사용자:*Youngjin/작업실1

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

영향[편집]

Hygiene[편집]

Research from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine at Queen Mary in 2011 indicated that one in six cell phones is contaminated with fecal matter. Some of the contaminated phones were also harboring pathogenic strains of bacteria such as E. coli which can result in fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.[1] Other research has found a high risk of transmitting such bacteria by medical staff who carry their cellphones during their shift, because cellphones act as a reservoir where the bacteria can thrive.[2]

Health[편집]

<nowiki /> Mobile phone radiation and health 및 Electronic media and sleep 문서를 참고하십시오.

While the International Agency for Research on Cancer stated in 2011 that radio frequency radiation (RF) is a possible human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of an increased risk of developing glioma tumors,[3] no relationship has since been established. There is no definitive evidence linking cancer and phone use, nor any accepted scientific explanation for how phone usage could cause cancer, yet it remains a common misconception.[4]

Research has shown that diminished quantity and quality of sleep could also be due to an inhibited secretion of melatonin.[5]

In 2014, 58% of World Health Organization countries advised the general population to reduce radio frequency exposure below heating guidelines. The most common advice is to use hands-free kits (69%), to reduce call time (44%), use text messaging (36%), avoid calling with low signals (24%), or use phones with low specific absorption rate (SAR) (22%).[6] In 2015 Taiwan banned toddlers under the age of two from using mobile phones or any similar electronic devices, and France banned Wi-Fi from toddlers' nurseries.[7]

As adoption increases, accompanying behavioral health issues and problematic usage patterns become more apparent. Mobile phones continue to become more multifunctional and sophisticated, which exacerbates the problem.[8]

In 2014 the BBC reported concerns from opticians regarding blue-violet light emitted by cell phone screens, that it may be potentially hazardous to the eye and long term it may possibly increase the risk of macular degeneration.[9] The position of the American Macular Degeneration Foundation is that the evidence for this risk, considering the relatively low intensity emitted by device screens, is inconclusive at best.[10]

Psychological[편집]

There are concerns that some mobile phone users incur considerable debt, and that mobile phones are being used to violate privacy and harass others.[11] In particular, there is increasing evidence that mobile phones are being used as a tool by children to bully other children.[12]

There is a large amount of research on mobile phone use, and its positive and negative influence on the human's psychological mind, mental health and social communication. Mobile phone users may encounter stress, sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression, especially young adults.[13] Consistent phone use can cause a chain reaction, affecting one aspect of a user's life and expanding to affect other aspects. It often starts with social disorders, which can lead to depression and stress, and ultimately affect lifestyle habits such as sleep and diet.[14]

Research has shown a correlation between mobile phone overuse and depression. In the wake of the emergence of smartphones, American professor of psychology Jean M. Twenge found an increase in depressive symptoms and even suicides among adolescents in 2010.[13] Avid adolescent smartphone users are spending so much time on the devices that they forgo face-to-face human interaction, which is seen as essential to mental health: "The more time teens spend looking at screens, the more likely they are to report symptoms of depression."[15] Twenge also notes that three out of four American teens owned an iPhone, and with this rates of teen depression and suicide have skyrocketed since 2011 following the release of the iPhone in 2007 and the iPad in 2010.[16] Compounding this, teens now spend the majority of their leisure time on their phones; eighth-graders who spend 10 or more hours a week on social media are 56% more likely to be unhappy than those who devote less time to social media.[16]

Psychologist Nancy Colier has argued that people have lost sight of what is truly important to them in life, saying that people have become "disconnected from what really matters, from what makes us feel nourished and grounded as human beings."[17] Addiction to technology has deterred neurological and relationship development because mobile technology is being introduced to people at a very young age. Colier states: "Without open spaces and downtime, the nervous system never shuts down—it's in constant fight-or-flight mode. We're wired and tired all the time. Even computers reboot, but we’re not doing it."[17]

The amount of time spent on screens appears to have a correlation with happiness levels. A nationally representative study of American 12th graders funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse titled Monitoring the Future Survey found that "teens who spent more time than average on screen activities are more likely to be unhappy, and those who spend more time than average on non-screen activities are more likely to be happy."[13]

While it is easy to see a correlation between cell phone overuse and these symptoms of depression, anxiety, and isolation, it is much harder to prove causation, i.e. that cell phones themselves cause these issues. There are many other overlapping factors that also increase depression in people. According to psychologist Peter Etchells, although parents and other figures share these concerns, two other possible explanations are that depressed teens may use mobile devices more, or teens could be more open to discussing or admitting to depression than other age groups.[18]

A survey done by a group of independent opticians revealed that 43% of people under the age of 25 experienced anxiety or even irritation when they were not able to access their phone whenever they wanted.[9] Smartphone dependence is also associated with increased number of phantom phone signals, as in phantom vibration syndrome.[19]

Neural[편집]

There has been considerable speculation about the impact problematic mobile usage may have on cognitive development and how such habits could be ‘rewiring’ the brains of those highly engaged with their mobiles. Research has shown that the reward areas of the brains of those who use their phones more exhibit different structural connectivity than those who use their phones less.[20] Further findings have linked digital media behaviors to the brain's self-regulatory control structures, suggesting that variation in individuals' ability to control behavioral impulses might also be a key psychological pathway connecting mobile technology habits to the brain.[21]

Distracted driving[편집]

<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 Mobile phones and driving safety입니다.
A driver talking on a cellphone

US statistics show over 8 people are killed and 1,161 injured daily due to distracted driving.[22] At any given daylight moment in the US, approximately 660,000 drivers are using cell phones or electronic devices while driving.[22] A significant number of injuries and accidents from distracted driving can be attributed at least partially to use of a mobile phone, and many phone-related crashes are not reported due to drivers' reluctance to admit to phone use while driving.[23] According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, drivers between the ages of 16 and 24 were most distracted, with women at greater risk of dying in a crash. About 20,000 of motor vehicle fatalities between 2012 and 2017 were related to distracted driving.[24]

There is currently no US federal ban on texting while driving, but several states as well as Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have passed laws prohibiting the use of hand-held devices while driving.[22] New drivers in 38 states and DC are not permitted to use cell phones behind the wheel.

In the United Kingdom, any phone use while in control of a vehicle (which includes instructing or accompanying a learner driver) without a hands-free system carries a minimum £200 fine and license penalties, including when the vehicle is stationary.[25]

A text can take one's eyes off the road for an average of five seconds. Although brief, at 55 마일 매 시 (89 km/h) a vehicle travels 400 피트 (120 m) or just over the length of a football field in that time. A 2021 national study conducted by the United States Department of Transportation found that approximately three percent of drivers were talking on the phone when stopped at an intersection, and estimated that at any point in time about five percent of drivers are on the phone. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) also reported that cell phone users tended to brake harder, drive faster, and change lanes more frequently, predisposing them to crashes and near-crashes; they are two to six times more likely to be involved in accidents.[26]

Research indicates cell phone use adversely affects driver performance, delaying reaction time, increasing lane deviations, and decreasing time spent observing the road. It can also increase "inattention blindness" in which drivers see but do not register what is in front of them.[26]

Teen drivers are especially at risk; distractions such as music, games, GPS, and social media are potentially deadly when combined with inexperience. The dangers of driving and multitasking continue to rise as more technology is integrated into cars. Teens who texted more frequently were less likely to wear a seat belt and more likely to drive intoxicated or ride with a drunk driver. Cell phone use can affecting young drivers' abilities to control vehicles, pay attention to the roadway, and respond promptly to traffic events.[26]

Tools to prevent or treat mobile phone overuse[편집]

The following tools or interventions can be used to prevent or treat mobile phone overuse.

Behavioral[편집]

Many studies have found relationships between psychological or mental health issues and smartphone addiction.[27][28][29][30] Some studies show support groups and psychotherapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and family therapy are able to successfully treat internet addiction and may be useful for mobile phone overuse.[31][32][33]

Complete abstinence from mobile phone use or abstinence from certain apps can also help treat mobile phone overuse.[33][34] Other behavioral interventions include practicing the opposite (e.g. disrupt the user's normal routine and force them to re-adapt to a new usage pattern), goal-setting, reminder cards, and listing alternative activities (e.g. exercise, music, art, reading).[31][33]

In 2019 the World Health Organization issued recommendations about active lifestyle, sleep and screen time for children up to five years of age. These recommendations include limiting daily screen time to one hour, and no screen time at all before the age of two years. They also include three hours of physical activity daily from the age of one year, 14–17 hours of sleep for infants, and 10–13 hours sleep for three year-olds and older.[35]

Phone settings[편집]

Many smartphone addiction activists (such as Tristan Harris) recommend turning one's phone screen to grayscale mode, which helps reduce time spent on mobile phones by making them boring to look at.[36] Other phone settings alterations for mobile phone non-use included turning on airplane mode, turning off cellular data and/or Wi-Fi, turning off the phone, removing specific apps, and factory resetting.[37]

Phone apps[편집]

German psychotherapist and online addiction expert Bert te Wildt recommends using apps such as Offtime and Menthal to help prevent mobile phone overuse.[38] Apple first added a function in iOS 12 called "Screen Time" that allows users to see how much time they have spent on the phone. In Android a similar feature called "digital wellbeing" has been implemented to keep track of cell phone usage.[39] These work by increasing user awareness with usage summary notifications, or notifying the user when user-defined time limits have been exceeded.

Research-based[편집]

Studying and developing interventions for temporary mobile phone non-use is a growing area of research, and has guided the design of apps for managing overuse. In a 2016 study, researchers generated 100 different design ideas for mobile phone non-use, each belonging to several categories.[40] Users found interventions based on three of the eight categories to be the most useful: information (agnostically providing information to users about their usage behavior), mindfulness (users are prompted to reflect on their choices before, during, or after making them), and limits (certain behaviors are time or context-bound, or otherwise constrained within defined parameters). The researchers implemented an Android app called "MyTime" that combined these three intervention types, and found that users reduced their time with their problem apps by 21%, while use of apps they felt were a good use of time remained unchanged.[40]

Other apps resulting from these research efforts include AppDetox, which allows users to define rules that limit their usage of specific apps,[41] and PreventDark which detects and prevents problematic overuse in the dark.[42] Using vibrations instead of notifications to limit app usage has also been found to be effective.[43] Other researchers have found group-based interventions that rely on users sharing their limiting behaviors with others to be effective.[44] Mobile media education (in particular, teaching of time and attention management skills) can also reduce problematic smartphone use and increase wellbeing among high school students.[45]

Bans on mobile phone use[편집]

<nowiki /> Mobile phone use in schools 문서를 참고하십시오.

In parts of the world, mobile phones are banned in school settings. In France and Ontario Canada, the use of mobile phones is banned during instructional time in an effort to improve the performance of students.[46][47] In 2021 China banned mobile phones in schools unless students have written parental consent.[48]

Psychological symptoms of phone usage[편집]

Persistent smartphone overuse can result in symptoms that can be grouped into three broad categories: depression, social isolation, and low self-esteem or anxiety.[49]

Depression[편집]

Depression is a mental illness that adversely influences emotion, imagination, and self-regulation. Depressive symptoms can be serious psychological problems in adolescents; the relationship between depressive symptoms and mobile phone addiction is of critical importance because they can sometimes lead to substance abuse, school failure and even suicide.[50][51]

Isolation[편집]

Social isolation is the lack of interaction between individuals and society. Communication conducted largely or exclusively online reduces face-to-face interactions with other people and can adversely affect normal social development and interpersonal relationships.[50] This can in turn affect social support, increase other compulsive behaviors, and further undermine psychological health.[52]

Low self-esteem and anxiety[편집]

Low self-esteem, a lack of self-confidence and negative self-image, can result from smartphone overuse, and is related to anxiety caused by the fear of missing out.[53] Problematic smartphone use can also affect competence and positivity quality of life latent factors, particularly the "unaware use" mode of using smartphones, namely "its use in conjunction with other activities or late at night".[54]

Studies with teens have consistently shown that there are significant relationships between high extroversion, high anxiety, low self-esteem, and mobile phone usage. The stronger the young person's mobile phone addiction, the more likely that individual is to have high mobile phone call time, receive excessive calls, and receive excessive text messages.[50]

People suffering from anxiety are more likely to perceive normal life events as pressure, and attempts to reduce this stress can result in more addictive behaviors. Females are more likely to rely on mobile phones to maintain their social relations.[50]

Narcissism[편집]

Another symptom of cell phone addiction is accumulating narcissistic character traits. Research has shown that personality plays a role in addictive cell phone use. Narcissistic personality disease is commonly developed through the overuse of social media and people will portray character traits of high levels of self-importance, fantasies of unlimited success, feeling special and unique, lack of empathy, envy, and arrogance. However, studies have shown that some of these traits have been viewed as healthy because they provide an outlet for self-esteem and self-confidence.[55]


각주[편집]

  1. ↑ Britt, Darice (June 2013). “Health Risks of Using Mobile Phones”. 《South Carolina University》. 2014년 6월 5일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2014년 4월 15일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ Badr, Rawia Ibrahim; Badr, Hatem Ibrahim; Ali, Nabil Mansour (2012년 3월 26일). “Mobile phones and nosocomial infections”. 《International Journal of Infection Control》 8 (2). doi:10.3396/ijic.v8i2.014.12. 2023년 8월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 4월 21일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ World Health Organization: International Agency for Research on Cancer (2011). “IARC Classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans” (PDF). 《Press Release No.》 208. 2011년 6월 1일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 4월 5일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ “Do mobile phones, 4G or 5G cause cancer?”. Cancer Research UK. 2022년 2월 8일. 2022년 11월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2022년 7월 1일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ Janssen, D. (2016년 1월 22일). “Smartphone-induced sleep deprivation and its implications for public health”. 《Europeanpublichealth.com》. 2016년 2월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 1월 29일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ Dhungel A, Zmirou-Navier D, van Deventer E (2015). “Risk management policies and practices regarding radio frequency electromagnetic fields: results from a WHO survey”. 《Radiat Prot Dosimetry》 164 (1–2): 22–27. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncu324. PMC 4401037. PMID 25394650. 
  7. ↑ Pierre Le Hir (2015). “Une loi pour encadrer l'exposition aux ondes”. 《Le Monde》 (프랑스어) (29 January 2015). 2015년 4월 30일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 4월 5일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ Leung, L. and Liang, J., 2015. Mobile Phone Addiction. In Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior (pp. 640-647). IGI Global
  9. ↑ 가 나 “Smartphone overuse may 'damage' eyes, say opticians”. 《BBC Newsbeat》. BBC. 2014년 3월 28일. 2023년 8월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 11일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ “Ultra-violet and Blue Light Aggravate Macular Degeneration”. American Macular Degeneration Foundation. 2016년 5월 18일. 2023년 12월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 11일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ Bianchi, Adriana; Phillips, James G. (2005). “Psychological Predictors of Problem Mobile Phone Use”. 《Cyberpsychology & Behavior》 8 (1): 39–51. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.563.385. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39. PMID 15738692. 
  12. ↑ Osborne, Charlie. “Cyberbullying increases in line with mobile phone usage? (infographic)”. 《ZDNet》. 2018년 3월 14일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 2월 7일에 확인함. 
  13. ↑ 가 나 다 Twenge, Jean (2017년 8월 3일). “Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation?”. 《The Atlantic》. 2017년 9월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 3월 5일에 확인함. 
  14. ↑ 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; Thomée 2011 66라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  15. ↑ Twenge, Jean M.; Joiner, Thomas E.; Rogers, Megan L.; Martin, Gabrielle N. (2017년 11월 14일). “Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time”. 《Clinical Psychological Science》 6 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1177/2167702617723376. S2CID 148724233. 
  16. ↑ 가 나 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; Twenge라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  17. ↑ 가 나 Brody, Jane E. (2017년 1월 9일). “Hooked on Our Smartphones”. 《The New York Times》. 2018년 3월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 3월 5일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ Turk, Victoria (2018년 1월 11일). “Apple investors say iPhones cause teen depression. Science doesn't”. 《Wired UK》. 2018년 3월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 3월 22일에 확인함. 
  19. ↑ Aleksandrowicz, Adrianna; Kowalski, Joachim; Gawęda, Łukasz (2023년 1월 1일). “Phantom phone signals and other hallucinatory-like experiences: Investigation of similarities and differences”. 《Psychiatry Research》 (영어) 319: 114964. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114964. ISSN 0165-1781. PMID 36463722. S2CID 253673092. 
  20. ↑ Hampton, William; Wilmer, Henry; Olson, Ingrid (2019). “Wired to be connected? Links between mobile technology engagement, intertemporal preference and frontostriatal white matter connectivity”. 《Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience》 (영어) 14 (4): 367–379. doi:10.1093/scan/nsz024. PMC 6523422. PMID 31086992. 
  21. ↑ Hadar, A; Hadas, I; Lazarovits, A (2017). “Answering the missed call: initial exploration of cognitive and electrophysiological changes associated with smartphone use and abuse”. 《PLOS ONE》 (영어) 12 (7): e0180094. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1280094H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180094. PMC 5497985. PMID 28678870. 
  22. ↑ 가 나 다 “The Dangers of Distracted Driving”. 《Federal Communications Commission》. 2011년 2월 14일. 2017년 12월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 12월 11일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ “Cell Phone Distracted Driving”. 《National Safety Council》. 2019년 4월 7일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 9월 25일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ “Driver Distraction/Electronic Device Use”. 《NCSA Publications & Data Requests》. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2023년 12월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 11일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Cultivate. “Mobile Phone Laws In The UK - Make Sure You're Up To Date”. 《IMS Law》 (영국 영어). 2020년 9월 25일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 4월 29일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ 가 나 다 “Distracted driving”. 《Insurance Institute for Highway Safety》. 2021. 2023년 12월 9일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 12일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ Samaha, Maya; Hawi, Nazir S. (2016). “Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life”. 《Computers in Human Behavior》 57: 321–325. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045. 
  28. ↑ Bian, Mengwei; Leung, Louis (2014년 4월 8일). “Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Smartphone Addiction Symptoms, and Patterns of Smartphone Use to Social Capital”. 《Social Science Computer Review》 33 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1177/0894439314528779. S2CID 16554067. 
  29. ↑ Lin, Yu-Hsuan; Lin, Yu-Cheng; Lee, Yang-Han; Lin, Po-Hsien; Lin, Sheng-Hsuan; Chang, Li-Ren; Tseng, Hsien-Wei; Yen, Liang-Yu; Yang, Cheryl C.H. (2015). “Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App)”. 《Journal of Psychiatric Research》 65: 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003. PMID 25935253. S2CID 206465084. 
  30. ↑ Demirci, Kadir; Akgönül, Mehmet; Akpinar, Abdullah (2015). “Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students”. 《Journal of Behavioral Addictions》 4 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.010. PMC 4500888. PMID 26132913. 
  31. ↑ 가 나 Kim, Hyunna (2013년 12월 31일). “Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction”. 《Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation》 9 (6): 500–505. doi:10.12965/jer.130080. PMC 3884868. PMID 24409425. 
  32. ↑ Young, Kimberly S. (2007). “Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Internet Addicts: Treatment Outcomes and Implications”. 《CyberPsychology & Behavior》 10 (5): 671–679. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9971. PMID 17927535. S2CID 13951774. 
  33. ↑ 가 나 다 Young, Kimberly S.; Yue, Xiao Dong; Ying, Li (2012년 10월 9일), “Prevalence Estimates and Etiologic Models of Internet Addiction”, 《Internet Addiction》 (John Wiley & Sons), 1–17쪽, doi:10.1002/9781118013991.ch1, ISBN 9781118013991 
  34. ↑ Liu, Chun-Hao; Lin, Sheng-Hsuan; Pan, Yuan-Chien; Lin, Yu-Hsuan (2016). “Smartphone gaming and frequent use pattern associated with smartphone addiction”. 《Medicine》 95 (28): e4068. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004068. PMC 4956785. PMID 27428191. 
  35. ↑ “WHO guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age.” (PDF). 《World Health Organization》. 2019년 5월 8일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 5월 15일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ Hern, Alex (2017년 6월 20일). “Will turning your phone to greyscale really do wonders for your attention?”. 《The Guardian》. 2019년 7월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 7월 18일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ Baumer, Eric P.S.; Ames, Morgan G.; Brubaker, Jed R.; Burrell, Jenna; Dourish, Paul (2014). 〈Refusing, limiting, departing〉. 《CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems》. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. 65–68쪽. doi:10.1145/2559206.2559224. ISBN 9781450324748. S2CID 19808650. 
  38. ↑ “Einfach mal abschalten - Suchtfaktor Smartphone” [Just switch off - addictive smartphones]. 《Top-Thema》 (독일어). ZDF. 2015년 10월 12일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 5월 23일에 확인함. 
  39. ↑ “iOS 12: Getting to know Screen Time and stronger parental controls”. 《CNET》. 2018년 9월 17일. 2018년 10월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 11월 15일에 확인함. 
  40. ↑ 가 나 Hiniker, Alexis; Hong, Sungsoo (Ray); Kohno, Tadayoshi; Kientz, Julie A. (2016). 〈MyTime〉. 《Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems》. New York: ACM Press. 4746–4757쪽. doi:10.1145/2858036.2858403. ISBN 9781450333627. S2CID 2928701. 
  41. ↑ Löchtefeld, Markus; Böhmer, Matthias; Ganev, Lyubomir (2013). 〈AppDetox〉. 《Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia》. New York: ACM Press. 1–2쪽. doi:10.1145/2541831.2541870. ISBN 9781450326483. S2CID 3338918. 
  42. ↑ Ruan, Wenjie; Sheng, Quan Z.; Yao, Lina; Tran, Nguyen Khoi; Yang, Yu Chieh (2016). 〈PreventDark: Automatically detecting and preventing problematic use of smartphones in darkness〉. 《2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops)》. IEEE. 1–3쪽. doi:10.1109/percomw.2016.7457071. ISBN 9781509019410. S2CID 18999633. 
  43. ↑ Okeke, Fabian; Sobolev, Michael; Dell, Nicola; Estrin, Deborah (2018). 〈Good vibrations〉. 《Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services》. New York: ACM Press. 1–12쪽. doi:10.1145/3229434.3229463. ISBN 9781450358989. S2CID 52098664. 
  44. ↑ Ko, Minsam; Chung, Kyong-Mee; Yang, Subin; Lee, Joonwon; Heizmann, Christian; Jeong, Jinyoung; Lee, Uichin; Shin, Daehee; Yatani, Koji (2015). 〈NUGU〉. 《Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing》. New York: ACM Press. 1235–1245쪽. doi:10.1145/2675133.2675244. ISBN 9781450329224. S2CID 15281296. 
  45. ↑ Gui, Marco; Gerosa, Tiziano; Argentin, Gianluca; Losi, Lucilla (2023). “Mobile media education as a tool to reduce problematic smartphone use: Results of a randomised impact evaluation”. 《Computers & Education》 194: 104705. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104705. hdl:10281/400255. S2CID 254529308. 2023년 3월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 1월 28일에 확인함. 
  46. ↑ Jones, Allison (2019년 3월 12일). “Ontario to ban cellphones in classrooms next school year”. The Canadian Press. 2019년 5월 7일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 5월 5일에 확인함. 
  47. ↑ Smith, Rory (2018년 7월 31일). “France bans smartphones from schools”. CNN. 2019년 6월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 5월 5일에 확인함. 
  48. ↑ “China bans children from using mobile phones at school”. 《BBC News》 (영국 영어). 2021년 2월 2일. 2023년 11월 2일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 4월 25일에 확인함. 
  49. ↑ Melinda, Smith; Robinson, Lawrence; Segal, Jeanne (October 2019). “Smartphone Addiction”. 《HelpGuide》. 2019년 9월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 10월 24일에 확인함. 
  50. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Hong, Fu-Yuan; Chiu, Shao-I.; Huang, Der-Hsiang (November 2012). “A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students”. 《Computers in Human Behavior》 28 (6): 2152–2159. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020. ISSN 0747-5632. 
  51. ↑ VanTeijlingen, Edwin R; Sathian, Brijesh (2018년 4월 23일). “Addiction of smart phone and its health implications”. 《Journal of Biomedical Sciences》 3 (3): 31–32. doi:10.3126/jbs.v3i3.19671. ISSN 2382-5545. 
  52. ↑ Herrero, Juan; Urueña, Alberto; Torres, Andrea; Hidalgo, Antonio (2019년 2월 1일). “Socially Connected but Still Isolated: Smartphone Addiction Decreases Social Support Over Time”. 《Social Science Computer Review》 (영어) 37 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1177/0894439317742611. ISSN 0894-4393. S2CID 64619582. 2023년 12월 12일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 11월 27일에 확인함. 
  53. ↑ “Signs and Symptoms of Cell Phone Addiction”. 《PsychGuides.com》. 2019년 11월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 10월 24일에 확인함. 
  54. ↑ Sela, A.; Rozenboim, N.; Chalutz Ben-Gal, Hila (2022). “Smartphone use behavior and quality of life: What is the role of awareness?”. 《PLOS ONE》 17 (3): e0260637. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1760637S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260637. PMC 8916658. PMID 35275929. 
  55. ↑ Andreassen, Cecilie Schou; Pallesen, Ståle; Griffiths, Mark D. (2017년 1월 1일). “The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey”. 《Addictive Behaviors》 64: 287–293. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006. ISSN 0306-4603. PMID 27072491. 2018년 1월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 12월 3일에 확인함. 
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