사용자:이형주/짐바브웨 달러

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
이형주/짐바브웨 달러
ISO 4217 코드 ZWL
중앙은행 짐바브웨 준비은행
웹사이트 www.rbz.co.zw
사용국 없음
(이전에는 짐바브웨 짐바브웨)[n 1]
인플레이션 5.6% (2011)
출처 [1]
보조단위
1/100 센트
기호 $
동전 없음
지폐 $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, (plus many more denominations)
Highest Denomination – $100,000,000,000,000
이 정보상자는 이 통화가 폐지되기 전 최근 상태를 보여준다.

짐바브웨 달러(Zimbabwean dollar, 기호: $, 또는 다른 달러로 표시된 통화와 구분하기 위해 Z$를 사용)는 1980년부터 2009년 4월 12일까지 짐바브웨의 공식 통화였다.

Although the dollar was considered to be among the highest-valued currency units when it was introduced in 1980 to replace the Rhodesian dollar at par, political turmoil and hyperinflation rapidly eroded the value of the Zimbabwe dollar to become one of the least valued currency units in the world, undergoing three redenominations, with high face value paper denominations including a $100 trillion banknote (1014).[2] The third redenomination produced the "fourth dollar" (ZWL), which was worth 1 trillion ZWR (third dollar), or 1025 ZWD (first dollar).

Despite attempts to control inflation by legislation, and three redenominations (in 2006, 2008 and 2009), use of the Zimbabwean dollar as an official currency was effectively abandoned on 12 April 2009. [3] This was a result of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe legalising use of foreign currencies for transactions in January 2009.[4]

Currencies such as the South African rand, Botswana pula, pound sterling, euro, and the United States dollar are now used for all transactions in Zimbabwe; the policy of the government of Zimbabwe has insisted that any attempts to reintroduce Zimbabwean currency should be considered only if industrial output improves.[5]

역사[편집]

짐바브웨 달러의 전신인 로디지아 달러는 essentially equal to half of a pound sterling when it was adopted during the decimalisation of 1970, the same practice which was used in other Commonwealth countries such as South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The selection of the name was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit correlated more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling.

디자인[편집]

1987년부터 발행한 지폐 앞면의 주된 그림은 하라레 엡워스(Epworth)에 있는 치렘바 밸런싱 록(Chiremba Balancing Rocks)이다. 이 돌은 허약한 환경을 보존하는 것과 결부된 발전의 중요성을 설명하기 위해 은유적인 테마로서 사용된다.[6] 이 돌은 짐바브웨 준비 은행의 엠블럼의 일부였는데 그 엠블럼은 모든 지참인 지급 수표(Bearer cheque)와 농업 수표(Agro cheque)에 사용되었다. 이 수표들은 2003년 9월 15일부터 2008년 12월 31일 사이에 유통되었다. 달러 지폐의 뒷면은 보통 짐바브웨의 문화 또는 짐바브웨의 랜드마크를 묘사한다.

첫 번째 달러의 도입 (ZWD)[편집]

첫 번째 짐바브웨 달러는 1980년에 도입되어 로디지아 달러(Rhodesian dollar)를 1 대 1 비율로 대체했다. ISO 4217 코드는 ZWD 였다. 짐바브웨 달러가 도입될 당시, 짐바브웨 달러는 미국 달러보다 가치가 높았다(ZWD 1 = USD 1.47). 그러나, 화폐의 가치는 수년간 빠르게 가치가 떨어졌다. 2006년 7월 26일, 암시장에서 짐바브웨 달러의 가치는 1 영국 파운드 당 백만 짐바브웨 달러까지 떨어졌다.[7]

첫번째 리디노미네이션: 두 번째 달러의 도입 (ZWN)[편집]

2005년 10월, 짐바브웨 준비은행의 총재인 기데온 고노(Gideon Gono)는 "짐바브웨는 내년에 새로운 통화를 갖게 될 것이다." 라고 발표했다. 당시 현재의 짐바브웨 달러는 새 지폐와 동전으로 대체되었다. 고노 총재는 이 새로운 통화에 이름을 붙이지 않았다. 2006년 6월, 새 통화를 도입하기 전에 데이비드 챕피카 (David Chapfika) 재무부 부장관은 거시 경제 안정화 (즉, 두 자릿수 인플레이션) 이행이 필요하다고 말했다.

짐바브웨 달러는 2006년 8월 1일에 1 재평가 달러 = 1000 구 짐바브웨 달러의 비율로 리디노미네이션 되었다. 비록 센트는 실제로 사용되지 않으나, 새로운 달러는 100 센트로 나뉜다. 리디노미네이션과 함께, 정부는 미국 달러에 대해 짐바브웨 달러를 60% 평가 절하하여 (아래에 있는 환율 역사 표를 참조) 교환 비율을 1 미국 달러 = 101,000 구 짐바브웨 달러(101 재평가 달러)에서 250 재평가 달러로 변경했다. ISO는 원래 ZWN라는 새로운 통화 코드를 리디노미네이션 된 통화에 할당하려고 하였으나 짐바브웨 준비은행은 화폐의 변화를 처리할 수 없었기 때문에 통화 코드는 ZWD로 남아 있다.[8]기데온 고노가 "일출 작전"(Operation Sunrise)이라고 이름붙인 재평가 운동은 2006년 8월 21일에 끝을 맺었다. 이 기간 동안 수십조의 구 짐바브웨 달러 (공급 화폐의 22%) 가 새 화폐로 태환되지 않은 것으로 추정되었다. [9]

2006년 12월 12일, Dr. Gono hinted in a memorandum to banks and other financial institutions that he would lay out the next phase of his monetary reforms dubbed Project Sunrise Two when he announced the monetary policy review statement in January 2007. It was not possible to get immediate confirmation from Gono's office whether the memorandum was advice to banks that he would be launching the new currency in January. But the chief executive officer of one of the country's largest banks said industry players had understood the governor's memo to mean new money would be introduced next month.[10] 새 화폐의 이름은 쇼나어로 "흙"을 뜻하는 "ivhu"가 될 것으로 보였다.[11]

다음 해인 2007년 2월 2일, 짐바브웨 준비은행(RBZ)은 새로운 (세번째) 달러가 곧 발표될 것이라는게 밝혀졌고, 새로운 지폐에 관한 세부 사항 또한 밝혀졌다 (아래를 참조). 그러나, 네 자릿수 인플레이션이 유지되면 이 지폐는 저장소에 남을 것으로 보인다. 같은 달, 짐바브웨 준비은행은 인플레이션을 "불법"이라고 선언하였고 3월 1일에서 2007년 6월 30일 사이에 특정 상품의 가격 인상을 금지하였다. 당국은 몇 짐바브웨 회사의 경영자가 자사 제품의 가격을 인상해서 체포했다. 경제학자들은 일반적으로 이런 대책은 오랜 기간 동안 문제를 해결하는 데에 효과가 없을 것이라고 의심한다.[12][13]

2007년 6월 15일, 경제학자 에디 크로스(Eddie Cross)는 "짐바브웨 준비은행이 다음 주에 지금 화폐로부터 세 개의 영(0)을 자를 것이며 이것은 1 짐바브웨 달러가 100만 구 짐바브웨 달러와 같다는 것을 의미한다는 이야기가 있다. 상업과 공업에 혼돈이 일어날 것이며 공공 구역에 있는 사람들은 광분할 것이다." 라고 보고하였다.[14]

2007년 9월 6일, 다시 짐바브웨 달러는 92% 평가 절하되었고[15], 암시장 환율은 미국 1 달러당 600,000 짐바브웨 달러로 추정되었지만, 공식 환율은 1 미국 달러 = 30,000 짐바브웨 달러로 변경되었다.[16]

한편 워싱턴 뮤추얼/로이터 통신 회사는 암시장의 환율을 정확히 더 반영된 추상적인 환율(ISO ZWD)을 도입했다. 짐바브웨에서 외한거래가 부족했기 때문에 공식 환율은 거의 얻기 불가능했다. 계산 방법은 하라레(ZH)와 런던 증권 거래소(LN)에 동시에 올라와 있는 기업을 활용하는 구매력 평가(Purchasing Power Parity)에 기반하였다.

첫번째 리디노미네이션: 두 번째 달러의 도입 (ZWN)[편집]

2005년 10월, 짐바브웨 준비 은행의 총재인 기데온 고노(Gideon Gono)는 "짐바브웨는 내년에 새로운 통화를 사용할 것이다"라고 선언하였다. 새로운 지폐와 동전은 현재의 짐바브웨 달러를 대체하게 된다. Gono는 새 통화의 이름을 정하지 않았다. 2006년 6월, 재정부 부장관인 David Chapfika는 새로운 화폐가 도입되기 전에 짐바브웨는 두 자리 숫자의 인플레이션과 같은 거시경제적인 안정화를 이루어야 할 필요가 있다고 주장했다.

첫 번째 달러는 2006년 8월 1일에 1 절상된 두 번째 달러 = 1,000 옛 첫 번째 달러의 비율로 액면 호칭이 개정되었다. 새로운 달러는 100센트로 세분화되지만, 센트는 실제로 사용되지 않는다. 리디노미네이션과 함께, 정부는 미국 달러에 대해 이 달러를 (아래의 환율 표를 참조하라) 101,000 옛 달러(101 절상된 달러)를 250 절상된 달러로 60% 평가절하 하였다. ISO는 처음에 이 절상된 화폐에 새로운 화폐 코드로 ZWN을 지정하였으나, 짐바브웨 준비 은행은 화폐 변화를 해결할 수 없었다. 그래서 화폐 코드는 'ZWD'로 남게 되었다.[17] 기데온 고노가 "선라이즈 계획(Operation Sunrise)"이라고 명명한 평가 절상 캠페인은 2006년 8월 21일에 완료되었다. 약 10조의 옛 짐바브웨 달러(통화량의 22%)가 이 기간 동안에 바뀌지 않은 것으로 추정되었다.[18]

On 12 December 2006, Gono hinted in a memorandum to banks and other financial institutions that he would lay out the next phase of his monetary reforms dubbed Project Sunrise Two when he announced the monetary policy review statement in January 2007. It was not possible to get immediate confirmation from Gono's office whether the memorandum was advice to banks that he would be launching the new currency in January. But the chief executive officer of one of the country's largest banks said industry players had understood the governor's memo to mean new money would be introduced next month.[19] 새 화폐의 이름은 쇼나어로 "흙"을 뜻하는 "ivhu"가 될 것으로 보였다.[20]

경제학자들은 이런 대책은 높은 인플레이선의 문제를 제거ㅎ 효과적이지 못한 높이 지속적인 인플레이션은 통화량에 있어서 높고 지속적인 성장의 증상이므로 오랜 기간 동안 문제를 해결하는 데에 효과가 없을 것이라고 의심한다. Economists consider such measures ineffective at eliminating the problem of high inflation, since high sustained inflation is a symptom of high, sustained growth in the money supply. 경제학자들은 이런 대핵은 높은 인플레이션의 문제를 제거하는 데 있어서 효과적이지 못하다. 왜냐하면 통화량에서 높고 지속적인 성장이 인플레이션이 돈 공급의 높은 지속적인 성장의 증상 때문입니다. 다음 해인 2007년 2월 2일, 짐바브웨 준비은행(RBZ)은 새로운 (세번째) 달러가 곧 발표될 것이라는게 밝혀졌고, 새로운 지폐에 관한 세부 사항 또한 밝혀졌다 (아래를 참조). , 네 자릿수 인플레이션이 유지되면 이 지폐는 저장소에 남을 것으로 보인다. 같은 달, 짐바브웨 준비은행은 인플레이션을 불법이라고 선언하였고 3월 1일에서 2007년 6월 30일 사이에 특정 상품의 가격 인상을 금지하였다. 당국은 몇 짐바브웨 회사의 경영자가 자사 제품의 가격을 인상해서 체포했다. Economists consider such measures ineffective at eliminating the problem of high inflation, since high sustained inflation is a symptom of high, sustained growth in the money supply.[21][22]

Economist Eddie Cross reported on 15 June 2007 that "There is talk that the Reserve Bank will cut another three zeros off our currency next week and this would mean that one Zimbabwe dollar would now equal one million of the old dollars. Chaos reigns in commerce and industry and those in the public sector are frantic."[23]

2007년 9월 6일, 다시 짐바브웨 달러는 92% 평가 절하되었고[24], 암시장 환율은 미국 1 달러당 600,000 짐바브웨 달러로 추정되었지만, 공식 환율은 1 미국 달러 = 30,000 짐바브웨 달러로 변경되었다.[25]

그동안 WM/로이터 회사는 암시장의 환율을 정확히 반영하는 개념적 환율(ISO ZWN)을 도입하였다. 외환 부족이 나라에 있었기 때문에 공식적인 비율을 얻는 것은 거의 불가능했다. 계산 방법은 하라레(ZH)와 런던 증권 거래소(LN)에 동시에 올라와 있는 기업을 활용하는 구매력 평가(Purchasing Power Parity)에 기반하였다.[출처 필요] In particular, the Old Mutual Implied Rate (OMIR) was calculated by dividing the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange price of shares of the insurance company named "Old Mutual" by the London Stock Exchange Price for the same share.[26]

두 번째 리디노미네이션: 세 번째 달러의 도입 (ZWR)[편집]

The 100 trillion Zimbabwean dollar banknote (1014 dollars), equal to 1027 pre-2006 dollars.

Reserve bank governor Gideon Gono announced on 30 July 2008 that the Zimbabwean dollar would be redenominated.[27] Effective 1 August 2008, ZW$10 billion would be worth ZW$1; the new currency code was ZWR.[27] The planned denominations to be issued are coins valued Z$5, Z$10 and Z$25 and banknotes worth Z$5, Z$10, Z$20, Z$100 and Z$500.[28] While the German firm of Giesecke & Devrient was no longer printing Zimbabwean currency, The Daily Telegraph reported that the new currency was printed before the relationship was severed and had been kept in storage since then.[29]

Due to frequent cash shortages and the worthless Zimbabwean dollar, foreign currency was effectively legalised as a de facto currency on 13 September 2008 via a special program to officially license a number of retailers to accept foreign money.[30] This reflected the reality of the dollarisation of the economy, with many shop keepers refusing to accept Zimbabwe dollars and requesting U.S. dollars or South African rand instead.[31][32] Despite redenomination, the RBZ was forced to print banknotes of ever higher values to keep up with surging inflation, with ten zeros reappearing by the end of 2008 (see below).

세 번째 리디노미네이션: 네 번째 달러의 도입 (ZWL)[편집]

On 2 February 2009, the RBZ announced that a further 12 zeros were to be taken off the currency, with 1,000,000,000,000 (third) Zimbabwe dollars being exchanged for 1 new (fourth) dollar.[33] New banknotes were introduced with a face value of Z$1, Z$5, Z$10, Z$20, Z$50, Z$100 and Z$500.[34] The banknotes of the fourth dollar circulated alongside the third dollar, which had to remain legal tender until 30 June 2009.[35] The new currency code was ZWL.[36]

By the end of 2009 the Zimbabwean dollar was reported to have become largely irrelevant, with the economy by then being almost completely dollarized.[37] Even the national postal service, Zimpost, was said to be charging customers postage in US Dollars, even though some of the stamps were in Zimbabwean Dollar denomination.

Zimbabwe finance minister, Tendai Biti, said in his first budget report, "The death of the Zimbabwe dollar is a reality we have to live with. Since October 2008 our national currency has become moribund."[38]

In late January 2009, acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that all Zimbabweans would be allowed to conduct business in any currency as a response to the hyperinflation crisis.[39]

On 12 April 2009, media outlets reported that economic planning minister Elton Mangoma had announced the suspension of the local currency "for at least a year", effectively terminating the fourth dollar.[4][40]

인플레이션[편집]

v • d • e • h
독립을 얻은 때부터 짐바브웨의 물가 상승률 (2008년 7월 까지는 공식, 그 이후는 추정)
년도 비율 년도 비율 년도 비율 년도 비율 년도 비율 년도 비율
1980년 7% 1986년 15% 1992년 40% 1998년 48% 2004년 132.75% 2008년 9월 3,840,000,000,000,000,000%
1981년 14% 1987년 10% 1993년 20% 1999년 56.9% 2005년 585.84% 2008년 11월 중반 89,700,000,000,000,000,000,000%
1982년 15% 1988년 7.3% 1994년 25% 2000년 55.22% 2006년 1,281.11%
1983년 19% 1989년 14% 1995년 28% 2001년 112.1% 2007년 66,212.3%
1984년 10% 1990년 17% 1996년 16% 2002년 198.93% 2008년 7월 231,150,888.87%
1985년 10% 1991년 48% 1997년 20% 2003년 598.75% 2008년 8월 471,000,000,000%

극심해지는 인플레이션과 경제의 붕괴는 통화 가치를 심하게 하락시켰으며, 많은 기구들이 짐바브웨 달러 대신 미국 달러, 유로, 영국 파운드, 남아프리카 공화국 랜드 또는 보츠와나 풀라 등을 쓰기 시작했다. 21세기 초부터 짐바브웨는 초인플레이션을 경험하기 시작했다. 인플레이션은 2004년 1월에 623%에 이른 뒤 2004년에 3자리 초반대까지 떨어졌으나, 2006년에 1,281.1%까지 반등하였다.[41][42]

2007년 4월, 인플레이션은 또다른 최고 기록인 3714% (전년 대비)에 도달했다.[43] The monthly rate for April 2007 exceeded 100%, implying that inflation may soon exceed all forecasts, as 100% monthly inflation over sustained 12 months would produce annual inflation of over 400,000%. Mid-year inflation for 2007 has been breaching records as inflation for May 2007 was estimated at 4,530% (year-on-year).[44]

2007년 6월 21일, 짐바브웨 주재 미국 대사 크리스토퍼 델은 가디언 (The Guardian)지에서 2007년 말까지 인플레이션율은 1,500,000% 에 이를 것이라고 말했다. 이 때 비공식 인플레이션율은 11,000% 이상이었고, 암시장 환율은 1 파운드당 Z$400,000 이었다.[45]

On 13 July 2007, the Zimbabwean government said it had temporarily stopped publishing (official) inflation figures, a move that observers said was meant to draw attention away from "runaway inflation which has come to symbolise the country's unprecedented economic meltdown."[46]

On 27 July 2007, the Consumer Council of Zimbabwe (CCZ) said its recent calculations for the monthly expenditure for an urban family of six showed that inflation for the month of June was more than 13,000%. 소비자 물가 지수의 공식적인 출처인 중앙 통계국 (Central Statistical Office, 약자: CSO)는 2007년 2월에 연간 인플레이션율을 1,729% 라고 발표한 이래 소비자 물가 지수를 발표하지 않았다.[47]

In September 2007, the Central Statistical Office announced an official inflation rate of 6,592.8% for August 2007.[48] Private estimates were as high as 20,000%.[49] In October 2007, they announced an official inflation rate of 7,892.1% for September 2007.[50] In November 2007, they announced an official inflation rate of 14,840.5% for October 2007.[51]

초인플레이션[편집]

Official, black market, and OMIR exchange rates 1 January 2001 to 2 February 2009. Note the logarithmic scale.
<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 짐바브웨의 초인플레이션입니다.

2007년 11월 27일, 짐바브웨 중앙 통계청(Central Statistical Office)의 통계학자인 모파트 은요니 (Moffat Nyoni)는 더 이상 짐바브웨 달러의 인플레이션율을 계산하는 것이 불가능할 것이라고 발표했다. 이는 생필품의 공급 부족에 따라 인플레이션 산출에 필요한 정보가 부족했고, 대부분의 컴퓨터는 처리할 수 있는 자리수가 부족하였기 때문이다. 국제통화기금은 인플레이션이 연 100,000%를 초월할 것이라고 발표하였다.[52]

2008년 2월 14일, 중앙 통계청은 2007년 12월의 인플레이션율은 66,212.3% 이었고 비공식 환율은 1 미국 달러당 7백 1십만 짐바브웨 달러였다고 발표했다.[53]

2008년 2월 20일, 중앙 통계청은 공식적으로 2008년 1월의 인플레이션율은 100,000% 를 넘어서 100,580.2% 를 기록했다고 발표했다.[54]

2008년 4월 4일, "파이낸셜 가제트"(Financial Gazette, 약자: FinGaz)는 공식적으로 2008년 2월의 인플레이션이 164,900.3% 를 뛰어넘었다고 보도하였다.[55]

2008년 5월 15일, "짐바브웨 인디펜던트"(Zimbabwe Independent)는 공식적으로 2008년 3월의 인플레이션이 355,000% 를 뛰어넘었다고 보도하였다.[56]

2008년 5월 21일, SW 라디오 아프리카(SW Radio Africa) reported that, according to an independent financial assessment inflation in May 2008 jumped to 1,063,572.6%. The state statistical service has said there are not enough goods in the shortage-stricken shops to calculate any new (official) figures.[57]

On 26 June 2008, the Zimbabwe Independent reported that, latest figures from the Central Statistical Offices (CSO) showed that annual inflation rose by 7,336,000 percentage points to 9,030,000% by 20 June and was set to end the month at well above 10,500,000%.[58]

The Sydney Morning Herald reported that inflation was likely to be 2 million percent in May 2008 and 10–15 million percent in June 2008, according to John Robertson, a respected Zimbabwean economist.[59] Robertson estimated inflation in July 2008 to be 40–50 million percent.[59] Inflation can only be estimated because of the impossibility of following the cost of individual goods.[59]

According to Central Statistical Office statistics, annual inflation rate rose to 231 million percent in July 2008. The month-on-month rate rose to 2,600.2%.[60] By December 2008, annual inflation was estimated at 650 million googol percent (6.5 × 10108 percent),[61] equivalent to a daily inflation rate of 96%.

As predicted by the quantity theory of money, this hyperinflation has been caused primarily by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe's choice to mushroom the money supply.

2009년 2월부터, 초인플레이션의 기간과 광범위한 평가 절하된 통화의 거절에 뒷따라서 기업과 개인은 미국 달러 또는 남아프리카 랜드와 같은 다른 통화의 국내 사업을 거래하도록 하는 것이 허용되었다. 그 결과, 짐바브웨의 경제는 달러화를 겪었고[62] 짐바브웨 달러는 일상적인 사용으로부터 떨어졌다.[63]

통화 공급량 (2006–2008년)[편집]

1억 짐바브웨 달러

2006년 2월 16일, 짐바브웨 준비은행의 총재인 기데온 고노는 IMF 구제금융 연체금을 상환하기 위해 정부가 20조 5천억 짐바브웨 달러를 인쇄하였다고 발표하였다.[64] 2006년 5월 초, 짐바브웨 정부는 이와는 별도로 60조 짐바브웨 달러를 추가로 발행한다고 발표하였다.[65] The additional currency was required to finance the recent 300% salary increase for soldiers and policemen and 200% increase for other civil servants. The money was not budgeted for the current fiscal year, and the government did not say where it would come from. On 29 May, Reserve Bank officials told IRIN that plans to print about ZW$60 trillion (about US$592.9 million at official rates) were briefly delayed after the government failed to secure foreign currency to buy ink and special paper for printing money.

In late August 2006, it was reported that about ZW$10 trillion old dollars (22% of the money supply) had not been exchanged for revalued dollars. These bearer cheques were demonetised.

On 27 June 2007, it was announced that central bank governor Gideon Gono had been ordered by President Robert Mugabe to print an additional Z$1 trillion to cater for civil servants' and soldiers' salaries that were hiked by 600% and 900% respectively.[66]

On 28 July 2007, it was reported that Mugabe has said that Zimbabwe will go on printing money if there is not enough for underfunded municipal projects.[67]

On 30 August 2007, it was reported that an additional ZW$3 trillion had been printed to pay for 500,000 scotch carts and 800,000 ox-drawn ploughs plus an unspecified number of cattle.[68]

On 3 September 2007, it was reported that the black market in Zimbabwe is once again booming despite price controls. People who previously were employed for US$11 (Z$2 Million) a month are now able to turn as much as US$166 (ZW$30 Million) just through black market trading.[69]

On 24 November 2007, it was reported that money supply was now $58 trillion revalued Zimbabwean dollars (ZWD)[70] ($41 million US at parallel rates). However, Zimbabwe banks could only account for Z$1-2 trillion of those dollars, meaning that members of the public were holding Z$56-57 trillion in cash.

On 4 January 2008, it was reported that money supply had been increased by Z$33 trillion to Z$100 trillion[71] revalued Zimbabwean dollars (ZWD).[72] Further, the demonetisation of the Z$200,000 bearer cheques was put on hold, thus increasing the money supply.

A selection of Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe bearer cheques printed between July 2007 to July 2008 (now expired) that illustrate the hyperinflation rate in Zimbabwe.

The planned issue of additional banknotes (denominations of Z$1, Z$5, and Z$10 Million) on 18 January 2008 will increase the money supply by an unknown amount.

On 21 January 2008, it was reported, by Gideon Gono, that the money supply had been increased to Z$170 trillion since the middle of December. Further, Gono expected it to reach $800 trillion by 28 January 2008.[73]

On 1 March 2008, it was reported that documents obtained by The Sunday Times show the Munich company Giesecke & Devrient (G&D) was receiving more than €500,000 (£382,000) a week for delivering bank notes equivalent to Z$170 trillion a week.

The regime is surviving by printing money: at this stage there is no other way.

“
”
Martin Rupiya, professor (war and security studies), University of Zimbabwe.

According to a source at the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, G&D was delivering 432,000 sheets of banknotes every week to Fidelity printers in Harare, where they were stamped with the denomination. Each sheet contains 40 notes and the current production is entirely in Z$10 million notes.[74] On 1 July 2008, Giesecke & Devrient responded to pressure from the German government by suspending production of bank notes for Zimbabwe.[75][76]

In the Guardian, on 18 July 2008, a report on Zimbabwe's inflation, said that an egg costs Z$50 billion (GBP 0.17, USD 0.32), and it showed adverts for prizes of Z$100 trillion in a Zimbabwean derby and Z$1.2 quadrillion ($1,200,000,000,000,000.00: approx. £2,100; $4,200) in a lottery. It also showed a monthly war pension currently is Z$109 billion (37 pence, 74¢), shops can only cash cheques if the customer writes double the amount, because the cost will go up by the time the cheque has cleared, and people can only withdraw a maximum of Z$100 billion from cashpoints.[77]

On 23 July 2008, an Austro-Hungarian company based in Vienna confirmed that it is providing the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe with the licences and software required to design and print Zimbabwe currency.[78][79] The company, named Jura JSP, said it would consider ending its supply of licences and software if the European Union required it to do so.[78] Without the licences and software, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe may be unable to print notes in larger denominations than are already in circulation.[79]

On 24 July 2008, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe announced that "appropriate measures are being put in place to address the current setbacks being faced on the currency front, as well as on financial and accounting systems."[80] It promised that in "the next few days" it would institute changes to the minimum cash withdrawal limits and IT systems' constraints.[80] Currently, the government limits cash withdrawals to ZW$100 billion per day, which is less than the cost of a loaf of bread.[80] IT systems cannot handle such large numbers; the automated teller machines for one major bank give a "data overflow error" and freeze customers attempt to withdraw money with so many zeros.[81] That same day, the Institute of Commercial Management reported that ZW$1.2 trillion is worth the same as one British pound.[82]

From January to December 2008, the money supply growth rose from 81,143% to 658 billion percent.[83]

Date 2006 2007 2008
July August September November December 21 January 28 January March June
Money supply 4.5×10^13 ZWD 4.5×10^10 ZWN 3.5×10^10 ZWN 5.8×10^13 or
6.7×10^13 ZWN[출처 필요] 		1×10^14 ZWN 1.7×10^14 ZWN 8×10^14 ZWN 2.5×10^16 ZWN ≥ 9×10^17 ZWN

Abandonment[편집]

The use of foreign currencies was legalised in January 2009, causing general consumer prices to stabilise again after years of hyperinflation and price speculation.[84] The move led to a sharp drop in the usage of the Zimbabwean dollar, as hyperinflation rendered even the highest denominations worthless.

On 2 February 2009 the Zimbabwean dollar was redenominated once more, at the ratio of 1 000 000 000 000 (1012) ZWR to 1 ZWL. The third dollar was expected to be demonetised on 1 July 2009,[85] but the complete abandonment of local currency was hastened by the decline in overall consumer usage of local currency in favour of other currencies, helped by the legalisation of the use of hard currencies in January 2009.

The dollar was effectively abandoned as an official currency on 12 April 2009 when the Economic Planning Minister Elton Mangoma confirmed the suspension of the national currency for at least a year, but exchange rates with the Zimbabwean dollar were maintained for up to a year afterwards. The current government of Zimbabwe said that the Zimbabwean currency should only be reintroduced if the industrial output was 60% or more of its capacity, compared to the April 2009 average of 20%.[86]

동전[편집]

1980년, 동전은 1, 5, 10, 20, 50센트, 1달러의 종류로 도입되었다. 1센트 동전은 청동으로 만들어졌고, 나머지 동전은 백동으로 만들어졌다. 1989년, 청동이 도금된 강철은 청동을 교체했다. 2달러 동전은 1997년에 도입되었다. 2001년, 니켈 도금 강철은 10, 20, 50센트와 1달러 동전에서 백동을 대체했고, 바이메탈 5달러 동전이 도입되었다.

짐바브웨 준비 은행의 계획에 따라, 새 Z$5,000, Z$10,000 동전이 2005년 6월에 발표되었다.[87] 그러나, 동전은 결코 등장하지 않았다.

첫 번재 달러로부터 시작한 모든 구 동전들은 효과적으로 그들의 가치를 10조배 증가하면서 2008년 8월 세 번째 달러의 액면가로 재도입되었고 새로운 $10, $25 동전이 도입되었다. 이 동전들은 2003년에 주조 되었으나 단지 리디노미네이션과 함께 발행되었다.[88]

지폐, 여행자 수표와 무기명 수표[편집]

<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 짐바브웨의 지폐입니다.
£8 worth of Zimbabwean dollars in 2003.

The banknotes of the Zimbabwean dollar were issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009. Up to 2003 regular banknotes were issued but as hyperinflation developed from 2003, the Reserve Bank issued short-lived emergency travelers cheques, which were then quickly superseded by time-limited Bearer Cheques, in denominations ranging from $5 000 to $20 000 in 2003, then up to $100 000 dollars by early-2006.

On 1 August 2006, new Bearer cheques with thirteen denominations ranging from 1¢ to $100 000 were issued following the first redenomination of the dollar, superseding the regular banknotes by 21 August 2006 and until August 2008. Bearer cheques of 5,000 dollars (dated 1 February 2007) and 50,000 (dated 1 March 2007) were issued in March 2007, followed by cheques of 200,000 (dated 1 August 2007) in August 2007. Subsequently, Gideon Gono of the RBZ announced on 19 December 2007 that new bearer cheques (Z$250,000; Z$500,000; and Z$750,000) had been produced and would be released on 20 December. Additionally, the current high value bearer cheques (Z$200,000) would be demonetised as of 1 January 2008.[89] However, due to ongoing problems, plans to demonetise this note were put on hold at the end of December.

Since the Zimbabwean dollar was revalued in August 2006, there were repeated discussions and proposals regarding a further revaluation. As early as the beginning of 2007 it appeared that a revaluation was planned with new banknote designs being commissioned.[90] New plans were announced in October 2007[91] They were initially postponed until 2008 before, in November 2007, the revaluation was described as "imminent"[92] and would remove as many as four zeros from the currency and would be called Sunrise 2.[93][94] However, on 18 December 2007, it was reported that a further printing of the current Z$200,000 bearer cheques had been produced, seemingly instead of revaluing.[95] Further new issues of bearer cheques have since taken place.

At a press conference on 16 January 2008, reserve bank Governor Gono stated that "With effect from Friday (January 18), the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is releasing the following bearer cheques into circulation: one million dollars (officially worth about US$33/22 euros but worth about 50c at the parallel rate), five million dollars and 10 million dollars." He continued, "...daily cash withdrawals have been increased from the current Z$50 million to Z$500 million per individual." Less than a month after announcing a similar move, Gono said the new notes would provide much needed relief to consumers who often have to go shopping with sacks of cash.[96]

The Zim Independent and Zim Online reported on 4 April 2008 that 25 and 50 million dollar bearer cheques were issued on 4 April. The RBZ also increased the maximum withdrawal limit for individuals to $5 billion a day.[97][98][99] On 6 May 100 million dollar and 250 million dollar bearer cheques were issued and the official exchange rate was floated to counter black market speculation.[100] 10 days later, the RBZ announced that 500 million dollar bearer cheques and special agro cheques in the amounts of 5, 25, and 50 billion dollars would be issued were to be issued on 20 May.

On 14 July 2008 Giesecke & Devrient ceased supplying bank note paper to Fidelity Printers & Refiners, the Zimbabwean government-owned company that printed Zimbabwean currency.[101] Virtually incessant use of the currency-printing presses had caused many of the machines to break down, and repair parts were no longer being shipped to Zimbabwe to repair the machines.[101] The Reserve Bank issued the $100 billion Agro Cheque on 21 July, which were printed prior to the suspension.[102][103]

On 30 July 2008 the RBZ announced a new currency, effective 1 August 2008, removing 10 zeros from the monetary value, by "a factor of 1 to 10".[104] Banknotes in the denominations of $1, $5, $10, $20, $100 and $500 were introduced and replaced bearer cheques and agro cheques by 31 December 2008.[105] However, the familiar cycle of printing ever higher denomination notes to keep up with inflation continued despite redenomination. A $1,000 banknote was introduced by the RBZ on 19 September 2008, and ten days later, as the unofficial exchange rate surpassed 270,000 ZWD to the US dollar, it issued new notes in the denominations of $10,000 and $20,000.[106] A $50,000 banknote was released on 13 October 2008, followed by $100,000, $500,000, and $1,000,000 denominations announced on 3 November.[107] The daily cash withdrawal limit was raised for individuals to Z$500,000 from Z$50,000 and for select companies it went up to $1 million.[108] Banknotes valued at $10 million, $50 million and $100 million were issued as the withdrawal limit was increased to $100 million per week on 4 December 2008.[109][110] Scarcely four days later, on 8 December, the RBZ issued a $200 million banknote,[111] and introduced a $500 million note on 12 December, worth approximately US$8 at the time.[112] In little over half a year, the billion denomination returned, with the RBZ issuing banknotes of $1 billion, $5 billion, and $10 billion on 19 December.[113]

Amid the continuing hyperinflation that rendered the currency virtually worthless, spurring the increasing dollarisation of the economy, the RBZ issued another set of new notes in denominations of $20 billion and $50 billion to be released 12 January.[114] Stepping up another order of magnitude, the Reserve Bank introduced trillion-denominated notes for the first time, unveiling banknotes valued at $10 trillion, $20 trillion, $50 trillion, and $100 trillion on 16 January, which were supposed to help citizens still in formal employment to withdraw a full month's worth of salary by showing a corresponding payslip.[2] As even these notes became increasingly worthless, a media campaign was launched in South Africa using the notes as printing paper.[115]

On 2 February 2009 the dollar was revalued once more, this time in the ratio of 1:1012,[116] and new banknotes of the fourth dollar, with seven denominations from $1 to $500, were issued.[34] These banknotes circulated alongside the third dollar until the abandonment of the dollar on 12 April 2009.

환율의 역사[편집]

This table shows a condensed history of the foreign exchange rate of the Zimbabwean Dollars to one US Dollar:

First dollar Second dollar Third dollar
Month/Year Exchange rate
1983 1
1997 10
2000 100
Jun 2002 1 000
Mar 2005 10 000
Jan 2006 100 000
Jul 2006 500 000+
Month Exchange rate
Aug 2006 650
Sep 2006 1 000
Dec 2006 3 000
Jan 2007 4 800
Feb 2007 7 500
Mar 2007 26 000
Apr 2007 35 000
May 2007 50 000
Jun 2007 400 000
Jul 2007 300 000
Aug 2007 200 000
Month Exchange rate
Sep 2007 600 000
Oct 2007 1 000 000
Nov 2007 1 500 000
Dec 2007 † 4 000 000
Jan 2008 6 000 000
Feb 2008 ‡ 16 000 000
Mar 2008 70 000 000
Apr 2008 100 000 000
May 2008 777 500 000
Jun 2008 40 928 000 000
Jul 2008 758 530 000 000
Month Exchange rate
15 August 2008 244.83
15 September 2008 29283
7 October 2008 29277
14 October 2008 29317.7
21 October 2008 29298
28 October 2008 29306
8 November 2008 29325

† Due to the December 2007 banknote shortage, funds transferred via Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTS) bore a premium rate of about $4 million, while the cash transaction rate varied around $2 million.
‡ Exchange rate was 20,000,000 for large amounts.

The third dollar rates above are OMIR. The cash rate differs significantly to the above rates. The table below is the cash rate of the third dollar history:

Month ZWR per USD
Sept 2008 1 000
Oct 2008 90 000
Nov 2008 1 200 000
Mid Dec 2008 60 000 000
End Dec 2008 2 000 000 000
Mid Jan 2009 1 000 000 000 000
2 February 2009 300 000 000 000 000

Devaluation of the first dollar[편집]

The first dollar devalued from 0.6788 R$ to 1 US$ in 1978 to roughly half a million per US$ in 2006, when the currency is revalued.

This table shows in more detail the historical value of one U.S. dollar in Zimbabwean dollars:

Exchange rates of the first dollar (ZWD)
Date Official Rate Parallel Rate Notes
1978 R$0.6788 (Apr) n/a R$ pegged to US$
1980 R$0.68 (Mar) n/a R$ tied to basket of FRF, DEM, ZAR, CHF, GBP, USD
18 April 1980 – Independence (1 Z$ = 1 R$)
1982 0.8925 to 0.9140 (Dec) – ZWD devalued by 16.5%
1983 0.96135 (Jan) up to 3.18 (July) ZWD devalued by 5%
Parallel rate highly variable — premium up to 231%
1983 (Aug) to 1993 (Dec) 0.96135 – 6.82 Flexible basket; dual rates; 20% tax on outgoing payments
1994 6.82 (Jan) 8.36 (Oct) Floating official rate (1 July) ; dual rates; ZWD devalued by 17%
1995 8.26 (Jan) 8.85 (Oct) floating official rate; dual rates; rates unified 1998 (Dec)
1996 9.13 (Jan) 10.52 (Oct)
1997 10.50 (Jan) 12.00 (Jan); 25.00 (Nov)
1998 18.00 (Jan) 16.65 (Jun); 19.00 (Jul); 23.50
1999 36.23 (Jan) 38.30 (Sep) On 31 March 1999, the Official Exchange Rate was pegged at ZWD 38 per USD; the parallel market had re-emerged by December 1999.
2000 38 to 55 56 to 62 (Jul); 65 to 70 (Aug.) In August 2000, the Official Exchange Rate was pegged at ZWD 50, then ZWD 51 and finally at ZWD 55 per USD; parallel black market rates were at a large premium; in November, foreign exchange bureaus were closed.
2001 55 70 (Jan); 80 (Feb); 100 (Mar); 120 (Apr); 140 (May); 160 (Jun); 250 (Jul); 300 (Aug); 400 (Sep); 300 (Oct); 320 (Nov); 340 (Dec) In June, the official rate became a crawling peg rate.
2002 55 380 (Jan) to 710 (Jun), 1400 (Jul) to 1740 (Oct) to 1400 (Dec) In 2002 the parallel black market for foreign exchange mushroomed.
2003 55 (Jan); 824 (Feb) 1400 (Jan); 1450 (Feb); 2300 (May); 3000 (Jul); 6000 (Aug); 6400 (Oct); 6000 (Nov) In February 2003, the Official Exchange Rate was re-pegged at ZWD 824 per US $
2004 824 (1 January); 4196 (12 January) to 5730 (Dec) 5500 (1 January) to 6000 (Dec) In January 2004, semiweekly (RBZ-controlled) currency auctions were set up to determine the official rate.
2005 5,730 (January); 6,200 (March); 9,000 (May); 10,800 (18 July); 17,600 (25 July); 24,500 (25 August); 26,003 (September); 26,003 (October); 60,000 (Nov); 84,588 (30 December) 6,400 (January); 14,000 (March); 20,000 (May); 25,000 (18 July); 45,000 (25 July); 45,000 (25 August); 75,000 (September); 80,000 to 100,000 (October); 90,000 (Nov); 96,000 (30 December) 24 August: Zimbabwean dollar becomes least valued currency unit
In November 2005, the regular currency auctions were discontinued and the RBZ announced that "market factors" would control the exchange rate.
2006 (to 31 July) 85,158 (3 January); 99,201.58 (24 January); 101,195.54 (28 April)[117] 100,000 (6 January); 106,050 (19 January); 115,000 (20 January); 125,000 to 150,000 (25 January); 175,000 to 190,000 (24 February); 205,000 to 220,000 (3 March); 220,000 to 230,000 (13 April); 300,000 to 310,000 (25 May); 315,000 (9 June); 340,000 to 350,000 (16 June); 400,000 (21 June); 450,000 (1 July); 520,000 (9 July);[118] 550,000 (27 July)[119] Economists predict an unofficial rate of nearly ZWD 250,000 to the US dollar by mid-2006.
24 January – RBZ caps daily variance of official exchange rate based on volume traded. The ZWD is able to fluctuate (from its average rate) in a daily band of: 0% (under USD 5 million); 1% (USD 5 to 10 million); 1.5% (USD 10 to 15 million); or 2% (exceeds USD 15 million). This effectively froze the official exchange rate.

Devaluation of the second dollar[편집]

The second dollar started off on 1 August 2006 with an official rate of 250 and a parallel rate of 550 to the US$. In July 2008 the dollar was revalued again, this time 10,000,000,000 2nd dollars became 1 3rd dollar, after the parallel rate reached 500 billion to 1 US$.

More detailed data can be found in the table below :

Exchange rates of the second dollar (ZWN)
Date Official Rate
(Revalued dollar)		 Parallel Rate
(Revalued dollar)		 Notes
2006 August 250 (250,000 old) 550 (1 August); 650 (3 August); 650 to 700 (24 August) 1 August: RBZ revalues the Zim dollar. 1,000 Old Zim dollars become 1 revalued Zim dollar. The official exchange rate is set to 250 revalued Zim dollars per 1 US dollar. (Parallel rate soars to over 600 revalued dollars per 1 US dollar)
September

700 to 800 (8 September – high volume transactions);[120] 850 (14 September);[121] 1,200 to 1,300(Sep 28) or 1,500 (29 September – high volume transactions)[122]

October

1,500 (12 October);[123]

November

1,700 (6 November);[124] 2,000 (19 November);[125] 2,400 (29 November);[126]

December

3,000 (25 December)[127]

2007 January 250

3,200 (11th[128]); 3,500 (18th[129]); 4,000 (20th[130]); 4,200 (23rd[131]); 6,000 (26th[132])

February

4,800 (2nd[133]); 5,000 (12th[134]); 6,600 (23rd[135]); 7,000 (27th[136])

March

7,500 (1st[137]) 8,000 (2nd[138]); 10,000 (8th[139]); 11,000 (11th[140]); 12,000 – 17,500 (16th[141]); 16,000 (19th[142]); 20,000 (21st[143]); 24,000 (22nd[144]); 25,000 (27th[145]); 26,000 (29th[146])

Zimbabwean dollar becomes least valued currency unit around 21 March; In March, the parallel rate becomes extremely erratic, with reported rates varying significantly.
April 250
(15,000 special rate)

30,000 (1st[147]); 15,000 (7th[148]); 20,000 (8th[149]); 25,000 (11th[150]); 35,000 (15th[151])

A "special rate" of 15,000 ZWD per USD was brought in on 26 April 2007. The improved exchange rate will be applied to miners, farmers, tour operators, non-governmental organisations, embassies, Zimbabweans living abroad that repatriate earnings, and others who generate foreign exchange. Exporters will be required to exchange money at the central bank to receive the better rate.[152]
May

28,000 (10th[153]); 32,000 (18th[154]); 38,000 (20th[155]); 40,000 (22nd[156]); 45,000 (24th[157]); 50,000 (29th[158])

June

55,000 (3rd[159]); 60,000 (12th[160]); 75–100,000 (13th[161]); 120,000 (16th[162]); 205,000 (20th[163]); 300,000 (22nd[164]); 400,000 (23rd[165])

July

270,000 (5th[166]); 300,000 (14th[167])

August

200,000 (21st[168])

September 30,000

250,000 (7th[169]); 280,000 (14th[170]); 340,000 (18th[171]); 500,000 (26th[172]); 600,000 (29th[173])

Official exchange rate was changed to 30,000 on 7 September 2007[169]
October

750,000 (17th[174]); 1,000,000 (19th[175])

November

1,200,000 (1st[176]); 4,500,000 (14th[177]) (not confirmed); 1,400,000 (24th[178]); 1,500,000 (30th[179])

December

1,800,000 (1st[180]); 4,000,000 (3rd[181])

Due to the Dec 2007, banknote shortage, funds transferred via Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTS) bore a premium rate of about $4 million, while the cash transaction rate varied around $2 million.
2008 January

1,900,000 (3rd[182]); 2,000,000 (4th[183]); 3,000,000 (8th[184]); 4,500,000 (19th[185]); 5,000,000 (21st[185]); 6,000,000 (24th[186])

The Old Mutual Implied Rate (OMIR) is calculated by dividing the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange price of the Old Mutual share by the London Stock Exchange Price for the same share. The answer is the Old Mutual Implied Rate for the Pound. Then a cross rate calculation is done for the USD rate.
6,240,837.51 (OMIR for 21st) 5,787,585.19 (OMIR for 25th) [6]

February

7,500,000 (13th[187]); 8,500,000 (18th[188]); 16,000,000 and 20,000,000 for large amounts (21st[188])

March

24,000,000 (2nd[189]); 25,000,000 (5th[190]); 46,000,000 (10th[191]); 70,000,000 (19th[192])

69,226,148.58 (OMIR for 17th)[193]

April

80,000,000 (17th[194]); 85,000,000 (24th[195]); 100,000,000 (26th[196])

May

30,000 (to 4 May);
168,815,333.33 (5 May); 187,073,022.88 (6 May); 190,429,449.18 (7 May); 204,565,727.39 (8 May); 210,389,632.00 (9 May); 216,528,794.21 (12 May); 224,832,332.83 (13 May); 236,706,849.48 (14 May); 246,433,371.43 (15 May); 255,771,415.67 (16 May); 275,335,294.12 (19 May); 303,753,731.48 (20 May); 337,341,911.76 (21 May); 369,632,426.29 (22 May); 405,870,411.18 (23 May); 434,449,294.12 (27 May); 486,485,294.12 (28 May); 529,336,764.71 (29 May); 580,678,132.35 (30 May) [7]

190,000,000 (1st[197]); 200,000,000 (6th[198]); 250,000,000 (13th[199]); 315,000,000 (16th[200]); 498,000,000 (22nd); 494,000,000 (23rd); 580,000,000 (28th); 703,000,000 (29th); 777,500,000 (30th) [8]

The official exchange rate was allowed to float 6 May
June

647,863,191.18 (2nd); 718,489,852.94 (3rd); 843,884,558.82 (4th); 969,647,058.82 (5th); 1,105,887,222.22 (6th); 1,365,130,333.33 (9th); 1,679,946,944.44 (10th); 2,150,078,888.89 (11th); 2,904,111,111.11 (12th); 3,524,549,987.29 (13th); 4,276,736,111.11 (16th); 4,952,500,000.00 (17th); 5,817,192,485.76 (18th); 6,718,055,555.56 (19th); 7,437,184,423.78 (20th); 8,260,031,632.83 (23rd); 9,005,149,886.88 (24th); 9,801,839,921.51 (25th); 10,594,701,303.45 (26th); 11,378,472,550.24 (30th) [9]

971,500,000 (1st); 1,123,000,000 (3rd); 1,221,500,000 (4th); 1,964,500,000 (5th); 2,159,000,000 (6th); 2,691,588,425 (7th); 3,139,382,641 (9th); 4,605,736,200 (10th); 5,090,337,736 (11th); 5,137,128,498 (12th); 6,412,613,315 (13th); 7,512,863,828 (16th); 9,288,500,000 (17th); 13,999,000,000 (18th); 17,743,015,150 (19th); 20,269,600,000 (21st); 22,952,543,340 (23rd); 22,835,153,651 (24th); 32,603,770,511 (26th); 40,928,000,000 (30th)[201]

967,480,942 (OMIR for 2nd); 1,746,899,809 (OMIR for 3rd); 3,047,030,834 (OMIR for 4th); [10]

16,044,776,323 (OMIR for 19th); 17,039,490,724 (OMIR for 20th); 34,910,587,875 (OMIR for 23rd); 78,479,941,887 (OMIR for 24th); 62,024,868,786 (OMIR for 25th); 64,575,990,281 (OMIR for 26th); 164,312,344,622 (OMIR for 30th) [11]

July

12,226,034,516.65 (1st);
13,350,764,705.88 (2nd);
14,345,060,331.82 (3rd);
15,183,703,996.98 (4th);
16,204,996,229.26 (7th);
17,066,529,677.98 (8th);
17,883,023,378.58 (9th);
18,681,527,512.36 (10th);
19,489,294,117.65 (11th);
20,170,317,159.13 (14th);
21,460,313,914.03 (15th);
23,356,231,572.65 (16th);
25,389,017,580.37 (17th);
27,164,677,690.87 (18th);
30,201,803,133.32 (21st);
34,749,797,812.59 (22nd);
39,129,724,504.88 (23rd);
43,319,583,395.92 (24th);
48,679,445,871.90 (25th);
54,036,639,077.74 (28th);
58,886,562,526.04 (29th);
63,761,761,010.94 (30th);
69,484,070,056.18 (31st);
(Source[202])

53,049,500,000 (1st);[201]
65,797,000,000 (7th);[201]
102,351,000,000 (8th);[201]
145,624,500,000 (11th);[201]
151,425,393,163 (11th); [12]
193,014,500,000 (14th);[201]
200,414,514,369 (14th); [13]
274,200,889,709 (15th);[201]
288,072,000,000 (16th);[201]
325,110,110,211 (16th); [14]
324,446,338,775 (17th); [201]
360,000,000,000 (17th); [15]
380,000,000,000 (18th); [201]
430,000,000,000 (18th); [16]
600,000,000,000 (21st); ,[201] [17]
650,000,000,000 (22nd) [18]
750,000,000,000 (23rd); [201]
555,000,000,000 (25th): [19] 758,530,000,000 (30th); [201] 510,000,000,000 (31st): [20]

142,024,433,315 (OMIR for 1st);
129,140,850,245 (OMIR for 2nd);
109,689,985,935 (OMIR for 3rd);
113,028,111,843 (OMIR for 4th);
202,409,619,045 (OMIR for 7th);
173,176,356,278 (OMIR for 8th);
126,117,317,180 (OMIR for 9th);
139,534,966,792 (OMIR for 10th);
189,961,549,747 (OMIR for 11th);
194,840,848,150 (OMIR for 14th);
236,850,692,832 (OMIR for 15th);
241,421,049,361 (OMIR for 16th);
270,477,236,528 (OMIR for 17th);
404,332,849,598 (OMIR for 18th);
502,683,475,196 (OMIR for 21st);
687,860,375,011 (OMIR for 22nd);
495,932,559,520 (OMIR for 23rd);
488,452,876,313 (OMIR for 24th);
619,334,351,928 (OMIR for 25th);
525,086,664,547 (OMIR for 28th);
456,921,446,064 (OMIR for 30th);
669,809,343,407 (OMIR for 31st);
(Source [21])

시장 데이터 피드의 복구[편집]

In the final months before Zimbabwe's central bank reforms of 30 April 2008, virtually all popular currency conversion resources relied upon the official rate of 30,000 ZWD to 1 USD for published figures, in spite of the vast differences between that and free market rates. By 23 May 2008, Bloomberg[203] and Oanda[204] began publishing floating rates based on Zimbabwe's formally regulated domestic bank market, while Yahoo Finance started using the updated official rate in July, albeit with a decimal point shift of 6 places. Those reported rates generally reflected the Official Rate as shown in the above table. They soon began to differ, in overvaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar, increasingly substantially in comparison to less regulated markets such as offshore markets or paper cash freely traded on the streets of Harare, reflected above as Parallel Rates.

Devaluation of the third dollar[편집]

On 1 August 2008, ten zeroes were removed from the currency, reducing 10 billion Zimbabwean dollars to one dollar.[205] On 3 October 2008, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe suspended temporarily the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system, halting electronic parallel market transfers,[206] but it was reinstated on 13 November 2008.[207]

After being introduced on 1 August 2008, the third dollar continued to devalue.

An overview of the exchange rate data can be found in the table below :

Exchange rates of the third dollar (ZWR)
Date Official Rate
(Source:[202] ) 		Parallel Rate
(Sources: †[201] /
‡ [22]) 		Old Mutual Implied Rate
(OMIR Source: [23]) 		Notes
2008 August

7.58 (1st)
8.11 (4th)
8.94 (5th)
9.92 (6th)
10.93 (7th)
11.90 (8th)
13.19 (13th)
14.52 (14th)
15.80 (15th)
17.49 (18th)
18.84 (19th)
20.08 (20th)
21.55 (21st)
23.29 (22nd)
25.34 (25th)
27.66 (26th)
29.91 (27th)
32.05 (28th)
34.83 (29th)

40.53 †; 51 ‡ (1st);
61 ‡ (2nd)
40.96 †; 66 ‡ (5th)
74 ‡ (8th)
41.79 † (11th)
110 ‡ (13th)
190 ‡; 64.12 † (14th)
230 ‡ (15th)
223.51 †; 375 ‡ (18th)
420 ‡ (19th)
430 ‡ (21st)
460 †; 440 ‡ (26th)
650 ‡; 700 † (27th)
1,400 †; 1,700 ‡ (29th)

49.23 (1st)
38.35 (4th)
34.05 (5th)
39.41 (6th)
64.19 (7th)
48.13 (8th)
74.86 (13th)
138.46 (14th)
121.43 (15th)
168.84 (18th)
161.24 (19th)
185.33 (20th)
297.21 (21st)
393.30 (22nd)
992.02 (25th)
749.47 (26th)
868.71 (27th)
1,330.10 (28th)
1,780.04 (29th)

1 August: The Reserve Bank revalued the dollar again: 10 billion ZWN (or 10 trillion ZWD) becomes 1 ZWR.

See also:
"Zimbabwe’s re-valued currency after one month" includes a daily list of the ZWD parallel exchange rates in August 2008.

September

37.15 (1st)
39.59 (2nd)
42.72 (3rd)
45.53 (4th)
48.79 (5th)
52.71 (8th)
58.10 (9th)
62.47 (10th)
67.52 (11th)
71.40 (12th)
77.69 (15th)
83.57 (16th)
88.70 (17th)
92.97 (18th)
96.43 (19th)
101.57 (22nd)
105.43 (23rd)
109.48 (24th)
114.61 (25th)
118.76 (26th)
125.75 (29th)
132.25 (30th)

2,000 †; 2,498 ‡ (1st);
2,800 †; 3,650 ‡ (2nd)
4,300 † (3rd)
4,500 † (4th)
4,800 † 5,700 ‡; 7,500[208] (5th)
8,500 ‡ (8th)
14,000 † (9th)
20,000 †; 29,000 ‡ (11th)
30,000 (12th)[208]
34,000 † (15th)
22,000 †; 34,000 ‡ (16th)
33,000 † (18th)
65,059 †; 59,652 ‡ (22nd)
80,754 ‡ (23rd)
140,251 †; 135,368 ‡ (24th)
271,915 ‡ (25th)
271,593 † (26th)
554,915 †; 360,707 ‡ (29th)
Cash: 1,000 (25th)[209]

3,362 (1st)
3,949 (2nd)
4,311 (3rd)
5,085 (4th)
11,815 (5th)
13,583 (8th)
11,608 (9th)
14,936 (10th)
25,384 (11th)
19,788 (12th)
18,888 (15th)
11,633 (16th)
22,837 (17th)
34,606 (18th)
37,997 (19th)
79,816 (22nd)
131,237 (23rd)
270,794 (24th)
247,618 (25th)
266,075 (26th)
557,362 (29th)
592,416 (30th)

October

138.14 (1st)
145.62 (2nd)
153.10 (3rd)
160.46 (6th)
167.68 (7th)
176.33 (8th)
183.19 (9th)
198.93 (13th)
208.65 (14th)
217.72 (15th)
229.90 (16th)
244.05 (17th)
266.40 (20th)
290.92 (21st)
316.56 (22nd)
345.18 (23rd)
507.24 (28th)
558.53 (29th)
619.52 (30th)

790,510 ‡; 1,000,000[210] (1st)
4,000 (cash) (3rd)[211]
11,000 (cash) (11th)[212]
50,000,000 (16th)[213]
100,000,000 (20th)[214]
20,000 (cash) (20th)[215]
Cash: 50,000 (24th)[216]
11,939,980,000 ‡;
25,137 (cash) ‡ (25th)
69,127 (cash) ‡ (27th)
90,000 (cash) (29th)[217]

1,418,021 (1st)
841,881 (2nd)
660,732 (3rd)
1,715,118 (6th)
2,305,440 (7th)
2,045,021 (8th)
3,161,381 (9th)
4,183,564 (10th)
7,667,426 (13th)
10,706,802 (14th)
20,129,927 (15th)
66,418,944 (16th)
121,013,052 (17th)
333,500,825 (20th)
1,220,071,643 (21st)
3,178,696,865 (22nd)
26,867,910,902 (23rd)
98,339,944,470 (24th)
101,338,478,626 (27th am)
70,547,871,952 (27th pm)
233,621,089,202 (28th am)
250,783,986,568 (28th pm)
509,148,077,013 (29th am)
916,918,295,246 (29th pm)
2,443,676,912,678 (30th am)
3,949,870,500,674 (30th pm)
6,674,757,281,553 (31st am)
11,851,630,480,952 (31st pm)

Electronic bank transfers (RTGS) were suspended by the Reserve Bank on the 3rd.
No funds can be transferred between banks, effectively aborting the parallel rates.

November

769.68 (3rd)
851.74 (4th)
922.96 (5th)
1,024.63 (6th)
2,850.37 (7th)
4,651.33 (10th)
6,626.39 (11th)
8,399.31 (12th)
10,788.70 (13th)
13,469.56 (14th)
17,398.16 (17th)
25,593.66 (18th)
30,320.43 (19th)
34,912.83 (20th)
38,128.72 (21st)
44,182.50 (24th)
49,237.71 (25th)
56,197.60 (26th)
62,761.43 (27th)
70,197.01 (28th)

100,000 (cash) (5th)[218]
30,000,000,000,000 ‡; 200,000 (cash) ‡ (7th)
28,400,000,000,000,000 ‡ (12th)
400,000 (cash) (12th)[219]
650,000 (cash) ‡ (14th)
1,200,000 (cash) ‡ (24th)

12,405,270,255,015 (3rd am)
35,179,473,949,600 (3rd pm)
118,066,516,958,323 (4th am)
216,162,327,532,185 (4th pm)
267,539,344,335,978 (5th am)
225,497,447,368,896 (5th pm)
193,012,615,772,476 (6th am)
134,838,399,549,100 (6th pm)
182,325,758,081,729 (7th am)
663,325,716,143,026 (7th pm)
1,680,757,577,947,650 (10th am)
22,410,101,039,302,100 (10th pm)
44,754,638,846,288,100 (11th am)
27,157,406,063,618,700 (11th pm)
18,237,844,841,170,300 (12th am)
12,981,054,269,303,500 (12th pm)
19,148,534,621,367,600 (13th am)
41,974,524,821,395,400 (13th pm)
62,136,238,923,283,400 (14th am)
183,025,618,461,867,000 (14th pm)
251,649,721,203,565,000 (17th am)
642,371,437,695,221,000 (17th pm)
661,229,327,046,568,000 (18th am)
447,591,739,042,251,000 (18th pm)
439,481,070,796,885,000 (19th)
12,617,983,349,233,500 (20th)

The Reserve Bank lifted the suspension on the Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) on 13 November[220]

As of 26 November newspaper reports stated the RTGS was still not operational, and part of the reason was that the Zimbabwean Government had not paid the company responsible for fitting the system.[221]
The Zimbabwe Stock Market, and consequentially the OMIR, crashed on 20 November when allegations of market manipulation became public. ZSE chief executive Emmanuel Munyukwi revealed that a large number of multi-quad-, quin-, and sextillion cheques had bounced.[222]
Old Mutual has not traded since 20 November, so no meaningful OMIR figures are available. It is estimated that the OMIR on 25 November would have been 649,374,262,960,211.[223]

December

76,620.00 (1st)
83,613.46 (2nd)
89,826.13 (3rd)
100,330.21 (4th)
111,126.89 (5th)
128,734.67 (8th)
140,085.70 (9th)
154,661.25 (10th)
226,954.13 (11th)
404,294.50 (12th)
925,825.00 (17th)
1,151,656.00 (18th)
1,423,462.00 (19th)
1,748,530.00 (23rd)
2,133,117.00 (24th)
2,772,250.00 (29th)
3,641,246.00 (30th)
4,894,167.00 (31st)

2,000,000 (cash)‡ (2nd)
5,300,000 (cash)‡ (4th)
10,000,000 (cash) (5th)[224]
25,000,000 (cash) (9th)[225]
30,000,000 (cash)‡ (10th); 60,000,000 (cash) (12th) [226]
150,000,000 (cash)‡ (16th)
200,000,000 (cash)‡ (17th)
600,000,000 (cash)‡ (19th)
9,000,000,000 (cash) (22nd)[227]
2,000,000,000 (cash)‡ (24th)
2009 January

5,601,509 (2nd)
6,386,667 (5th)
8,042,778 (7th)
8,676,674 (8th)
9,326,444 (9th)
10,148,113 (12th)
11,171,474 (13th)
13,856,763 (14th)
15,273,676 (15th)
16,744,890 (16th)
18,683,139 (19th)
20,215,883 (20th)
25,599,608 (21st)
30,577,532 (22nd)
36,844,444 (23rd)
44,796,944 (26th)
415,888,889 (27th)
1,407,917,306 (28th)
3,429,836,806 (29th)
7,039,188,034 (30th)

40,000,000,000 (12th)[228]
3,000,000,000,000 (15th)[229]
1,000,000,000,000 ‡(16th)
5,000,000,000,000 ‡(21st)
10,000,000,000,000 (22nd)[230]
13,000,000,000,000 (23rd)[231]
30,000,000,000,000 (27th)[232]
40,000,000,000,000 (28th)[233]
100,000,000,000,000 (29th)[234]

35,000,000,000,000,000 (1st) – UN Rate[235]
150,000,000,000,000,000 (29th) – UN Rate

February

12,336,416,667 (2nd)

250,000,000,000,000 (1st)[236]
300,000,000,000,000 (2nd)[33]

Devaluation of the fourth dollar[편집]

On 2 February 2009, the RBZ removed 12 zeros from the currency, with 1,000,000,000,000 (third) Zimbabwe dollars being exchanged for 1 new (fourth) dollar.[33] Although the dollar was later abandoned on 12 April 2009, exchange rates were maintained at reasonable intervals for some time.

Exchange rates of the fourth dollar (ZWL)
Date Official rate [24] Parallel rate
 United Nations rate
(Source:[235] ) 		Notes
2009 February

22.00 (3rd); 24.51 (4th)
28.54 (5th); 32.19 (6th)
35.34 (9th); 38.80 (10th)
42.32 (11th); 46.07 (12th)
49.87 (13th); 53.00 (16th)
58.04 (17th); 62.70 (18th)
66.49 (19th); 71.21 (20th)
76.22 (23rd); 81.58 (24th)
86.15 (25th); 91.39 (26th)
95.42 (27th)

300 (2nd)[33]

150,000 (3rd)

March

99.67 (2nd); 103.29 (3rd)
108.01 (4th); 113.12 (5th)
117.26 (6th); 121.85 (9th)
126.11 (10th); 131.00 (11th)
134.92 (12th); 138.58 (13th)
143.42 (16th); 150.52 (17th)
156.69 (18th); 163.34 (19th)
170.39 (20th); 177.25 (23rd)
186.61 (24th); 193.52 (25th)
199.76 (26th); 206.74 (27th)
209.62 (30th); 213.07 (31st)

April

221.29 (1st); 225.83 (2nd)
230.68 (3rd); 238.94 (6th)
244.81 (7th); 245.21 (8th)
249.40 (9th); 255.19 (14th)
259.10 (15th); 263.94 (16th)
266.64 (17th); 271.04 (20th)
294.18 (24th); 306.68 (29th)
309.31 (30th)

 12 April: Zimbabwe Dollar suspended.
May

315.23 (4th); 319.13 (5th)
328.36 (6th); 320.02 (7th)
326.26 (8th); 329.65 (11th)
332.26 (12th); 336.46 (13th)
345.12 (14th); 350.30 (15th)
354.58 (19th); 357.48 (20th)
360.64 (21st); 363.14 (22nd)
June

363.48 (16th)
July

371.39 (16th)
August

361.62 (28th)

같이 보기[편집]

주석[편집]

  1. ↑ “The World Factbook”. The World Factbook. 2011. 2012에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ 가 나 RBZ unveils $100 trillion note. The Herald. 16 January 2009.
  3. ↑ Linzmayer, Owen (2012). 〈Zimbabwe〉. 《The Banknote Book》. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com. 
  4. ↑ 가 나   12 April 2009 (2009년 4월 12일). “Zimbabwe Suspends Use of Own Currency | News | English”. Voanews.com. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ “Zimbabwe dollar 'not back soon'”. BBC News. 2009년 4월 12일. 2009년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ Carlos Lopes (February 1996). 《Balancing rocks: environment and development in Zimbabwe》. Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 9789171063946. 2011년 2월 11일에 확인함. 
  7. ↑ Gumbo, Joseph. Bills Put Zimbabwe Under "Martial Law". Institute for War and Peace. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2006-07-27.
  8. ↑ Currency reform Zimbabwe (pdf). Telekurs Financial. 2006-08-09.
  9. ↑ Ndlela, Dumisani. 78% old currency returned: RBZ. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2006-09-15.
  10. ↑ Harare expected to unveil new currency next month. Zim Online. 2006-12-14.
  11. ↑ Rusere, Patience. Some Expect New Currency From Zimbabwe Central Bank In 2007. Voice of America. 2006-12-14.
  12. ↑ Wines, Michael. As Inflation Soars, Zimbabwe Economy Plunges. The New York Times. 2007-02-07.
  13. ↑ Zimbabwe jail over bread prices. BBC News. 2006-12-01.
  14. ↑ Eddie Cross. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-06-15.
  15. ↑ . Bloomberg. 2007년 9월 7일 제목=S&P's Sub-$10 Club, Lexmark's `Buy,' Zimbabwe's Dollar: Timshel http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&sid=a8KzciD2HkYk&refer=columnist_wilson 제목=S&P's Sub-$10 Club, Lexmark's `Buy,' Zimbabwe's Dollar: Timshel |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 2008년 9월 16일에 확인함.  |제목=이(가) 없거나 비었음 (도움말)
  16. ↑ Raath, Jan. Devaluation is 'too little, too late' to save Zimbabwe. Times Online. 2007-09-07.
  17. ↑ Currency reform Zimbabwe (pdf). Telekurs Financial. 9 August 2006.
  18. ↑ Ndlela, Dumisani. 78% old currency returned: RBZ. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 15 September 2006.
  19. ↑ Harare expected to unveil new currency next month. Zim Online. 14 December 2006.
  20. ↑ Rusere, Patience. Some Expect New Currency From Zimbabwe Central Bank In 2007. Voice of America. 14 December 2006.
  21. ↑ Wines, Michael. As Inflation Soars, Zimbabwe Economy Plunges. The New York Times. 7 February 2007.
  22. ↑ Zimbabwe jail over bread prices. BBC News. 1 December 2006.
  23. ↑ Eddie Cross. The Zimbabwe Situation. 15 June 2007.
  24. ↑ “S&P's Sub-$10 Club, Lexmark's `Buy,' Zimbabwe's Dollar: Timshel”. Bloomberg. 2007년 9월 7일. 2008년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Raath, Jan. Devaluation is 'too little, too late' to save Zimbabwe. Times Online. 7 2007년 9월 7일.
  26. ↑ Hanke, Steve H.; Alex K. F. Kwok (Spring/Summer). “On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation” (PDF). 《The Cato Journal》. 
  27. ↑ 가 나 Shaw, Angus. Zimbabwe devalues currency; 10B becomes 1 dollar. Associated Press. Google News. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.[깨진 링크]
  28. ↑ Mafaro, Wayne. Mugabe says might declare state of emergency over prices. ZimOnline. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  29. ↑ Berger, Sebastien; Thornycroft, Peta. Zimbabwe to cut ten zeros from banknotes in fight against inflation. The Daily Telegraph. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  30. ↑ [1] 13 September 2008
  31. ↑ Zimbabwe shops stop accepting local currency. The Daily Telegraph. 27 October 2008.
  32. ↑ Zimbabwe Turns To the Greenback. The Washington Post. 4 December 2008.
  33. ↑ 가 나 다 라 “Zimbabwe removes 12 zeros from currency — CNN.com”. CNN. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  34. ↑ 가 나 “Africa | Zimbabwe dollar sheds 12 zeros”. BBC News. 2009년 2월 2일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ “Zimbabwe removes 13 zeroes from currency”. Harare, Zimbabwe: CNN. 2009년 2월 2일. 2009년 2월 2일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ “WM Company”. WM Company. 2009년 9월 28일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ “The Leading Business Weekly Newspaper”. The Zimbabwe Independent. 2009년 12월 17일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  38. ↑ “The Leading Business Weekly Newspaper”. The Zimbabwe Independent. 2009년 12월 17일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  39. ↑ “Zimbabwe abandons its currency”. BBC News. 2009년 1월 7일. 2010년 8월 24일에 확인함. 
  40. ↑ “Zimbabwe dollar shelved 'for at least a year'”. Newzimbabwe.com. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  41. ↑ “Inflation hits a record high in Zimbabwe”. Mail & Guardian Online. 2008년 8월 27일에 확인함. Inflation in Zimbabwe reached its previous peak in January 2004, hitting 624%. 
  42. ↑ “Zimbabwean inflation hits 1,281%”. BBC 뉴스. 2008년 8월 27일에 확인함. 
  43. ↑ Shaw, Angus. Inflation in Zimbabwe surges to record 3,714%, the highest in the world . Associated Press. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-05-17.
  44. ↑ Zulu, Blessing. Zimbabwe Inflation Data Delayed Again; Estimate Points To 4,530%. Voice of America. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-06-12.
  45. ↑ Meldrum, Andrew. US predicts regime change in Zimbabwe as hyperinflation destroys the economy. The Guardian. 2007-06-22.
  46. ↑ Chizhanje, Hendricks. Harare suspends release of inflation data. Zimbabwe Online. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-07-14.
  47. ↑ Nyakazeya, Paul. June inflation 13 000%: CCZ. The Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-07-27.
  48. ↑ Banya, Nelson; Dzirutwe, MacDonald. Zimbabwe inflation slows amid warning of collapse. Reuters. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-09-18.
  49. ↑ McGreal, Chris. Mugabe's price cuts bring cheap TVs today, new crisis tomorrow. The Guardian. 2007-07-16.
  50. ↑ Zimbabwe inflation surges to 7,892%. Yahoo News. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-10-17.
  51. ↑ Nyakazeya, Paul. $1m note on the way as cash crisis worsens. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2007-10-16.
  52. ↑ Zimbabwe inflation 'incalculable'. BBC News. 27 November 2007.
  53. ↑ Zimbabwe inflation spirals again. BBC News. 14 February 2008.
  54. ↑ Zimbabwe annual inflation over 100,000 per cent. Sydney Morning Herald. The Zimbabwe Situation. 21 February 2008.
  55. ↑ Inflation surges to 165 000%. Financial Gazette. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4 April 2008.
  56. ↑ Inflation Hits 355 000%. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 15 May 2008.
  57. ↑ Inflation hits one million percent as prices continue to skyrocket. SW Radio Africa. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008-05-21.
  58. ↑ Inflation gallops ahead: 9000 000%. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 26 June 2008.
  59. ↑ 가 나 다 McGreal, Chris. Zimbabwe's accelerating inflation rate reaches the millions. The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  60. ↑ “Inflation soars to 231 million percent”. Zimbabwesituation.com. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  61. ↑ The Printing Press by Steve Hanke. Forbes Magazine, 22 December 2008
  62. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7859033.stm
  63. ↑ Brulliard, Karin (2009년 2월 21일). “As Zimbabwean Dollar Dies, So Does a Lucrative Career”. Washington Post. A08면. 2009년 2월 21일에 확인함. 
  64. ↑ Meldurm, Andrew. Africa needs more courage, says Mugabe. The Guardian. 2006-02-21.
  65. ↑ Zimbabwe Inflation Over 900 Percent. ParaPundit. 4 May 2006.
  66. ↑ Zimbabwe: Gono ordered to print Z$1 Trillion for Civil servants and Army. Zimbabwe Daily News. The Zimbabwe Situation. 28 June 2007.
  67. ↑ Mugabe says will print more money if there isn't enough. Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. The Zimbabwe Situation. 28 July 2007.
  68. ↑ RBZ provides $3 trillion for vote buying. The Zimbabwean. The Zimbabwe Situation. 30 August 2007.
  69. ↑ Dixon, Robyn. He can get it for you fast. Los Angeles Times. 3 September 2007.
  70. ↑ Of cash and dealers. IRIN. The Zimbabwe Situation. 24 November 2007.
  71. ↑ Cash crisis: No end in sight. The Financial Gazette. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4 January 2008.
  72. ↑ Ndlela, Dumisani. ZANU-PF split looms. The Financial Gazette. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4 January 2008.
  73. ↑ Zimbabwe central bank blames banks for banknote shortage. Reuters. The Zimbabwe Situation. 22 January 2008.
  74. ↑ Lamb, Christina. Planeloads of cash prop up Mugabe. The Sunday Times. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2 March 2008.
  75. ↑ Giesecke & Devrient halts deliveries to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Prinzregentenstr. 1 July 2008.
  76. ↑ Giesecke & Devrient Halts Deliveries to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Giesecke & Devrient. PRNewswire. Press release.
  77. ↑ McGreal, Chris. What comes after a trillion? The Guardian. 18 July 2008.
  78. ↑ 가 나 Howden, Daniel; Armitage, Tom. Firm with licence to print Mugabe's money. The Independent. 24 July 2008.
  79. ↑ 가 나 Austrian company helps Zimbabwe bank produce near-worthless money. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 24 July 2008.
  80. ↑ 가 나 다 Banya, Nelson. Zimbabwe central bank promises currency reforms. Reuters. 24 July 2008.
  81. ↑ $100 billion for three eggs. The Herald Sun. 25 July 2008.
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  83. ↑ When a lot of money is bad[깨진 링크]
  84. ↑ 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; dollarisation라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  85. ↑ 《Zimbabwe dollar sheds 12 zeros》, BBC News, 2009년 2월 2일, 2008년 2월 2일에 확인함 
  86. ↑ “Zimbabwe dollar 'not back soon'”. BBC News. 2009년 4월 12일. 2009년 10월 2일에 확인함. 
  87. ↑ Lawa, N. Coins to replace notes (archived copy). The Zimbabwean. 3 June 2005. Archived by the Wayback Machine on 10 June 2005.
  88. ↑ David Rivera Alonso (2008년 8월 20일). “World Coin News: Zimbabwe 2003/08 – 10 & 25 dollars”. Worldcoinnews.blogspot.com. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  89. ↑ Dzirutwe, MacDonald. Zimbabwe introduces higher denomination banknotes. Reuters. The Zimbabwe Situation. 20 December 2007.
  90. ↑ Mugari, Shakeman. New notes out. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2 February 2007.
  91. ↑ Sibanda, Tichaona. Reserve Bank to Launch New Currency. SW Radio Africa. The Zimbabwe Independent. 1 October 2007.
  92. ↑ Chimhashu, Torby. New Zimbabwe currency imminent. newzimbabwe.com. November 2006?
  93. ↑ Makoshori, Shame. Sunrise 2: Rollout begins. The Financial Gazette. The Zimbabwe Situation. 30 November 2007.
  94. ↑ Gono, G. The Imminent Launch of Sunrise 2 (pdf). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Public notice. 21 November 2007.
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  98. ↑ RBZ introduces new notes. Zimbabwe Independent. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4 April 2008.
  99. ↑ Mafaro, Wayne. Harare introduces Z$50 million note. Zimbabwe Online. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4 April 2008.
  100. ↑ Zimbabwe releases $250m bank note. The Australian. 6 May 2008.
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  117. ↑ Daily Interbank Exchange Rates Z$ per US$. Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. 31 July 2006.
  118. ↑ Thornycroft, Peta. Bring on the wheelbarrows. The Daily Telegraph. 11 July 2006.
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  120. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  121. ↑ Cold comfort for Mugabe. The Telegraph. The Zimbabwe Situation. 14 September 2006.
  122. ↑ Parks, James. Hiding Truth Behind Attacks On Trade Unionists. AFL-CIO. The Zimbabwe Situation. 29 September 2006.
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  124. ↑ Wave of price hikes dampen hopes for recovery. Zimbabwe Online. The Zimbabwe Situation. 6 November 2006.
  125. ↑ Chimhete, Caiphas. Fertilizer saga: Heads likely to roll. Zimbabwe Standard. The Zimbabwe Situation. 19 November 2006.
  126. ↑ Cash crisis forces Harare to suspend issuing of passports. Zimbabwe Online. The Zimbabwe Situation. 29 November 2006.
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  128. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  129. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  130. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  131. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  132. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  133. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2000년 3월 30일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  134. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  135. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  136. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  137. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  138. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  139. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  140. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
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  142. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  143. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  144. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  145. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  146. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  147. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  148. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  149. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  150. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  151. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  152. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  153. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  154. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  155. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  156. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  157. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  158. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  159. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  160. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  161. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  162. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  163. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  164. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  165. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
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  168. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  169. ↑ 가 나 “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  170. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  171. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  172. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  173. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  174. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  175. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  176. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  177. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  178. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  179. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  180. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  181. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  182. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  183. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  184. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  185. ↑ 가 나 [2][깨진 링크]
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  187. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008년 2월 12일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  188. ↑ 가 나 “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  189. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  190. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  191. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  192. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  193. ↑ [3][깨진 링크]
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  195. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  196. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  197. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008년 4월 30일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  198. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  199. ↑ Tinona, Peter (2008년 5월 13일). “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  200. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008년 5월 15일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  201. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 파 하 http://www.siyabonga-tatenda.com/zimmoney.html
  202. ↑ 가 나 http://www.rbz.co.zw/fca/fca.asp
  203. ↑ World Currencies: Europe/Africa/Middle East. Bloomberg L.P.
  204. ↑ FXConverter – Currency Converter for 164 Currencies. Oanda.com. Oanda Corporation.
  205. ↑ Dzirutwe, MacDonald. Zimbabwe redenominates currency to ease crisis. Reuters. 30 July 2008.
  206. ↑ Zimbabwe: RBZ Suspends RTGS Payment System. Zimbabwe Independent.2008-10-02
  207. ↑ Gonda, Violet. Reserve bank reinstates electronic transfers.SW Radio Africa. 13 November 2008.
  208. ↑ 가 나 “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  209. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  210. ↑ Amy Iggulden (2008년 9월 30일). “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  211. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  212. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  213. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  214. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008년 10월 22일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  215. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  216. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  217. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008년 10월 29일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  218. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2008년 11월 4일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  219. ↑ Washington   12 November 2008 (2008년 11월 12일). “Zimbabwe Prices In Stratosphere As Political Power-Sharing Falters | News | Zimbabwe”. Voanews.com. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  220. ↑ “News story”. SW Radio Africa. 2008년 11월 13일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  221. ↑ “Zimbabwe latest news, Zimbabwe news, Zimbabwe situation, Zimbabwe online, Zimbabwe daily news , Your gateway to Zimbabwe news — RTGS Not Functional”. Radiovop. 2008년 11월 26일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  222. ↑ zimbabweanequities.com, site notice 19 November 2008.
  223. ↑ "Important Notice"
  224. ↑ Berger, Sebastien (2008년 12월 4일). “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  225. ↑ [4][깨진 링크]
  226. ↑ “Zimbabwe introduces $500 million note”. CNN. 2008년 12월 12일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  227. ↑ “Online”. Chronicle. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  228. ↑ [5][깨진 링크]
  229. ↑ “Zimbabwe to launch 100 trillion dollar note: report | Reuters”. Af.reuters.com. 2009년 1월 16일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  230. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  231. ↑ “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  232. ↑ David Charter in Brussels (2009년 1월 26일). “The Zimbabwe Situation”. The Zimbabwe Situation. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  233. ↑ “Budget likely to show Mugabe's desperation | World | Reuters”. Uk.reuters.com. 2009년 1월 28일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  234. ↑ “Zimbabwe Teachers Can’t Afford to Report for Work (Update1)”. Bloomberg. 2009년 1월 29일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  235. ↑ 가 나 “The United Nations Operational Rates of Exchange”. United Nations. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 
  236. ↑ “Currency Reports & News | Zim trims 12 zeroes from trillion dollar note | 2 February 2009”. commodityonline.com. 2009년 2월 2일. 2010년 1월 7일에 확인함. 

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