)|White Album]]".{{sfn|Lewisohn|1992|pp=276–304}}{{refn|group=nb|''The Beatles'' was the band's first [[Apple Records]] LP release; the label was a subsidiary of [[Apple Corps]], a conglomerate formed as part of Epstein's plan to reduce the group's taxes.<ref>{{harvnb|Gould|2007|p=470}}: Apple Corps formed as part of Epstein's business plan; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|p=278}}: The Beatles' first Apple Records LP release.</ref>}} Matters worsened the following year during the ''[[Let It Be]]'' sessions, when a camera crew filmed McCartney lecturing the group: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away&nbsp;... we were always fighting [his] discipline a bit, but it's silly to fight that discipline if it's our own".<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=299}}: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away"; {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=276–304}}: ''The White Album'', {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=304–314}}: ''Let It Be''.</ref>

In March 1969, McCartney married [[Linda McCartney|Linda Eastman]], and in August, the couple had their first child, [[Mary McCartney|Mary]], named after his late mother.<ref>{{harvnb|Sounes|2010|pp=171–172}}: Paul and Linda's first meeting; {{harvnb|Sounes|2010|pp=245–248}}: On their wedding; {{harvnb|Sounes|2010|p=261}}: On the birth of their first child Mary.</ref> For ''[[Abbey Road]]'', the band's last recorded album, Martin suggested "a continuously moving piece of music", urging the group to think [[Symphony|symphonically]].{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=563}} McCartney agreed, but Lennon did not. They eventually compromised, agreeing to McCartney's suggestion: an LP featuring individual songs on side one, and a long [[Medley (music)|medley]] on side two.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=563}} In October 1969, [[Paul is dead|a rumour surfaced]] that McCartney had died in a car crash in 1966 and been replaced by a lookalike, but this was quickly refuted when a November ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine cover featured him and his family, accompanied by the caption "Paul is still with us".{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=593–594}}

On 10 April 1970, in the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates, McCartney announced his departure from the group.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|p=349}}: McCartney's departure from the Beatles (secondary source); {{harvnb|Miles|1998|pp=314–316}}: McCartney's departure from the Beatles (primary source); {{harvnb|Spitz|2005|pp=243, 819–821}}: Lennon's personal appointment of Klein, {{harvnb|Spitz|2005|pp=832–833}}: McCartney's disagreement with Lennon, Harrison, and Starr over Klein's management of the Beatles.</ref> He filed suit for the band's formal dissolution on 31 December 1970. More legal disputes followed as McCartney's attorneys, his in-laws [[Lee Eastman|John and Lee Eastman]], fought Lennon's, Harrison's, and Starr's business manager, [[Allen Klein]], over royalties and creative control. An English court legally dissolved the Beatles on 9 January 1975, though sporadic lawsuits against their record company [[EMI]], Klein, and each other persisted until 1989.{{sfn|Benitez|2010|pp=8–9}}{{refn|group=nb|When the Beatles were inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 1988, their first year of eligibility, McCartney did not attend the ceremony, stating that unresolved legal disputes would make him "feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with [Harrison and Starr] at a fake reunion".{{sfn|Harry|2002|p=753}}}}{{refn|group=nb|The Beatles released twenty-two UK singles and twelve LPs, of which seventeen singles and eleven LPs reached number one on various charts.{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=54}} The band topped the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] twenty times, and recorded fourteen number-one albums, as Lennon and McCartney became one of the most celebrated [[Lennon–McCartney|songwriting partnerships]] of the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=350–351}}: US and UK singles and album release dates with peak chart positions; {{harvnb|Gould|2007|pp=8–9}}: "one of the greatest phenomena in the history of mass entertainment", "widely regarded as the greatest concentration of singing, songwriting, and all-around musical talent that the rock'n'roll era has produced"; {{harvnb|Spitz|2005|p=856}}: "not anything like anything else&nbsp;... [a] vastness of talent&nbsp;... of genius, incomprehensible".</ref> McCartney was the primary writer of five of their last six US number-one singles: "[[Hello, Goodbye]]" (1967), "[[Hey Jude]]" (1968), "[[Get Back]] (1969)", "[[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]" and "[[The Long and Winding Road]]" (1970).<ref>For song authorship see: {{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=333–334}}: "Get Back", {{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=272–273}}: "Hello, Goodbye", {{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=302–304}}: "Hey Jude", {{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=337–338}}: "Let it Be", {{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|pp=339–341}}: "The Long and Winding Road"; For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see: {{harvnb|Lewisohn|1992|pp=350–351}}.</ref>}} They are widely regarded as one of the most popular and influential acts in the history of rock music.<ref>{{Allmusic|id=mn0000754032|first=Richie|last=Unterberger|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref>

Prior to, and for a while after leaving the group, McCartney suffered from a deep depression as a result of the band's break-up. He spent days in bed and drank excessively: "I nearly had a breakdown," he said. "I was going crazy."<ref name=Sounes2/> Biographer [[Howard Sounes]] writes that "McCartney sank into whisky-soaked oblivion, [and] only Linda knew how to save him."<ref name=Sounes2>Sounes, Howard. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1303629/Strangers-said-abrasive-gauche-Paul-McCartney-sank-whisky-soaked-oblivion-Linda-knew-save-him.html "Strangers said she was abrasive and gauche, but as Paul McCartney sank into whisky-soaked oblivion, only Linda knew how to save him"], ''Daily Mail'', 17 August 2010</ref> She helped him pull out of that emotional crisis by praising his work as a songwriter and convincing him to continue writing and recording. In her honor, he later wrote "[[Maybe I'm Amazed]]", explaining that with the Beatles breaking up, "that was my feeling: Maybe I'm amazed at what's going on... Maybe I'm a man and maybe you're the only woman who could ever help me; Baby won't you help me understand... Maybe I'm amazed at the way you pulled me out of time, hung me on the line, Maybe I'm amazed at the way I really need you." He added that "every love song I write is for Linda."<ref>Heatley, Michael; Hopkinson, Frank. ''The Girl in the Song: The Real Stories Behind 50 Rock Classics'', Pavilion Books (2010) e-book</ref><ref>[http://www.beatlesbible.com/people/paul-mccartney/songs/maybe-im-amazed/ "Maybe I’m Amazed"], ''The Beatles Bible''</ref>


=== 1970–81: 윙스 ===
=== 1970–81: 윙스 ===
143번째 줄: 163번째 줄:


::'''클래식'''
::'''클래식'''
* 《[[Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio]]》 (1991)<br><small>(칼 데이비스와 함께함)</small>
* 《[[Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio]]》 (1991)<br><small>([[데이비스]]와 함께함)</small>
* 《[[Standing Stone (음반)|Standing Stone]]》 (1997)
* 《[[Standing Stone (음반)|Standing Stone]]》 (1997)
* 《[[Working Classical]]》 (1999)
* 《[[Working Classical]]》 (1999)
* 《[[Ecce Cor Meum]]》 (2006)
* 《[[Ecce Cor Meum]]》 (2006)
* 《[[Ocean's Kingdom]]》 (2011)<br><small>(dance score with [[Peter Martins]])</small>
* 《[[Ocean's Kingdom]]》 (2011)<br><small>([[피터 마틴스]]와 함께한 댄스곡)</small>
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
::'''기타'''
::'''기타'''

2016년 11월 5일 (토) 09:15 판

폴 매카트니 경
Sir Paul McCartney
2010년의 매카트니
기본 정보
본명제임스 폴 매카트니 경
Sir James Paul McCartney
출생1942년 6월 18일(1942-06-18)(81세)
잉글랜드 잉글랜드 머지사이드 주 리버풀
성별남성
직업가수
베이시스트
장르팝 록, 서양 고전 음악
활동 시기1963년 ~
악기베이스, 피아노, 밴조, 트럼펫, 기타
배우자린다 매카트니(1969~1998)
헤더 밀스(2002~2008)
낸시 쉬벨(2011~ )
가족스텔라 매카트니
종교가톨릭
레이블
관련 활동비틀즈
더 파이어맨
웹사이트폴 매카트니 트위터

제임스 폴 매카트니 경(Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE, 1942년 6월 18일 ~ )은 영국싱어송라이터이다. 그는 존 레논, 조지 해리슨, 그리고 링고 스타과 함께 팝 역사상 가장 유명하고 영향력 있는 그룹 중 하나인, 록 밴드 비틀즈로 활동하여 전세계적인 명성을 얻었다. 그와 존 레논의 작곡 파트너 관계는 20세기 가장 뛰어난 것 중 하나로 이름 높다. 밴드가 해체된 이후에도 솔로 경력을 이어나갔으며, 첫 아내 린다, 데니 레인과 함께 윙스를 결성했다.

매카트니는 역사상 가장 성공한 작곡가이자 공연자 중 하나로 인정받는다.[2] 2,200명이 넘는 예술가들이 그가 비틀즈에 있을 때 작곡한 〈Yesterday〉를 커버했고, 이는 역사에 유래가 없던 일이다. 윙스가 1977년에 발매한 〈Mull of Kintyre〉는 영국에서 역대 가장 많이 팔린 싱글 중 하나다. 매카트니는 1988년 비틀즈의 멤버로서, 그리고 1999년 솔로 가수로서 로큰롤 명예의 전당에 두 번 입성했다.[3] 또한 그래미 어워드에서 21차례 우승했다. 매카트니는 공동 작곡 혹은 혼자 작곡한 32곡을 빌보드 핫 100에 1위로 올렸다. 그는 미국에서만 2009년 기준 2550만 장(미국 음반 산업 협회의 인정을 받음)의 음반을 팔았다. 매카트니는 1965년에 비틀즈의 멤버로서 대영 제국 훈장 5등급(MBE)을, 1997년 3월 11일에 음악에 대한 공로로, 단독으로 기사 작위를 받았다.[4]

매카트니는 왕립음악대학교 등에서 음악 교육가와 화가로도 활동했으며 동물 보호 활동, 지뢰 반대 활동 등 다방면의 사회 운동에 앞장서기도 했다. 특히 그는 채식주의자로 유명하다. 그는 세 번 결혼했으며 다섯 아이들의 아버지이다.

유년기

Photograph
포틀린 20번지에 위치한, 매카트니가 살았던 집. 매카트니 가족은 1955년에 주소를 여기로 변경했다.[5]

제임스 폴 매카트니는 1942년 6월 18일 영국 리버풀 북부에 있는 월튼 병원에서 태어났다. 어머니 매리 매카트니(1909–1956)는 여기에서 자격증을 따기 위해 간호사로 일했다. 아버지 제임스 매카트니(1902–1976)는 당시 제2차 세계대전에 참전했기 때문에 매카트니의 출생을 보지는 못했다.[6] 폴은 마이크 맥기어라는 남동생이 있었고, 그와 마찬가지로 1944년 월튼 병원에서 태어났다. 어머니는 가톨릭를 믿었기 때문에 그는 세례를 받았으나, 아버지는 신교도에서 불가지론자로 전향하여, 종교가 크게 미치지 않은 집안에서 자라났다.[7]

매카트니는 1947년에서 1949년까지 스톡턴 우드 로드 프라이머리 학교에 다녔다.[8] 나중에는 학교의 정원 초과로 조셉 윌리엄스 주니어 학교로 전학을 가게 되었다.[9] 1953년, 매카트니는 90명의 수험생 중 3명만이 통과한 일레븐 플러스 시험을 통과했고, 세컨드 모던 학교보다 그래머 스쿨 다운, 리버풀 인스티튜트 남자 고등학교에 입학했다.[10] 1954년, 그는 스피크에 위치한 집에 가는 버스에서 조지 해리슨을 만났다. 둘은 빠르게 친구가 되었다. 폴 매카트니는 이렇게 말했다. "난 그를 깔보듯이 말하곤 했는데, 그가 나보다 한 살 어렸기 때문이다."[11]

"내가 자랐던 곳에는, 이보다 좋을 수 없을 사람들이 있었다! 전 세계를 둘러봐도! 내 말은, 대통령이든, 수상이든, 리버풀 사람의 다정함을 반이라도 따라갈 사람은 어디에도 없을 것이다. 그들은 유명세에 연연하지 않지만, 영리하다. 내 아버지가 그랬듯. 내 말은, 그 사람들은 뜨거운 칼로 버터를 자르듯이 문제를 헤쳐나갔다. 당신의 삶에 필요한 사람들이지. 세상의 소금이다."

폴 매카트니, 1984년 《플레이보이》지 인터뷰에서[12]

매카트니의 어머니 매리는 조산사였고, 가족의 주요 수입원이었다. 그녀의 수입 덕분에 그들은 앨러튼의 포틀린 20번지에 이사를 갔고, 1964년까지 거기서 살았다.[13] 그녀는 환자에게 자전거를 타고 갔는데, 매카트니는 그녀가 집을 떠나던 어릴 때의 기억을 이렇게 묘사했다. "새벽 3시의 거리였고 ... 눈은 두껍게 쌓여 있었다".[14] 1956년 10월 31일, 매카트니가 14살이 되던 해, 그의 어머니는 색전증으로 사망했다.[15] 이것은 그의 인생에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 레논의 어머니 줄리아 레논은 1958년 7월 15일 레논이 17세 되던 해에 사망했는데, 후에 매카트니는 레논과의 이러한 공통점을 통해 더욱 친해질 수 있었다.[16]

아버지 제임스 매카트니는 1920년대 짐 맥이 이끄는 재즈 밴드에서 트럼팻과 피아노 연주자를 맡았다. 그는 거실에 피아노를 두었는데, 아들이 음악을 접하게 해 주었고, 피아노 연습을 도와주면서 고무해주었다. 하지만 폴은 귀로 음악을 듣고 연습을 하는 방식을 취했다.[17][nb 1] 폴의 14살 생일 때, 제임스는 니켈 도금한 트럼펫을 선물했는데, 라디오 룩셈부르크에서 흘러나온 록클롤이 유명해지자, 노래를 부르며 연주하기 위해, 매카트니는 이 트럼펫을 가지고 현재도 소유하고 있는 15파운드 짜리 제니스 어쿠스틱 기타로 바꾸었다.[20]

그는 오른손으로 기타를 연주하기 힘들단 걸 알고 있었으나, 슬림 휘트먼의 콘서트 포스터를 보았고, 그가 왼손으로 기타를 연주하는 걸 보고서야 반대쪽으로 현을 잡기 시작했다.[21] 제니스에서 매카트니는 자신의 첫 곡인 〈I Lost My Little Girl〉을 작곡했다. 그리고 후에 〈When I'm Sixty-Four〉가 될 곡을 작곡하여 피아노로 연주하기도 했다. 그는 미국의 리듬 앤 블루스에 영향을 받았고, 리틀 리처드는 학생 시기 자신의 우상이었다. 〈Long Tall Sally〉는 (버틀린 휴가용 캠프장에서 이루어진 장기 대회에서) 그가 사람이 있는 데에서 공연한 첫 곡이다.[22]

경력

1957–60: 쿼리맨

1957년 7월 6일, 17살의 매카트니는 교회 축제에서 쿼리맨와 함께 있는 존 레논을 처음 만났다.[23] 쿼리맨은 재즈, 블루스 그리고 포크 대중음악의 영향을 받은, 로큰롤과 스키플이 섞인 곡을 연주했다.[24] 머지않아 밴드는 매카트니를 리듬 기타 연주자로 초대했다. 그리고 폴은 존과 가까운 사이가 되어 작업을 하게 되었다. 해리슨은 1958년에 리드 기타 연주자로 들어왔다. 1960년 존의 예술 학교 친구였던 스튜어트 섯클리프가 베이스로 참여하게 된다.[25] 1960년 3월, 밴드는 'Beatals', 'Johnny and the Moondogs', 그리고 'the Silver Beetles' 등의 이름을 제시한다.[26] '비틀즈'라는 이름이 차용된 것은 1960년 8월이었고, 함부르크로 가기 전 드럼 연주자 피트 베스트를 뽑아 다섯 명으로 구성된 밴드가 되었다.[27]

1960–70: 비틀즈

A black-and-white image of Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John Lennon and Ringo Starr waving to fans after arriving in America in 1964. A crowd is visible behind them on the left.
1994년 2월 케네디 국제공항에 도착한 매카트니(왼쪽에서 두 번째), 레논, 해리슨 그리고 스타.

1960년, 알란 윌리엄스를 비공식적인 대표자로, 비틀즈는 함부르크에 체류하며 첫 공연 계약을 맺는다.[28][nb 2] 1961년, 섯클리프가 밴드를 떠났고 매카트니가 마지못해 베이스를 맡게 된다.[30] 그들은 함부르크에 있을 때 (비트 브라더스로 표기하여) 영국의 가수 토니 셰리던의 싱글 〈My Bonnie〉에서 백 보컬을 맡아 처음 직업적인 녹음을 했다.[31] 이것은 그들의 성장과 성공을 이끌어 낸, 브라이언 엡스타인의 관심으로 이어지게 되었다. 그는 1962년 1월 비틀즈의 매니저가 되었다.[32] 8월에 링고 스타가 베스트의 자리를 꿰찼다. 그리고 10월, 밴드는 〈Love Me Do〉로 첫 히트를 친다. 비틀즈는 1963년 유명인이 되었고, 다음해 미국에도 그랬다. 그들의 팬들은 열광적이 되었고, 비틀마니아라는 이름으로 알려진다. 언론은 가끔식 매카트니를 "귀여운 비틀(cute Beatle)"이라고 불렀다.[33][nb 3][nb 4]

1985년 8월, 비틀즈는 매카트니가 작곡한, 현악 사중주가 들어가 있는 노래 〈Yesterday〉를 발표했다. 이것는 LP 《Help!》에 수록되었다. 〈Yesterday〉는 비틀즈가 처음으로 고전 음악의 요소를 사용하고, 한 멤버만이 녹음에 참여한 첫 노래다.[36] 〈Yesterday〉는 대중 음악 사상 가장 많이 커버된 곡이 되었다.[37] 다음해, 《Rubber Soul》의 녹음 세션 때, 매카트니는 레논을 대신하여 비틀즈에 우세한 음악적 힘을 불어넣는다. 음악학자 이안 맥크라켄이 적기를, "[1965년] 부터 ... [매카트니]는 비틀즈의 송라이터 뿐만이 아닌, 기악 연주자, 편곡자, 프로듀서, 그리고 사실상 음악 감독으로서 우세해졌다."[38] 비평가는 《Rubber Soul》을 정제, 그리고 밴드의 음악과 가사에서의 깊이에 큰 발전이 있었다고 묘사했다.[39] 비틀즈의 곡 중에서도 정상에 있다고 여겨지는 〈In My Life〉는, 레논과 매카트니 둘 다 자신이 썼다고 주장한다.[40] 매카트니가 음반에 대해 말하길, "우린 귀여운 시간을 보냈고, 이제는 확장할 시간이였다."[41] 녹음 엔지니어 노만 스미스는 《Rubber Soul》의 세션이 늘어나는 밴드의 불화의 조짐을 들어나게 했다고 말한다. "존과 폴 사이에서의 충돌은 점점 명백해졌다 ... [그리고] 폴로서는, 조지에겐 아무 권리가 없다고 여겼다—폴은 너무나 까다로웠다."[42]

1966년, 비틀즈는 《Revolver》를 발표했다. 수준 높은 가사, 스튜디오 실험, 그리고 혁신적인 현악기 편곡이 쓰인 사이키델릭 록으로 하여금 음악 장르 범위의 확장을 보여준 음반은, 비틀즈의 예술적 도약을 뚜렷하게 보여주었다.[43] 매카트니가 처음 세번 연이어 A 사이드를 차지하게 한, 싱글 〈Paperback Writer〉는 LP로 앞서 발매되었다.[44] 비틀즈는 노래의 홍보용 단편 영화를 제작했다. 그리고 B 사이드의 〈Rain〉의 것 또한 제작되었다. 해리슨은 영화를 "비디오의 전조"라고 묘사했다. 영화는 1966년 6월 에드 설리번 쇼탑 오브 더 팝스에서 공개되었다.[45] 《Revolver》에는 현악 8중주가 들어간, 매카트니의 〈Eleanor Rigby〉가 수록되어 있다. According to Gould, the song is "a neoclassical tour de force ... a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song".[46] Except for some backing vocals, the song included only McCartney's lead vocal and the strings arranged by producer George Martin.[47][nb 5]

An image of the Beatles, holding marching band instruments and wearing colourful uniforms, standing near a grave covered with flowers that spell "Beatles". Standing behind the band are several dozen famous people.
《Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band》, "그 어떤 커버보다 유명한 음반 커버", 비틀즈 전기 작가 빌 해리가 씀.[49]

The band gave their final commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour.[50] Later that year, McCartney completed his first musical project apart from the group—a film score for the UK production The Family Way. The score was a collaboration with Martin, who used two McCartney themes to write thirteen variations. The soundtrack failed to chart, but it won McCartney an Ivor Novello Award for Best Instrumental Theme.[51]

Upon the end of the Beatles' performing career, McCartney sensed unease in the band and wanted them to maintain creative productivity. He pressed them to start a new project, which became Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, widely regarded as rock's first concept album.[52] Inspired to create a new persona for the group, to serve as a vehicle for experimentation and to demonstrate to their fans that they had musically matured, McCartney invented the fictional band of the album's title track.[53] As McCartney explained, "We were fed up with being the Beatles. We really hated that fucking four little mop-top approach. We were not boys we were men ... and [we] thought of ourselves as artists rather than just performers."[54]

Starting in November 1966, the band adopted an experimental attitude during recording sessions for the album.[55] According to engineer Geoff Emerick, "the Beatles were looking to go out on a limb, both musically and sonically ... we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding and other manipulation techniques ... limiters and ... effects like flanging and ADT."[56] Their recording of "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra, which Martin and McCartney took turns conducting.[57] The sessions produced the double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" in February 1967, and the LP followed in June.[34][nb 6] McCartney's "She's Leaving Home" was an orchestral pop song. MacDonald described the track as "[among] the finest work on Sgt. Pepper—imperishable popular art of its time".[59] Based on an ink drawing by McCartney, the LP's cover included a collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, standing with a host of celebrities.[60][nb 7] The heavy moustaches worn by the Beatles reflected the growing influence of hippie style trends on the band, while their clothing "spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions", wrote Gould.[62] Scholar David Scott Kastan described Sgt. Pepper as "the most important and influential rock-and-roll album ever recorded".[63]

"After Brian died ... Paul took over and supposedly led us you know ... we went round in circles ... We broke up then. That was the disintegration. I thought, 'we've fuckin' had it.'"[64]

—John Lennon, Rolling Stone magazine, 1970

Epstein's death in August 1967 created a void, which left the Beatles perplexed and concerned about their future.[65] McCartney, stepping in to fill that void, gradually became the de facto leader and business manager of the group Lennon had once led.[66] His first creative suggestion after this change of leadership was to propose that the band move forward on their plans to produce a film for television, which was to become Magical Mystery Tour. The project was "an administrative nightmare throughout", according to Beatles' historian Mark Lewisohn.[67] McCartney largely directed the film, which brought the group their first unfavourable critical response.[68] However, the film's soundtrack was more successful. It was released in the UK as a six-track double extended play disc (EP), and as an identically titled LP in the US, filled out with five songs from the band's recent singles.[34] The only Capitol compilation later included in the group's official canon of studio albums, the Magical Mystery Tour LP achieved $8 million in sales within three weeks of its release, higher initial sales than any other Capitol LP up to that point.[69]

In January 1968, EMI filmed the Beatles for a promotional trailer intended to advertise the animated film Yellow Submarine, loosely based on the imaginary world evoked by McCartney's 1966 composition. Though critics admired the film for its visual style, humour and music, the soundtrack album issued seven months later received a less enthusiastic response.[70] By late 1968, relations within the band were deteriorating. The tension grew during the recording of their self-titled double album, also known as the "White Album".[71][nb 8] Matters worsened the following year during the Let It Be sessions, when a camera crew filmed McCartney lecturing the group: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away ... we were always fighting [his] discipline a bit, but it's silly to fight that discipline if it's our own".[73]

In March 1969, McCartney married Linda Eastman, and in August, the couple had their first child, Mary, named after his late mother.[74] For Abbey Road, the band's last recorded album, Martin suggested "a continuously moving piece of music", urging the group to think symphonically.[75] McCartney agreed, but Lennon did not. They eventually compromised, agreeing to McCartney's suggestion: an LP featuring individual songs on side one, and a long medley on side two.[75] In October 1969, a rumour surfaced that McCartney had died in a car crash in 1966 and been replaced by a lookalike, but this was quickly refuted when a November Life magazine cover featured him and his family, accompanied by the caption "Paul is still with us".[76]

On 10 April 1970, in the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates, McCartney announced his departure from the group.[77] He filed suit for the band's formal dissolution on 31 December 1970. More legal disputes followed as McCartney's attorneys, his in-laws John and Lee Eastman, fought Lennon's, Harrison's, and Starr's business manager, Allen Klein, over royalties and creative control. An English court legally dissolved the Beatles on 9 January 1975, though sporadic lawsuits against their record company EMI, Klein, and each other persisted until 1989.[66][nb 9][nb 10] They are widely regarded as one of the most popular and influential acts in the history of rock music.[82]

Prior to, and for a while after leaving the group, McCartney suffered from a deep depression as a result of the band's break-up. He spent days in bed and drank excessively: "I nearly had a breakdown," he said. "I was going crazy."[83] Biographer Howard Sounes writes that "McCartney sank into whisky-soaked oblivion, [and] only Linda knew how to save him."[83] She helped him pull out of that emotional crisis by praising his work as a songwriter and convincing him to continue writing and recording. In her honor, he later wrote "Maybe I'm Amazed", explaining that with the Beatles breaking up, "that was my feeling: Maybe I'm amazed at what's going on... Maybe I'm a man and maybe you're the only woman who could ever help me; Baby won't you help me understand... Maybe I'm amazed at the way you pulled me out of time, hung me on the line, Maybe I'm amazed at the way I really need you." He added that "every love song I write is for Linda."[84][85]

1970–81: 윙스

1982–90

1991–2000

2000–10

2011–현재

사회활동

매카트니와 그의 가족은 유명한 동물 운동가이며 채식주의자이다. 특히 그의 딸 스텔라 매카트니는 모피와 가죽을 쓰지 않는 디자이너로 유명하다. 그들은 양고기를 먹는 와중에 초원을 뛰어다니는 양들을 보고 채식을 결심하게되었다고 말한다. 매카트니는 열성적인 동물 운동가였던 첫 번째 아내 린다 매카트니의 죽음 뒤 가진 인터뷰에서, 동물의 권리를 위해 계속 관심을 가지고 일하겠다고 다짐을 하기도 했다. 그는 모피로 사용되는 바다 표범 사냥과 세계 최대인 중국 모피산업에 대해서도 비판했다.

매카트니는 동물 운동뿐만 아니라 지뢰 반대 운동에도 적극적이었는데 자신의 월드 투어 콘서트 중 지뢰 반대 티셔츠를 입어 화제가 되기도 했다.

매카트니는 자선 공연과 앨범 작업에 수차례 참여하기도 했다. 2004년에는 미얀마의 민주화와 노벨 평화상 수상자인 아웅산 수치를 돕기 위한 앨범에 자신의 곡을 헌정하기도 했다.

매카트니는 2010년 미국 백악관에서 대중음악분야 최고 음악가에게 주는 거슈윈상을 받았다.

업적

수상

서훈

명예 박사학위

내한 공연

폴 매카트니의 첫 내한 공연이 현대카드 슈퍼콘서트 20으로 2014년 5월 28일에 진행될 예정이었으나, 폴 매카트니의 건강상 문제(바이러스성 염증)로 인해 취소되었다. 이후 2015년 5월 2일로 다시 계획되어 진행되었다.

디스코그래피

각주

  1. 〈Paul McCartney〉. 《Front Row》. 2012년 12월 26일. BBC Radio 4. 2014년 1월 18일에 확인함. 
  2. Harry 2002, 388–389쪽: "most successful composer and recording artist of all time", 60 gold discs, 100 million albums and 100 million singles sold; Glenday 2008, 168쪽: "the most successful songwriter" in UK chart history.
  3. “2015 Rock Hall inductees”. Radio.com. 2014년 12월 16일에 확인함. 
  4. Viewing Page 8993 of Issue 55229
  5. “20 Forthlin Road”. 《infobritain.co.uk》. 
  6. Spitz 2005, 75쪽.
  7. Miles 1997, 4쪽: (primary source); Benitez 2010, 1쪽: (secondary source).
  8. Benitez 2010, 1쪽: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; Carlin 2009, 13쪽: Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949.
  9. Benitez 2010, 1쪽: Transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School due to overcrowding at Stockton; Carlin 2009, 13쪽: Transferred to Joseph Williams in 1949.
  10. For his attendance at Joseph Williams Junior School see: “Beatle's schoolboy photo auction”. BBC News. 2009년 8월 16일. 2012년 6월 13일에 확인함. ; For McCartney passing the 11-plus exam see: Miles 1997, 9쪽: (primary source); Benitez 2010, 1–2쪽: (secondary source).
  11. Benitez 2010, 2쪽: The two soon became friends, "I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger"; Spitz 2005, 82–83쪽: On grammar school versus secondary modern, 125: On meeting Harrison.
  12. Playboy Interview, December 1984
  13. Benitez 2010, 2쪽: "Mary was the family's primary wage earner"; Harry 2002, 340–341쪽: "where they lived through 1964".
  14. Miles 1997, 6쪽.
  15. Benitez 2010, 2쪽: On Mary's death (secondary source); Miles 1997, 20쪽: On Mary's death (primary source); Womack 2007, 10쪽: Mary died from an embolism.
  16. Miles 1997, 31쪽.
  17. Miles 1997, 22–23쪽.
  18. Spitz 2005, 71쪽.
  19. Miles 1997, 23–24쪽.
  20. Miles 1997, 21쪽: Jim gave McCartney a nickel-plated trumpet which was later traded for a Zenith acoustic guitar; Spitz 2005, 86쪽: when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg.
  21. Miles 1997, 21쪽.
  22. Harry 2002, 509쪽: McCartney: "The first song I ever sang in public was "Long Tall Sally"., 533–534: Harry: "Long Tall Sally", was "The first number Paul ever sang on stage".
  23. Spitz 2005, 93쪽.
  24. Spitz 2005, 95쪽: "The Quarrymen played a spirited set of songs—half skiffle, half rock 'n roll".
  25. Lewisohn 1992, 18쪽.
  26. Lewisohn 1992, 18–22쪽.
  27. Lewisohn 1992, 17–25쪽.
  28. Miles 2001, 23–24쪽: Williams booking for them to perform in Hamburg; Spitz 2005, 200쪽: Williams booking them in Hamburg in 1960, Spitz 2005, 243쪽: "Williams had never formally served as the Beatles manager".
  29. Lewisohn 1992, 21–25쪽: Hamburg, Lewisohn 1992, 31쪽: the Cavern Club
  30. Miles 1997, 74쪽: McCartney: "Nobody wants to play bass, or nobody did in those days".;Gould 2007, 89쪽: On McCartney playing bass when Sutcliffe was indisposed., Gould 2007, 94쪽: "Sutcliffe gradually began to withdraw from active participation in the Beatles, ceding his role as the group's bassist to Paul McCartney".
  31. Spitz 2005, 249–251쪽.
  32. Miles 1997, 84–88쪽.
  33. Lewisohn 1992, 59쪽: "Love Me Do", Lewisohn 1992, 75쪽: Replacing Best with Starr., Lewisohn 1992, 88–94쪽: "Beatlemania" in the UK., Lewisohn 1992, 136–140쪽: "Beatlemania" in the US; Miles 1997, 470쪽: the cute Beatle; Spitz 2005, 330쪽: Starr joining the Beatles in August 1962.
  34. Lewisohn 1992, 350–351쪽.
  35. For song authorship see: Harry 2002, 90쪽: "Can't Buy Me Love", Harry 2002, 439쪽: "I Saw Her Standing There"; Harry 2000a, 561–562쪽: "I Want to Hold Your Hand"; and MacDonald 2005, 66–68쪽: "I Saw Her Standing There", MacDonald 2005, 83–85쪽: "She Loves You", MacDonald 2005, 99–103쪽: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", MacDonald 2005, 104–107쪽: "Can't Buy Me Love", MacDonald 2005, 171–172쪽; For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see: Lewisohn 1992, 350–351쪽.
  36. Buk 1996, 51쪽: Their first recording that involved only a single band member; Gould 2007, 278쪽: The group's first recorded use of classical music elements in their music.
  37. MacDonald 2005, 157–158쪽: "Yesterday" as the most covered song in history.
  38. MacDonald 2005, 172쪽.
  39. Levy 2005, 18쪽: Rubber Soul is described by critics as an advancement of the band's music; Brown & Gaines 2002, 181–82쪽: As they explored facets of romance and philosophy in their lyrics.
  40. MacDonald 2005, 169–170쪽: "In My Life" as a highlight of the Beatles catalogue.; Spitz 2005, 587쪽: Both Lennon and McCartney have claimed lead authorship for "In My Life".
  41. The Beatles 2000, 197쪽.
  42. Harry 2000b, 780쪽.
  43. Gould 2007, 348쪽.
  44. MacDonald 2005, 195쪽: The first of three consecutive McCartney A-sides; Lewisohn 1992, 350–351쪽: Revolver's release was preceded by "Paperback Writer".
  45. The Beatles 2000, 214쪽: "the forerunner of videos"; Lewisohn 1992, 221–222쪽: The films aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops.
  46. Gould 2007, 350쪽: "neoclassical tour de force", Gould 2007, 402쪽: "a true hybrid".
  47. Harry 2002, 313–316쪽.
  48. Everett 1999, 328쪽.
  49. Harry 2000a, 970쪽.
  50. Lewisohn 1992, 230쪽.
  51. Blaney 2007, 8쪽.
  52. Harry 2000a, 970쪽: Rock's first concept album; MacDonald 2005, 254쪽: McCartney sensed unease among the bandmates and wanted them to maintain creative productivity.
  53. Miles 1997, 303쪽: McCartney creating a new identity for the group.
  54. Miles 1997, 303쪽.
  55. Lewisohn 1992, 232쪽.
  56. Emerick & Massey 2006, 170쪽: Flanging and ADT use, Emerick & Massey 2006, 190쪽: "we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding", Emerick & Massey 2006, 192쪽: "The Beatles were looking to go out on a limb".
  57. Emerick & Massey 2006, 158쪽: Martin and McCartney took turns conducting; Gould 2007, 387–388쪽: Recording "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra.
  58. Sounes 2010, 161–162쪽.
  59. MacDonald 2005, 245쪽.
  60. Gould 2007, 391–395쪽: The Sgt. Pepper cover featured the Beatles as the imaginary band alluded to in the album's title track, standing with a host of celebrities (secondary source); The Beatles 2000, 248쪽: Standing with a host of celebrities (primary source); Miles 1997, 333쪽: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (primary source); Sounes 2010, 168쪽: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (secondary source).
  61. Gould 2007, 391–395쪽: The Sgt. Pepper cover attracted curiosity and analysis; Miles 1997, 333쪽: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (primary source); Sounes 2010, 168쪽: On McCartney's design for the Sgt. Pepper cover (secondary source).
  62. The Beatles 2000, 236쪽: The growing influence of hippie style on the Beatles; Gould 2007, 385쪽: "spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions".
  63. Kastan 2006, 139쪽.
  64. Wenner & George-Warren 2000, 24–25쪽.
  65. Brown & Gaines 2002, 247쪽.
  66. Benitez 2010, 8–9쪽.
  67. Lewisohn 1992, 238–239쪽.
  68. Gould 2007, 455–456쪽.
  69. Harry 2000a, 699쪽.
  70. Gould 2007, 487쪽: Critical response; Lewisohn 1992, 278쪽: Filming of the promotional trailer, Lewisohn 1992, 304쪽: Yellow Submarine soundtrack release.
  71. Lewisohn 1992, 276–304쪽.
  72. Gould 2007, 470쪽: Apple Corps formed as part of Epstein's business plan; Lewisohn 1992, 278쪽: The Beatles' first Apple Records LP release.
  73. Brown & Gaines 2002, 299쪽: "We've been very negative since Mr. Epstein passed away"; Lewisohn 1992, 276–304쪽: The White Album, Lewisohn 1992, 304–314쪽: Let It Be.
  74. Sounes 2010, 171–172쪽: Paul and Linda's first meeting; Sounes 2010, 245–248쪽: On their wedding; Sounes 2010, 261쪽: On the birth of their first child Mary.
  75. Gould 2007, 563쪽.
  76. Gould 2007, 593–594쪽.
  77. Lewisohn 1992, 349쪽: McCartney's departure from the Beatles (secondary source); Miles 1998, 314–316쪽: McCartney's departure from the Beatles (primary source); Spitz 2005, 243, 819–821쪽: Lennon's personal appointment of Klein, Spitz 2005, 832–833쪽: McCartney's disagreement with Lennon, Harrison, and Starr over Klein's management of the Beatles.
  78. Harry 2002, 753쪽.
  79. Roberts 2005, 54쪽.
  80. Lewisohn 1992, 350–351쪽: US and UK singles and album release dates with peak chart positions; Gould 2007, 8–9쪽: "one of the greatest phenomena in the history of mass entertainment", "widely regarded as the greatest concentration of singing, songwriting, and all-around musical talent that the rock'n'roll era has produced"; Spitz 2005, 856쪽: "not anything like anything else ... [a] vastness of talent ... of genius, incomprehensible".
  81. For song authorship see: MacDonald 2005, 333–334쪽: "Get Back", MacDonald 2005, 272–273쪽: "Hello, Goodbye", MacDonald 2005, 302–304쪽: "Hey Jude", MacDonald 2005, 337–338쪽: "Let it Be", MacDonald 2005, 339–341쪽: "The Long and Winding Road"; For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see: Lewisohn 1992, 350–351쪽.
  82. (영어) Unterberger, Richie. 폴 매카트니 - 올뮤직. 5 July 2013에 확인.
  83. Sounes, Howard. "Strangers said she was abrasive and gauche, but as Paul McCartney sank into whisky-soaked oblivion, only Linda knew how to save him", Daily Mail, 17 August 2010
  84. Heatley, Michael; Hopkinson, Frank. The Girl in the Song: The Real Stories Behind 50 Rock Classics, Pavilion Books (2010) e-book
  85. "Maybe I’m Amazed", The Beatles Bible
  1. Jim McCartney's father Joe played an E-flat tuba.[18] Jim pointed out the bass parts in songs on the radio, and often took his sons to local brass band concerts.[19]
  2. During their extended stays there over the next two years, they performed as the resident group at the Indra, and later the Kaiserkeller, both owned by Bruno Koschmider. Periodically, the band received breaks from playing in Hamburg and returned to Liverpool, performing regularly at the Cavern Club.[29]
  3. In 1963, the Beatles released two studio albums: Please Please Me and With the Beatles. Two more albums followed in 1964: A Hard Day's Night and Beatles for Sale.[34]
  4. McCartney co-wrote (with Lennon) several of their early hits, including "I Saw Her Standing There", "She Loves You", "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (1963) and "Can't Buy Me Love" (1964).[35]
  5. Also included on Revolver was "Here, There and Everywhere", a McCartney composition which is his second favourite after "Yesterday".[48]
  6. Written by McCartney as a commentary on his childhood in Liverpool, "Penny Lane" featured a piccolo trumpet solo inspired by Bach's second Brandenburg concerto.[58]
  7. The Sgt. Pepper cover piqued a frenzy of analysis.[61]
  8. The Beatles was the band's first Apple Records LP release; the label was a subsidiary of Apple Corps, a conglomerate formed as part of Epstein's plan to reduce the group's taxes.[72]
  9. When the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, their first year of eligibility, McCartney did not attend the ceremony, stating that unresolved legal disputes would make him "feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with [Harrison and Starr] at a fake reunion".[78]
  10. The Beatles released twenty-two UK singles and twelve LPs, of which seventeen singles and eleven LPs reached number one on various charts.[79] The band topped the US Billboard Hot 100 twenty times, and recorded fourteen number-one albums, as Lennon and McCartney became one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.[80] McCartney was the primary writer of five of their last six US number-one singles: "Hello, Goodbye" (1967), "Hey Jude" (1968), "Get Back (1969)", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road" (1970).[81]

바깥 고리