바실리데스주의: 두 판 사이의 차이

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
입체적으로 역사 찾아보기
← 이전 편집다음 편집 →
내용 삭제됨 내용 추가됨
시각위키텍스트
잔글 HotCat을 사용해서 분류:영지주의 삭제함, 분류:시리아-이집트 영지주의 추가함
편집 요약 없음
1번째 줄: 1번째 줄:
{{영지주의}}
{{영지주의}}
<!--{{Gnosticism}}-->
'''바실리데스주의'''(Basilidianism) 또는 '''바실리데스파'''(Basilidians, Basilideans)는 [[알렉산드리아]]의 [[바실리데스]](Basilides: fl. AD 117-138)가 기원후 [[2세기]]에 설립한 [[나스티시즘]](Gnosticism, 영지주의) 분파이다. [[바실리데스]]는 자신의 교의는 [[성 베드로]]의 제자인 [[글라우코스]](Glaucus)로부터 전수받은 것이라고 주장하였다.
'''바실리데스주의'''(Basilidianism) 또는 '''바실리데스파'''(Basilidians, Basilideans)는 [[알렉산드리아]]의 [[바실리데스]](Basilides: fl. AD 117-138)가 기원후 [[2세기]]에 설립한 [[나스티시즘]](Gnosticism, 영지주의) 분파이다. [[바실리데스]]는 자신의 교의는 [[성 베드로]]의 제자인 [[글라우코스]](Glaucus)로부터 전수받은 것이라고 주장하였다.
<!--
The '''Basilidians''' or '''Basilideans''' were a [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] [[sect]] founded by [[Basilides]] of [[Alexandria]] in the 2nd century. Basilides claimed to have been taught his doctrines by Glaucus, a disciple of [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]].
-->


바실리데스파의 수행과 관습 및 교의에 대해서는 다음과 같은 단편적인 사항들 외에는 알려진 바가 없다: (1) [[바실리데스]]는 자신의 제자들에게 [[피타고라스]]처럼 5년간의 침묵을 명했다. (2) 바실리데스파는 [[주의 세례주일|예수가 세례를 받은 날]]을 축일로 지정하여 매년 기념하였으며<ref>알렉산드리아의 클레멘스, 《스트로마타(Stromata)》. i. 21 § 18</ref> 이 날의 전날밤을 경전을 읽으며 보냈다. (3) 바실리데스는 자신의 팔로어들에게 우상들에게 바쳐진 음식들을 먹었다고 해서 양심의 가책을 느낄 필요가 없다고 말하였다. (4) 바실리데스파에는 물질적(material), 멘털적(intellectual), 영적(spiritual) 계위의 세 가지 계위가 있었으며 남성상과 여성상으로 이루어진 두 개의 우화적인 상(像)을 가지고 있었다. (5) 바실리데스파의 교의는 [[오피스파]](Ophites)와 후대의 [[유대교]] [[카발라]](Kabbalism)의 교의와 유사한 부분이 많았다.
바실리데스파의 수행과 관습 및 교의에 대해서는 다음과 같은 단편적인 사항들 외에는 알려진 바가 없다: (1) [[바실리데스]]는 자신의 제자들에게 [[피타고라스]]처럼 5년간의 침묵을 명했다. (2) 바실리데스파는 [[주의 세례주일|예수가 세례를 받은 날]]을 축일로 지정하여 매년 기념하였으며<ref>알렉산드리아의 클레멘스, 《스트로마타(Stromata)》. i. 21 § 18</ref> 이 날의 전날밤을 경전을 읽으며 보냈다. (3) 바실리데스는 자신의 팔로어들에게 우상들에게 바쳐진 음식들을 먹었다고 해서 양심의 가책을 느낄 필요가 없다고 말하였다. (4) 바실리데스파에는 물질적(material), 멘털적(intellectual), 영적(spiritual) 계위의 세 가지 계위가 있었으며 남성상과 여성상으로 이루어진 두 개의 우화적인 상(像)을 가지고 있었다. (5) 바실리데스파의 교의는 [[오피스파]](Ophites)와 후대의 [[유대교]] [[카발라]](Kabbalism)의 교의와 유사한 부분이 많았다.
<!--
Of the customs of the Basilidians, we know no more than that Basilides enjoined on his followers, like [[Pythagoras]], a silence of five years; that they kept the anniversary of the [[Baptism of the Lord|day of the baptism of Jesus]] as a feast day<ref>Clement, ''[[Stromata]]''. i. 21 § 18<</ref> and spent the eve of it in reading; that their master told them not to scruple eating things offered to idols. The sect had three grades – material, intellectual and spiritual – and possessed two allegorical statues, male and female. The sect's doctrines were often similar to those of the [[Ophites]] and later [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Kabbalah|Kabbalism]].
-->


바실리데스파는 기원후 4세기 말까지 존속하였는데 [[에피파니우스]](Epiphanius: c.310/20-403)는 바실리데스파가 [[나일 삼각주]]에서 생존하고 있는 것을 보았다고 보고하였다. 그러나 바실리데스파는 활동 지역의 거의 전적으로 [[이집트]]에 국한되어 있었다. 한편, [[술피키우스 세베루스]](Sulpicius Severus: c.363-c.425)에 따르면 바실리데스파는 이집트 [[멤피스]] 출신의 마크(Mark)라는 인물에 의해 [[스페인]]으로 전해졌다고 한다. [[히에로니무스]](St. Jerome: c. 347-420)는 [[프리스킬리언파]](Priscillianists)가 바실리데스파에 의해 오염된 분파라고 하였다.
바실리데스파는 기원후 4세기 말까지 존속하였는데 [[에피파니우스]](Epiphanius: c.310/20-403)는 바실리데스파가 [[나일 삼각주]]에서 생존하고 있는 것을 보았다고 보고하였다. 그러나 바실리데스파는 활동 지역의 거의 전적으로 [[이집트]]에 국한되어 있었다. 한편, [[술피키우스 세베루스]](Sulpicius Severus: c.363-c.425)에 따르면 바실리데스파는 이집트 [[멤피스]] 출신의 마크(Mark)라는 인물에 의해 [[스페인]]으로 전해졌다고 한다. [[히에로니무스]](St. Jerome: c. 347-420)는 [[프리스킬리언파]](Priscillianists)가 바실리데스파에 의해 오염된 분파라고 하였다.
<!--
Basilidianism survived until the end of the fourth century as [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] knew of Basilidians living in the [[Nile]] Delta. It was however almost exclusively limited to [[Egypt]], though according to [[Sulpicius Severus]] it seems to have found an entrance into [[Spain]] through a certain Mark from [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. [[St. Jerome]] states that the [[Priscillianists]] were infected with it.
== Cosmogony of Hippolytus ==
<!--The fundamental theme of the Basilidian system is the question concerning the origin of evil and how to overcome it.<ref>Epiphanius, ''Haer''. xxiv. 6</ref>--!>

The descriptions of the Basilidian system given by our chief informants, [[Irenaeus]] (''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]]'') and [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]] (''[[Philosophumena]]''), are so strongly divergent that they seem to many quite irreconcilable. According to Hippolytus, Basilides was apparently a pantheistic evolutionist; and according to Irenaeus, a dualist and an emanationist.

Historians, such as Philip Shaff, have the opinion that: "Irenaeus described a form of Basilideanism which was not the original, but a later corruption of the system. On the other hand, Clement of Alexandria surely, and Hippolytus, in the fuller account of his Philosophumena, probably drew their knowledge of the system directly from Basilides' own work, the Exegetica, and hence represent the form of doctrine taught by Basilides himself"<ref>''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series'' page 178, note 7.</ref>.

===Creation===
[[Image:Monad.svg|thumb|The [[Monad (symbol)|Monad]] was a symbol referred by some Greek philosophers as "The Seed".]]
According to Hippolytus, Basilides asserted the beginning of all things to have been pure nothing. He uses every device of language to express absolute nonentity.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 20.</ref> Nothing then being in existence, "not-being God" willed to make a not-being world out of not-being things. This not-being world was only "a single seed containing within itself all the ''seed-mass'' of the world," as the mustard seed contains the branches and leaves of the tree.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 21.</ref> This Monad, or seed-mass, had three parts, and was [[Consubstantiality|consubstantial]] with the not-being God:
#Part subtle of substance.
#Part coarse of substance.
#Part needing purification.
This was the one origin of all future growths; these future growths did not use pre-existing matter, but rather these future growths came into being out of nothing by the voice of the not-being God. The first part of the Monad burst through and ascended to the not-being God. The second part of the Monad to burst forth could not mount up of itself, but it took to itself as a wing the Holy Spirit, each bearing up the other with mutual benefit. But when it came near the place of the first part of the Monad and the not-being God, it could take the Holy Spirit no further, it not being consubstantial with the Holy Spirit. There the Holy Spirit remained, as a firmament dividing things above the world from the world itself below.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 22.</ref>

===Great Archon===
From the third part of the Monad burst forth into being the Great [[Archon]], "the head of the world, a beauty and greatness and power that cannot be uttered." He too ascended until he reached the firmament which he supposed to be the upward end of all things. There he "made to himself and begat out of the things below a son far better and wiser than himself". Then he became wiser and every way better than all other cosmical things except the Monad left below. Smitten with wonder at his son's beauty, he set him at his right hand. "This is what they call the Ogdoad, where the Great Archon is sitting." Then all the heavenly or ethereal creation, as far down as the moon, was made by the Great Archon, inspired by his wiser son.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 23.</ref>
Another Archon arose out of the Monad, inferior to the first Archon, but superior to all else below except the Monad; and he likewise made to himself a son wiser than himself, and became the creator and governor of the aerial world. This region is called the Hebdomad. On the other hand, all these events occurred according to the plan of the not-being God.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 24.</ref>

===Gospel===
The Basilideans believed in a Gospel much different than what orthodox Christians believe. Hippolytus summed up the Basilidean's Gospel by saying: "According to them the Gospel is the knowledge of things above the world, which knowledge the Great Archon understood not: when then it was shewn to him that there exists the Holy Spirit, and the [three parts of the Monad] and a God Who is the author of all these things, even the not-being One, he rejoiced at what was told him, and was exceeding glad: this is according to them the Gospel."

That is, the Basilideans believed from [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] until [[Moses]] the Great Archon supposed himself to be God alone, and to have nothing above him. But the Monad thought to enlighten the Great Archon that there were beings above him, so through the Holy Spirit the Gospel was conveyed to the Great Archon.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 25.</ref> First, the son of the Great Archon received the Gospel, and he in turn instructed the Great Archon himself, by whose side he was sitting. Then the Great Archon learned that he was not God of the universe, but had above him yet higher beings; and confessed his sin in having magnified himself.<ref>Wisdom to "separate and discern and perfect and restore," Clem. ''Strom.'' ii. 448 f.</ref> From him the Gospel had next to pass to the Archon of the Hebdomad. The son of the Great Archon delivered the Gospel to the son of the Archon of the Hebdomad. The son of the Archon of the Hebdomad became enlightened, and declared the Gospel to the Archon of the Hebdomad, and he too feared and confessed.<ref name=autogenerated1>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 26.</ref>

It remained only that the world should be enlightened. The light came down from the Archon of the Hebdomad upon Jesus both at the Annunciation and at the Baptism so that He "was enlightened, being kindled in union with the light that shone on Him". Therefore by following Jesus, the world is purified and becomes most subtle, so that it can ascend to the Monad.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> When every part of the Monad has arrived above the Holy Spirit, "then the creation shall find mercy, for till now it groans and is tormented and awaits the revelation of the sons of God, that all the men of the sonship may ascend from hence".<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 27.</ref> When this has come to pass, God will bring upon the whole world the Great Ignorance, that everything may like being the way it is, and that nothing may desire anything contrary to its nature. "And in this wise shall be the Restoration, all things according to nature having been founded in the seed of the universe in the beginning, and being restored at their due seasons."<ref>προλελογισμένος: cf. c. 24, s. f.; x. 14.</ref>

===Christ===
As for Jesus, other than a different account of the Nativity, the Basilideans believed in the events of Jesus' life as they are described in the Gospels.<ref>Hippolytus, "After the Nativity already made known, all incidents concerning the Saviour came to pass according to them [the Basilidians] as they are described in the Gospels."</ref> They believed the crucifixion was necessary, because by the destruction of Jesus' body the world could be restored.<ref>Hippolytus, "It was necessary that the things confused should be sorted by the division of Jesus. That therefore suffered which was His bodily part, which was of the [world], and it was restored into the [world]; and that rose up which was His psychical part... and it was restored into the Hebdomad; and he raised up that which belonged to the summit where sits the Great Archon, and it abode beside the Great Archon: and He bore up on high that which was of the [Holy] Spirit, and it abode in the [Holy] Spirit; and the third [part of the Monad], which had been left behind in [the heap] to give and receive benefits, through Him was purified and mounted up to the [first part of the Monad], passing through them all."</ref><ref>Hippolytus, "Thus Jesus is become the first fruits of the sorting; and the Passion has come to pass for no other purpose than this, that the things confused might be sorted."</ref>

==Ethics==
{{Main|Basilides#Ethics}}

According to Clement of Alexandria, the Basilideans taught faith was a natural gift of understanding bestowed upon the soul before its union with the body and which some possessed and others did not. This gift is a latent force which only manifests its energy through the coming of the Saviour.

[[Sin]] was not the results of the abuse of free will, but merely the outcome of an inborn evil principle. All suffering is punishment for sin; even when a child suffers, this is the punishment of the inborn evil principle. The persecutions Christians underwent had therefore as sole object the punishment of their sin. All human nature was thus vitiated by the sinful; when hard pressed Basilides would call even Christ a sinful man,<ref>Clemens, ''Strom''. iv. 12 § 83, &c.</ref> for God alone was righteous.

"Their whole system," says Clement, "is a confusion of the Panspermia (All-seed) with the Phylokrinesis (Difference-in-kind) and the return of things thus confused to their own places." Clement accuses Basilides of a deification of the [[Devil]], and regards as his two dogmas that of the Devil and that of the transmigration of souls.<ref>Clemens, ''Strom''. iv. 12 § 85: cf. v. ii § 75</ref> Irenaeus and Epiphanius reproach Basilides with the immorality of his system, and [[St. Jerome|Jerome]] calls Basilides a master and teacher of debaucheries. It is likely, however, that Basilides was personally free from immorality and that this accusation was true neither of the master nor of some of his followers.

==Cosmogony of Irenaeus and Epiphanius==
In briefly sketching this version of Basilidianism, which most likely rests on later or corrupt accounts, our authorities are fundamentally two, [[Irenaeus]] and the lost early treatise of [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]]; both having much in common, and both being interwoven together in the report of [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]]. The other relics of the Hippolytean Compendium are the accounts of [[Philaster]] (32), and the supplement to [[Tertullian]] (4).
===Creation===
At the head of this theology stood the Unbegotten, the Only Father. From Him was born or put forth Nûs, and from Nûs Logos, from Logos Phronesis, from Phronesis [[Sophia (wisdom)|Sophia]] and Dynamis, from Sophia and Dynamis principalities, powers, and angels. This first set of angels first made the first heaven, and then gave birth to a second set of angels who made a second heaven, and so on till 365 heavens had been made by 365 generations of angels, each heaven being apparently ruled by an Archon to whom a name was given, and these names being used in magic arts. The angels of the lowest or visible heaven made the earth and man. They were the authors of the prophecies; and the Law in particular was given by their Archon, the God of the Jews. He being more petulant and wilful than the other angels (ἰταμώτερον καὶ αὐθαδέστερον), in his desire to secure empire for his people, provoked the rebellion of the other angels and their respective peoples.

===Christ===
[[File:N-s-dos-passos-17.jpg|thumb|right|In the account given by Irenaeus, but contradicted by Hippolytus, it was [[Simon of Cyrene]] who was crucified in Jesus' stead.]]

Then the Unbegotten and Innominable Father, seeing what discord prevailed among men and among angels, and how the Jews were perishing, sent His Firstborn Nûs, Who is Christ, to deliver those Who believed on Him from the power of the makers of the world. "He," the Basilidians said, "is our salvation, even He Who came and revealed to us alone this truth." He accordingly appeared on earth and performed mighty works; but His appearance was only in outward show, and He did not really take flesh. It was [[Simon of Cyrene]] that was crucified; for Jesus exchanged forms with him on the way, and then, standing unseen opposite in Simon's form, mocked those who did the deed (this is starkly contradicted by Hippolytus view of the Basilideans). But He Himself ascended into heaven, passing through all the powers, till He was restored to the presence of His own Father.
===Abrasax===
{{Main|Abrasax}}

The two fullest accounts, those of Irenaeus and Epiphanius, add by way of appendix another particular of the antecedent mythology; a short notice on the same subject being likewise inserted parenthetically by Hippolytus.<ref>Hippolytus, ''Philosophumena'' vii. 26, p. 240: cf. Uhlhorn, ''D. Basilid. Syst.'' 65 f.</ref> The supreme power and source of being above all principalities and powers and angels (such is evidently the reference of Epiphanius's αὐτῶν: Irenaeus substitutes "heavens," which in this connexion comes to much the same thing) is [[Abrasax]], the Greek letters of whose name added together as numerals make up 365, the number of the heavens; whence, they apparently said, the year has 365 days, and the human body 365 members. This supreme Power they called "the Cause" and "the First Archetype," while they treated as a last or weakest product this present world as the work of the last Archon.<ref>Epiph. 74 {{small-caps|A}}.</ref> It is evident from these particulars that Abrasax was the name of the first of the 365 Archons, and accordingly stood below Sophia and Dynamis and their progenitors; but his position is not expressly stated, so that the writer of the supplement to Tertullian had some excuse for confusing him with "the Supreme God."

==Precepts==
On these doctrines, various precepts are said by the Basilidians' opponents to have been founded.
===Antinomianism===
When [[Philaster]] (doubtless after Hippolytus) tells us in his first sentence about Basilides that "he violated the laws of Christian truth by making an outward show and discourse concerning the Law and the Prophets and the Apostles, but believing otherwise," the reference is probably revealing an antinomian sentiment among the Basilideans. The Basilidians considered themselves to be no longer Jews, and to have become more than Christians. Repudiation of martyrdom was naturally accompanied by indiscriminate use of things offered to idols. And from there the principle of indifference is said to have been carried so far as to sanction promiscuous immorality.

In this and other respects our accounts may possibly contain exaggerations; but Clement's complaint of the flagrant degeneracy in his time from the high standard set up by Basilides himself is unsuspicious evidence, and a libertine code of ethics would find an easy justification in such maxims as are imputed to the Basilidians.

===Magic===
[[Image:Abraxas, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|right|Engraving from an Abrasax stone.]]

Among the later followers of Basilides, magic, invocations, "and all other curious arts" played a part. The names of the [[Archon|rulers]] of the [[Seven Heavens|several heavens]] were handed down as a weighty secret, which was a result of the belief that whoever knew the names of these rulers would after death pass through all the heavens to the supreme God. In accordance with this, Christ also, in the opinion of these followers of Basilides, was in the possession of a mystic name (''Caulacau'') by the power of which he had descended through all the heavens to Earth, and had then again ascended to the Father. Redemption, accordingly, could be conceived as the revelation of mystic names. Whether Basilides himself had already given this magic tendency to Gnosticism cannot be decided.

A reading taken from the inferior MSS. of Irenaeus has added the further statement that they used "images"; and this single word is often cited in corroboration of the popular belief that the numerous ancient gems on which grotesque mythological combinations are accompanied by the mystic name ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ were of Basilidian origin.

It has been shown<ref>''D. C. B.'' (4-vol. ed.), art. {{small-caps|Abrasax}}, where Lardner (''Hist. of Heretics'', ii. 14-28) should have been named with Beausobre.</ref> that there is little tangible evidence for attributing any known gems to Basilidianism or any other form of Gnosticism, and that in all probability the Basilidians and the pagan engravers of gems alike borrowed the name from some Semitic mythology. No attempts of critics to trace correspondences between the mythological personages, and to explain them by supposed condensations or mutilations, have attained even plausibility.

===Martyrdom===
The most distinctive is the discouragement of martyrdom, which was made to rest on several grounds. To confess the Crucified was called a token of being still in bondage to the angels who made the body, and it was condemned especially as a vain honour paid not to Christ, Who neither suffered nor was crucified, but to Simon of Cyrene.

The contempt for martyrdom, which was perhaps the most notorious characteristic of the Basilidians, would find a ready excuse in their master's speculative paradox about martyrs, even if he did not discourage martyrdom himself.

===Relationship to Judaism===
According to both Hippolytus and Irenaeus, the Basilideans denied that the God of the Jews was the supreme God. According to Hippolytus, the God of the Jews was the Archon of the Hebdomad, which was inferior to the Great Archon, the Holy Spirit, the Monad, and the not-being God.

According to Irenaeus, the Basilideans believed the God of the Jews was inferior to the 365 sets of Archons above him, as well as the powers, principalities, Dynamis and Sophia, Phronesis, Logos, Nûs, and finally the Unbegotten Father.

===Resurrection of the body===
It is hardly necessary to add that they expected the resurrection of the soul alone, insisting on the natural corruptibility of the body.

===Secrecy===
Their discouragement of martyrdom was one of the secrets which the Basilidians diligently cultivated, following naturally on the supposed possession of a hidden knowledge. Likewise, their other mysteries were to be carefully guarded, and disclosed to "only one out of 1000 and two out of 10,000."

The silence of five years which Basilides imposed on novices might easily degenerate into the perilous dissimulation of a secret sect, while their exclusiveness would be nourished by his doctrine of the [[Basilides#Election|Election]]; and the same doctrine might further after a while receive an [[antinomian]] interpretation.

==Later Basilidianism==
Imperfect and distorted as the picture may be, such was doubtless in substance the creed of Basilidians not half a century after Basilides had written. Were the name absent from the records of his system and theirs, no one would have suspected any relationship between them, much less imagined that they belonged respectively to master and to disciples. <!--Outward mechanism and inward principles are alike full of contrasts.--!>

Two misunderstandings have been specially misleading. Abrasax, the chief or Archon of the first set of angels, has been confounded with "the Unbegotten Father," and the God of the Jews, the Archon of the lowest heaven, has been assumed to be the only Archon recognized by the later Basilidians, though Epiphanius<ref>Epiphanius 69 {{small-caps|b.c.}}</ref> distinctly implies that each of the 365 heavens had its Archon. The mere name "Archon" is common to most forms of Gnosticism.

So again, because Clement tells us that Righteousness and her daughter Peace abide in substantive being within the Ogdoad, "the Unbegotten Father" and the five grades or forms of creative mind which intervene between Him and the creator-angels are added in to make up an Ogdoad, though none is recorded as acknowledged by the disciples: a combination so arbitrary and so incongruous needs no refutation. On the other hand, those five abstract names have an air of true Basilidian Hellenism, and the two systems possess at least one negative feature in common, the absence of syzygies and of all imagery connected directly with sex. On their ethical side the connexion is discerned with less difficulty.
<!--The nature of the contrast of principle in the theological part of the two creeds suggests how so great a change may have arisen. The system of Basilides was a high-pitched philosophical speculation, entirely unfitted to exercise popular influence, and transporting its adherents to a region remote from the sympathies of men imbued with the old Gnostic phantasies, while it was too artificial a compound to attract heathens or Catholic Christians. The power of mind and character which the remains of his writings disclose might easily gather round him in the first instance a crowd who, though they could enter into portions only of his teaching, might remain detached from other Gnostics, and yet in their theology relapse into "the broad highway of vulgar Gnosticism" (Baur in the Tübingen ''Theol. Jahrb.'' for 1856, pp. 158 f.), and make for themselves out of its elements, whether fortuitously or by the skill of some now forgotten leader, a new mythological combination. In this manner evolution from below might once more give place to emanation from above, Docetism might again sever heaven and earth, and a loose practical dualism (of the profounder speculative dualism of the East there is no trace) might supersede all that Basilides had taught as to the painful processes by which sonship attains its perfection.--!>

The composite character of the secondary Basilidianism may be seen at a glance in the combination of the five Greek abstractions preparatory to creation with the Semitic hosts of creative angels bearing barbaric names. Basilidianism seems to have stood alone in appropriating Abrasax; but Caulacau plays a part in more than one system, and the functions of the angels recur in various forms of Gnosticism, and especially in that derived from Saturnilus. Saturnilus likewise affords a parallel in the character assigned to the God of the Jew as an angel, and partly in the reason assigned for the Saviour's mission; while the Antitactae of Clement recall the resistance to the God of the Jews inculcated by the Basilidians.

Other "Basilidian" features appear in the ''[[Pistis Sophia]]'', viz. many barbaric names of angels (with 365 Archons, p.&nbsp;364), and elaborate collocations of heavens, and a numerical image taken from {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|32:30}} (p.&nbsp;354). The Basilidian Simon of Cyrene apparently appears in the ''[[Second Treatise of the Great Seth]]'', where Jesus says: "it was another, Simon, who bore the cross on his shoulder. It was another upon whom they placed the crown of thorns ... And I was laughing at their ignorance."

==History==
There is no evidence that the sect extended itself beyond [[Egypt]]; but there it survived for a long time. [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] (about 375) mentions the Prosopite, Athribite, Saite, and "Alexandriopolite" (read Andropolite) nomes or cantons, and also Alexandria itself, as the places in which it still throve in his time, and which he accordingly inferred to have been visited by Basilides.<ref>Epiphanius, ''Panarion'' 68 C.</ref> All these places lie on the western side of the Delta, between [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] and the sea. Nearer the end of cent. iv. [[Jerome]] often refers to Basilides in connexion with the hybrid [[Priscillianism]] of Spain, and the mystic names in which its votaries delighted. According to [[Sulpicius Severus]]<ref>Sulpicius Severus, ''Chron.'' ii. 46.</ref> this heresy took its rise in "the East and Egypt"; but, he adds, it is not easy to say "what the beginnings were out of which it there grew" (''quibus ibi initiis coaluerit''). He states, however, that it was first brought to Spain by Marcus, a native of Memphis. This fact explains how the name of Basilides and some dregs of his disciples' doctrines or practices found their way to so distant a land as Spain, and at the same time illustrates the probable hybrid origin of the secondary Basilidianism itself.
-->


== 각주 ==
== 각주 ==
{{각주}}
<references/>
<!--
==Footnotes==
<div style="font-size: 85%"><references/></div>
-->


== 참고 문헌 ==
== 참고 문헌 ==
131번째 줄: 17번째 줄:
* {{Schaff-Herzog}}
* {{Schaff-Herzog}}
</small>
</small>
<!--
==References==
*{{WaceBio}}
*{{Catholic}}
*{{1911브리태니커}}
*{{Schaff-Herzog}}
-->


{{나스티시즘}}
{{나스티시즘}}
{{신앙 체계}}
{{신앙 체계}}
<!--
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 2nd century]]
[[Category:Gnosticism]]
-->


[[분류:시리아-이집트 영지주의]]
[[분류:시리아-이집트 영지주의]]
[[분류:기독교]]
[[분류:2세기 이집트]]

2016년 12월 30일 (금) 20:15 판

영지주의
역사
기독교 영지주의
문헌
코덱스 필사본
관련 목록
관련 주제

바실리데스주의(Basilidianism) 또는 바실리데스파(Basilidians, Basilideans)는 알렉산드리아의 바실리데스(Basilides: fl. AD 117-138)가 기원후 2세기에 설립한 나스티시즘(Gnosticism, 영지주의) 분파이다. 바실리데스는 자신의 교의는 성 베드로의 제자인 글라우코스(Glaucus)로부터 전수받은 것이라고 주장하였다.

바실리데스파의 수행과 관습 및 교의에 대해서는 다음과 같은 단편적인 사항들 외에는 알려진 바가 없다: (1) 바실리데스는 자신의 제자들에게 피타고라스처럼 5년간의 침묵을 명했다. (2) 바실리데스파는 예수가 세례를 받은 날을 축일로 지정하여 매년 기념하였으며[1] 이 날의 전날밤을 경전을 읽으며 보냈다. (3) 바실리데스는 자신의 팔로어들에게 우상들에게 바쳐진 음식들을 먹었다고 해서 양심의 가책을 느낄 필요가 없다고 말하였다. (4) 바실리데스파에는 물질적(material), 멘털적(intellectual), 영적(spiritual) 계위의 세 가지 계위가 있었으며 남성상과 여성상으로 이루어진 두 개의 우화적인 상(像)을 가지고 있었다. (5) 바실리데스파의 교의는 오피스파(Ophites)와 후대의 유대교 카발라(Kabbalism)의 교의와 유사한 부분이 많았다.

바실리데스파는 기원후 4세기 말까지 존속하였는데 에피파니우스(Epiphanius: c.310/20-403)는 바실리데스파가 나일 삼각주에서 생존하고 있는 것을 보았다고 보고하였다. 그러나 바실리데스파는 활동 지역의 거의 전적으로 이집트에 국한되어 있었다. 한편, 술피키우스 세베루스(Sulpicius Severus: c.363-c.425)에 따르면 바실리데스파는 이집트 멤피스 출신의 마크(Mark)라는 인물에 의해 스페인으로 전해졌다고 한다. 히에로니무스(St. Jerome: c. 347-420)는 프리스킬리언파(Priscillianists)가 바실리데스파에 의해 오염된 분파라고 하였다.

각주

  1. ↑ 알렉산드리아의 클레멘스, 《스트로마타(Stromata)》. i. 21 § 18

참고 문헌

원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=바실리데스주의&oldid=17962533"