사용자:배우는사람/틀:지역 둘러보기/문서:로키 산맥

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

로키 산맥[편집]

로키 산맥
(지리 유형: 산맥)
나라 캐나다의 기 캐나다 · 미국의 기 미국
지역 캐나다《브리티시컬럼비아 주 · 앨버타 주》 · 미국 《아이다호 주 · 몬태나 주 · 와이오밍 주 · 유타 주 · 콜로라도 주 · 뉴멕시코 주》
대산계 서(西)코르디예라
최고봉 앨버트 산
 - 위치 미국 콜로라도 주
 - 높이 4,401 m (14,439 ft)
 - 좌표 북위 39° 07′ 03.90″ 서경 106° 26′ 43.29″ / 북위 39.1177500° 서경 106.4453583°  / 39.1177500; -106.4453583
지질 화성암 · 퇴적암 · 변성암
지질 시대 선캄브리아 시대 · 백악기
배우는사람/틀:지역 둘러보기/문서:로키 산맥(미국)
배우는사람/틀:지역 둘러보기/문서:로키 산맥(지구)

이미지맵[편집]



배우는사람/틀:지역 둘러보기/문서:로키 산맥(미국)



Rocky Mountains[편집]

한영병기판[편집]

틀:Pp-semi-vandalism

individual mountains named Rocky Mountain에 관해서는 Rocky Mountain (disambiguation) 문서를 보십시오.
배우는사람/틀:지역 둘러보기/문서:로키 산맥
Rockies
Mountain range
나라 Canada · United States
지역 British Columbia · Alberta · Idaho · Montana · Wyoming · Utah · Colorado · New Mexico
광역계 Pacific Cordillera
최고점 Mount Elbert
 - 위치 U.S.A.
 - 높이
 - 좌표 북위 39° 07′ 03.90″ 서경 106° 26′ 43.29″ / 북위 39.1177500° 서경 106.4453583°  / 39.1177500; -106.4453583
지질 Igneous]](Igneous) · Sedimentary]](Sedimentary) · 변성암(Metamorphic)
지질 시대 Precambrian · Cretaceous
<nowiki /> Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains 문서를 참고하십시오.

The Rocky Mountains (or Rockies) are a major 산맥(mountain range) in western 북아메리카(North America). The North American Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 마일 (4,830 km) from the northernmost part of 브리티시컬럼비아 주(British Columbia), in western 캐나다(Canada), to 뉴멕시코 주(New Mexico), in the southwestern 미국(United States). The range's highest peak is Mount Elbert(Mount Elbert) located in 콜로라도 주(Colorado) at 14,440 피트 (4,401 m) above 해수면(sea level). Though part of North America's Pacific Cordillera(Pacific Cordillera), the Rockies are distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges(Pacific Coast Ranges) (as named in Canada) or the Coast Range (as it is known in the United States) which are located directly adjacent to the 태평양(Pacific coast), as well as, the 캐스케이드 산맥(Cascade Range) and 시에라네바다 산맥(Sierra Nevada) which lie further inland from the coast.

The Rockies were formed about 76 million years ago in the 백악기(Cretaceous), by the Laramide orogeny(Laramide orogeny). Since then, erosion by water and glaciers have sculpted the mountain range into dramatic valleys and peaks. At the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range. After Europeans, such as Sir Alexander MacKenzie(Sir Alexander MacKenzie) and the Lewis and Clark expedition(Lewis and Clark expedition), started to explore the range, minerals and furs drove the initial economic exploitation of the mountains, although the range never became densely populated.

Currently, much of the mountain range is protected by public parks and forest lands, and is a popular tourist destination, especially for hiking(hiking), 야영(camping), 등산(mountaineering), 낚시(fishing), 사냥(hunting), skiing(skiing), and snowboarding(snowboarding).

Geography[편집]

Aerial view of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
<nowiki /> Geography of the United States Rocky Mountain System 문서를 참고하십시오.

The Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the 리오그란데 강(Rio Grande) in New Mexico. Other mountain ranges continue beyond those two rivers, including the Selwyn Range]](Selwyn Range) in 유콘 준주(Yukon), the Brooks Range(Brooks Range) in 알래스카 주(Alaska), and the Sierra Madre]](Sierra Madre) in 멕시코(Mexico), but those are not part of the Rockies, though they are part of the American cordillera(American cordillera). The United States definition of the Rockies, however, includes the Cabinet]](Cabinet) and Salish Mountains(Salish Mountains) of Idaho and Montana, whereas their counterparts north of the Kootenai River(Kootenai River), the Columbia Mountains(Columbia Mountains), are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench(Rocky Mountain Trench), which runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River(Flathead River) valley in western Montana to the south bank of the Liard River(Liard River). The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles (110 to 480 kilometers). Also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range(Muskwa Range) across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges(Stikine Ranges) and Omineca Mountains(Omineca Mountains) of the Interior Mountains(Interior Mountains) system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia(Prince George, British Columbia) on the eastern side of the Trench, the McGregor Plateau(McGregor Plateau), resembles the Rockies but is considered part of the Interior Plateau(Interior Plateau).

The eastern edge of the Rockies rises dramatically above the Interior Plains(Interior Plains) of central North America, including the Front Range(Front Range) of 콜로라도 주(Colorado), the Wind River Range(Wind River Range) and Big Horn Mountains(Big Horn Mountains) of 와이오밍 주(Wyoming), the Absaroka]](Absaroka)-Beartooth]](Beartooth) ranges and Rocky Mountain Front(Rocky Mountain Front) of 몬태나 주(Montana), and the Clark Range]](Clark Range) of 앨버타 주(Alberta). In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges: the Continental Ranges(Continental Ranges), Hart Ranges(Hart Ranges) and Muskwa Ranges(Muskwa Ranges) (the latter two flank the Peace River]](Peace River), the only river to pierce the Rockies, and are collectively referred to as the Northern Rockies). Mount Robson(Mount Robson) in 브리티시컬럼비아 주(British Columbia), at 12,972 피트 (3,954 m), is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies(Canadian Rockies). The Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies(Northern Rockies) (the Mackenzie Mountains(Mackenzie Mountains) north of the Liard River(Liard River) are sometimes referred to as being part of the Rockies but this is an unofficial designation).

The western edge of the Rockies includes sub-ranges such as the Wasatch]](Wasatch) near 솔트레이크시티]](Salt Lake City) and the Bitterroots]](Bitterroots) along the 아이다호 주(Idaho)-몬태나 주(Montana) border. The 그레이트베이슨(Great Basin) and Columbia River Plateau(Columbia River Plateau) separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west, most prominent among which are the 시에라네바다 산맥(Sierra Nevada), 캐스케이드 산맥(Cascade Range) and Coast Mountains(Coast Mountains). The Rockies do not extend into the 유콘 준주(Yukon) or 알래스카 주(Alaska), or into central British Columbia, where the Rocky Mountain System (but not the Rocky Mountains) includes the Columbia Mountains(Columbia Mountains), the southward extension of which is considered part of the Rockies in the United States. The Rocky Mountain System]](Rocky Mountain System) within the United States is a United States physiographic region(United States physiographic region); the Rocky Mountain System is known in Canada as the Eastern System.

The Continental Divide(Continental Divide) is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic(Atlantic) or Pacific(Pacific) Oceans. Triple Divide Peak]](Triple Divide Peak)(8,020 피트 (2,440 m)) in Glacier National Park (U.S.)(Glacier National Park (U.S.)) is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but 허드슨 만(Hudson Bay) as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the 매켄지 강(Mackenzie River), which has its outlet on the 보퍼트 해(Beaufort Sea) of the 북극해(Arctic Ocean). See Rivers of the Rocky Mountains(Rivers of the Rocky Mountains) for a list of rivers.

Geology[편집]

<nowiki /> Geology of the Rocky Mountains 문서를 참고하십시오.
Mount Timpanogos, in the Wasatch Range, near Orem, Utah(Orem, Utah).

The younger ranges of the Rocky Mountains uplifted during the late 백악기(Cretaceous) period (100 million–65 million years ago), although some portions of the southern mountains date from uplifts during the 선캄브리아 시대(Precambrian) (3,980 million–600 million years ago). The mountains' geology is a complex of igneous]](igneous) and 변성암(metamorphic rock); younger 퇴적암(sedimentary rock) occurs along the margins of the southern Rocky Mountains, and volcanic rock from the 제3기(Tertiary) (65 million–1.8 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains(San Juan Mountains) and in other areas. Millennia of severe erosion in the Wyoming Basin(Wyoming Basin) transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain. The Tetons(Tetons) and other north-central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of 고생대(Paleozoic) and 중생대(Mesozoic) age draped above cores of 원생누대(Proterozoic) and 시생누대(Archean) igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion (e.g., Tetons) to more than 3.3 billion years (Beartooth Mountains(Beartooth Mountains)).[1]

Periods of glaciation occurred from the 플라이스토세(Pleistocene) Epoch (1.8 million–70,000 years ago) to the 홀로세(Holocene) Epoch (fewer than 11,000 years ago). Recent episodes included the Bull Lake Glaciation(Bull Lake Glaciation) that began about 150,000 years ago and the Pinedale Glaciation(Pinedale Glaciation) that probably remained at full glaciation until 15,000–20,000 years ago.[1][2] Ninety percent of Yellowstone National Park was covered by ice during the Pinedale Glaciation.[1] The little ice age(little ice age) was a period of glacial advance that lasted a few centuries from about 1550 to 1860. For example, the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers in Glacier National Park]](Glacier National Park) reached their most forward positions about 1860 during the Little Ice Age(Little Ice Age).[1]

Water in its many forms sculpted the present Rocky Mountain landscape.[1] Runoff and snowmelt from the peaks feed Rocky Mountain rivers and lakes with the water supply for one-quarter of the United States. The rivers that flow from the Rocky Mountains]](rivers that flow from the Rocky Mountains) eventually drain into three of the world's Oceans(Oceans): the 대서양(Atlantic Ocean), the 태평양(Pacific Ocean), and the 북극해(Arctic Ocean).[1]

Ecology and climate[편집]

<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 Ecology of the Rocky Mountains입니다.
Bighorn sheep (such as this lamb) have declined dramatically since European-American settlement of the Rocky Mountains.

There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River(Liard River) in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the 리오그란데 강(Rio Grande) in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below 1,800 피트 (550 m), while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert(Mount Elbert) at 14,440 피트 (4,400 m). Precipitation ranges from 10 인치 (250 mm) per year in the southern valleys[3] to 60 인치 (1,500 mm) per year locally in the northern peaks.[4] Average January temperatures can range from 20 °F (−7 °C) in Prince George, British Columbia(Prince George, British Columbia) to 43 °F (6 °C) in Trinidad, Colorado(Trinidad, Colorado).[5] Therefore, there is not a single monolithic ecosystem for the entire Rocky Mountain Range.

Instead, ecologists divide the Rocky Mountain into a number of biotic zones]](biotic zones). Each zone is defined by whether it can support trees, and the presence of one or more indicator species(indicator species). Two zones that do not support trees are the Plains and the Alpine tundra. The 그레이트플레인스(Great Plains) lie to the east of the Rockies, and is characterized by prairie grasses (below roughly 1,800 피트 (550 m)). Alpine tundra occurs in regions above the treeline for the Rocky Mountains, which varies from 12,000 피트 (3,700 m) in New Mexico to 2,500 피트 (760 m) at the northern end of the Rocky Mountains (near the Yukon).,[5]

The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains.[1] Zones in more southern, warmer, or drier areas are defined by the presence of pinyon pine(pinyon pine)s/노간주나무속(juniper)s, ponderosa pine(ponderosa pine)s, or 참나무속(oak)s mixed with 소나무속(pine)s. In more northern, colder, or wetter areas, zones are defined by Douglas-fir(Douglas-fir)s, 캐스케이드 산맥(Cascadian) species (such as western hemlock(western hemlock)), lodgepole pine(lodgepole pine)s/quaking aspen(quaking aspen)s, or 전나무속(fir)s mixed with spruce(spruce). Near treeline, zones can consist of white pines (such as whitebark pine(whitebark pine) or bristlecone pine(bristlecone pine)); or a mixture of white pine, fir, and spruce that appear as shrub-like krummholz(krummholz). Finally, rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range.[1]

The Rocky Mountains are important habitat for a great deal of well-known wildife, such as 와피티사슴(elk), 말코손바닥사슴(moose), 노새]](mule) and white-tailed deer(white-tailed deer), pronghorns]](pronghorns), mountain goat(mountain goat)s, bighorn sheep(bighorn sheep), black bears]](black bears), grizzly bear(grizzly bear)s, 코요테(coyote)s, 스라소니속(lynx)es, and wolverine(wolverine)s.[1] For example, North America's largest herds of moose is in the Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests(Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests).

The status of most species in the Rocky Mountains is unknown, due to incomplete information. European-American settlement of the mountains has adversely impacted native species. Examples of some species that have declined include western toad(western toad)s, greenback cutthroat trout(greenback cutthroat trout)s, white sturgeon(white sturgeon)s, white-tailed ptarmigan(white-tailed ptarmigan)s, trumpeter swan(trumpeter swan)s, and bighorn sheep(bighorn sheep). In the United States portion of the mountain range, apex predator(apex predator)s such as grizzly bear(grizzly bear)s and gray wolves(gray wolves) had been extirpated(extirpated) from their original ranges, but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and 재도입]](reintroduction). Other recovering species include the bald eagle(bald eagle) and the peregrine falcon(peregrine falcon).[1]

Human history[편집]

Since the last great Ice Age, the Rocky Mountains were home first to Paleo-Indians(Paleo-Indians) and then to the indigenous peoples]](indigenous peoples), including the Apache(Apache), Arapaho(Arapaho), 배넉]](Bannock), Blackfoot(Blackfoot), Cheyenne(Cheyenne), Crow(Crow), Flathead]](Flathead), Shoshone(Shoshone), 수족]](Sioux), Ute]](Ute), Kutenai]](Kutenai) (Ktunaxa in Canada), Sekani(Sekani), Dunne-za(Dunne-za), and others.[1] Paleo-Indians hunted the now-extinct 매머드(mammoth) and ancient bison(ancient bison) (an animal 20% larger than modern bison) in the foothills and valleys of the mountains. Like the modern tribes that followed them, Paleo-Indians probably migrated to the plains in fall and winter for bison and to the mountains in spring and summer for 물고기(fish), 사슴과(deer), 와피티사슴(elk), 뿌리(root)s, and berries]](berries). In Colorado, along the crest of the Continental Divide, rock walls that Native Americans built for driving game date back 5,400–5,800 years.[1] A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that indigenous peoples had significant effects on mammal populations by hunting and on vegetation patterns through deliberate burning.[1]

Recent human history of the Rocky Mountains is one of more rapid change.[1] The Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado(Francisco Vásquez de Coronado)—with a group of soldiers, missionaries, and African slaves—marched into the Rocky Mountain region from the south in 1540. The introduction of the horse, metal tools, rifles, new diseases, and different cultures profoundly changed the Native American cultures. Native American populations were extirpated from most of their historical ranges by disease, warfare, habitat loss (eradication of the bison), and continued assaults on their culture.[1]

Colorado Rockies.

In 1739, 프랑스어(French) 모피 무역(fur trade)rs Pierre and Paul Mallet, while journeying through the 그레이트플레인스(Great Plains), discovered a range of mountains at the headwaters of the Platte River(Platte River), which local American Indian]](American Indian) tribes called the "Rockies", becoming the first Europeans to report on this uncharted mountain range.[6]

Sir Alexander MacKenzie]](Sir Alexander MacKenzie) (1764–March 11, 1820) became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains in 1793. He found the upper reaches of the Fraser River and reached the Pacific coast of what is now Canada on July 20 of that year, completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico. He arrived at Bella Coola, British Columbia(Bella Coola, British Columbia), where he first reached saltwater at South Bentinck Arm, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition(Lewis and Clark Expedition) (1804–1806) was the first scientific reconnaissance of the Rocky Mountains. Specimens were collected for contemporary botanists, zoologists, and geologists.[1] The expedition was said to have paved the way to (and through) the Rocky Mountains for European-Americans from the East, although Lewis and Clark met at least 11 European-American mountain men during their travels.[1]

Mountain men, primarily French, Spanish, and British, roamed the Rocky Mountains from 1720 to 1800 seeking mineral deposits and furs. The fur-trading North West Company(North West Company) established Rocky Mountain House(Rocky Mountain House) as a trading post in what is now the Rocky Mountain Foothills(Rocky Mountain Foothills) of present-day Alberta in 1799, and their business rivals the Hudson's Bay Company(Hudson's Bay Company) established Acton House nearby. These posts served as bases for most European activity in the Canadian Rockies in the early 19th century. Among the most notable are the expeditions of David Thompson (explorer)(David Thompson (explorer)), who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. On his 1811 expedition, he camped at the junction of the Columbia River and the Snake River and erected a pole and notice claiming the area for Great Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company(North West Company) to build a fort at the site.

By the Anglo-American Convention of 1818(Anglo-American Convention of 1818), which established the 49th parallel north(49th parallel north) as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods(Lake of the Woods) to the "Stony Mountains"; the UK and the USA agreed to what has since been described as "joint occupancy" of lands further west to the 태평양(Pacific Ocean). Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues, the Oregon dispute(Oregon dispute), was deferred until a later time.

In 1819, 스페인(Spain) ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States, though these rights did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region.

After 1802, American fur trader(fur trader)s and explorers ushered in the first widespread Caucasian]](Caucasian) presence in the Rockies south of the 49th parallel. The more famous of these include Americans William Henry Ashley(William Henry Ashley), Jim Bridger(Jim Bridger), Kit Carson(Kit Carson), John Colter(John Colter), Thomas Fitzpatrick]](Thomas Fitzpatrick), Andrew Henry]](Andrew Henry), and Jedediah Smith(Jedediah Smith). On July 24, 1832, Benjamin Bonneville(Benjamin Bonneville) led the first wagon train(wagon train) across the Rocky Mountains by using 와이오밍 주(Wyoming)'s South Pass(South Pass).[1] Similarly, in the wake of Mackenzie's 1793 expedition, fur trading posts were established west of the Northern Rockies(Northern Rockies) in a region of the northern Interior Plateau(Interior Plateau) of British Columbia which came to be known as 누벨칼레도니(New Caledonia), beginning with Fort McLeod(Fort McLeod) (today's community of McLeod Lake) and Fort Fraser(Fort Fraser), but ultimately focused on Stuart Lake Post (today's Fort St. James(Fort St. James)).

Negotiations with 그레이트브리튼 섬(Great Britain) over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the Oregon Dispute(Oregon Dispute) became important in geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American Republic. Disputed joint-occupancy by Britain and the U.S.A., lasted until June 15, 1846, when Britain ceded their claims to this land with the Oregon Treaty(Oregon Treaty).

In 1841 James Sinclair]](James Sinclair), Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, guided some 200 settlers from the Red River Colony(Red River Colony) west to bolster settlement around Fort Vancouver(Fort Vancouver) in an attempt to retain the Columbia District(Columbia District) for Britain. The party crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley(Columbia Valley), a region of the Rocky Mountain Trench(Rocky Mountain Trench) near present-day Radium Hot Springs(Radium Hot Springs), 브리티시컬럼비아 주(British Columbia), then traveled south. Despite such efforts, in 1846, Britain ceded all claim to Columbia District(Columbia District) lands south of the 49th parallel to the United States; as resolution to the Oregon boundary dispute by the Oregon Treaty(Oregon Treaty).

Cherokee Trail near 포트콜린스(Fort Collins, Colorado), from a sketch taken 7 June 1859.

Thousands passed through the Rocky Mountains on the 오리건 통로(Oregon Trail) beginning in 1842. The Mormon(Mormon)s began to settle near the 그레이트솔트 호(Great Salt Lake) in 1847. From 1859 to 1864, 금(gold) was discovered in 콜로라도 주(Colorado), 아이다호 주(Idaho), 몬태나 주(Montana), and 브리티시컬럼비아 주(British Columbia), sparking several 골드 러시(gold rush)es bringing thousands of prospectors and miners to explore every mountain and canyon and to create the Rocky Mountains' first major industry. The Idaho gold rush alone produced more gold than the California and Alaska gold rushes combined and was important in the financing of the Union Army(Union Army) during the 남북 전쟁(American Civil War). The 대륙횡단철도(transcontinental railroad) was completed in 1869, and 옐로스톤 국립공원(Yellowstone National Park) was established as the world's first national park in 1872. A transcontinental railroad in Canada was originally promised in 1871, but was not completed until 1885 due to political reasons, but was eventually built via the Kicking Horse Pass(Kicking Horse Pass) and Rogers Pass after consideration of a number of other routes. Thanks to the vision of the railway's promoters, vast areas of the Canadian Rockies were set aside as Jasper, Glacier (BC), Banff and Yoho National Parks, laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day. Glacier National Park (MT) was established with a similar relationship to tourism promotions by the Northern Pacific Railroad(Northern Pacific Railroad). While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns, conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold. U.S. 벤저민 해리슨(President Harrison) established several forest reserves in the Rocky Mountains in 1891–1892. In 1905, U.S. 시어도어 루스벨트(President Theodore Roosevelt) extended the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve(Medicine Bow Forest Reserve) to include the area now managed as Rocky Mountain National Park(Rocky Mountain National Park).[1] Economic development began to center on 광업(mining), 임업(forestry), 농업(agriculture), and 레크리에이션(recreation), as well as on the service industries that support them.[1] Tents and camps became ranches and farms, forts and train stations became towns, and some towns became cities.[1]

Industry and development[편집]

Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied and abundant. 광물(Mineral)s found in the Rocky Mountains include significant deposits of 구리(copper), 금(gold), 납(lead), 몰리브데넘(molybdenum), 은(silver), 텅스텐(tungsten), and 아연(zinc). The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of 석탄(coal), 천연 가스(natural gas), oil shale(oil shale), and 석유(petroleum). For example, the Climax(Climax) mine, located near 레드빌(Leadville, Colorado), was the largest producer of 몰리브데넘(Molybdenum) in the world. Molybdenum is used in heat-resistant steel in such things as cars and planes. The Climax mine employed over 3,000 workers. The Coeur d'Alene(Coeur d'Alene) mine of northern Idaho produces silver, lead, and zinc. Canada's largest 석탄(coal) mines are near Fernie, British Columbia(Fernie, British Columbia) and Sparwood, British Columbia(Sparwood, British Columbia); additional coal mines exist near Hinton, Alberta(Hinton, Alberta),[1] and in the Northern Rockies(Northern Rockies) surrounding Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia(Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia).

A drilling rig(drilling rig) drills for 천연 가스(natural gas) just west of the Wind River Range(Wind River Range) in the 와이오밍 주(Wyoming) Rockies

Abandoned mines with their wakes of mine tailings and toxic wastes dot the Rocky Mountain landscape. In one major example, eighty years of zinc mining profoundly polluted the river and bank near Eagle River(Eagle River) in north-central Colorado. High concentrations of the metal carried by spring runoff harmed 조류 (수생 생물)(algae), 이끼(moss), and 송어류(trout) populations. An economic analysis of mining effects at this site revealed declining property values, degraded water quality, and the loss of recreational opportunities. The analysis also revealed that cleanup of the river could yield $2.3 million in additional revenue from recreation. In 1983, the former owner of the zinc mine was sued by the Colorado Attorney General for the $4.8 million cleanup costs; five years later, ecological recovery was considerable.[1][7]

Agriculture and forestry are major industries. Agriculture includes dryland and irrigated farming and 가축(livestock) grazing. Livestock are frequently moved between high-elevation summer pasture(pasture)s and low-elevation winter pastures,[1] a practice known as transhumance(transhumance).

Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains, with an average of four people per square kilometer (10 per square mile) and few cities with over 50,000 people. However, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The 40-year statewide increases in population range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah and Colorado. The populations of several mountain towns and communities have doubled in the last 40 years. Jackson Hole, Wyoming(Jackson Hole, Wyoming), increased 260%, from 1,244 to 4,472 residents, in 40 years.[1]

Tourism[편집]

Looking across the Bonneville Basin to Mount Bonneville and Raid Peak in the Wind River Range(Wind River Range).
Snowmelt runoff fills a reservoir in the Rocky Mountains near Dillon, Colorado(Dillon, Colorado).
Snowpack accumulation at 14,255 ft (4,345 m). on Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park (photo courtesy of USGS).
Aerial view of the Colorado Rocky Mountains in summer
Aerial view of the Colorado Rocky Mountains in winter
Another aerial view of the Colorado Rocky Mountains in the summer, near 덴버(Denver)

See also: List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts(List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts), List of Alberta ski resorts(List of Alberta ski resorts), List of B.C. ski resorts(List of B.C. ski resorts)

Every year the scenic areas and recreational opportunities of the Rocky Mountains draw millions of tourists.[1] The main language of the Rocky Mountains is 영어(English). But there are also linguistic pockets of 스페인어(Spanish) and 아메리카 원주민(Native American) languages. 프랑스어(French) is an official language in Canada's national parks.

People from all over the world visit the sites to hike, camp, or engage in mountain sports.[1] In the summer season, the main[출처 필요] tourist attractions are:

In the United States:

In Canada, the mountain range contains these national parks(national parks):

Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta border each other and collectively are known as Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park(Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park). (See also International Peace Park(International Peace Park).)

In the winter, skiing(skiing) is the main attraction. A list of the major ski resorts can be found at List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts(List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts).

The adjacent Columbia Mountains(Columbia Mountains) in British Columbia contain major resorts such as, Fernie(Fernie), Panorama|파노라마(Panorama) and Kicking Horse(Kicking Horse), as well as Mount Revelstoke National Park(Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Glacier National Park.

There are numerous provincial parks(provincial parks) in the British Columbia Rockies, the largest and most notable being Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park(Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park), Mount Robson Provincial Park(Mount Robson Provincial Park), Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park(Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park), Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park(Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park), Stone Mountain Provincial Park(Stone Mountain Provincial Park) and Muncho Lake Provincial Park(Muncho Lake Provincial Park).

See also[편집]

References[편집]

  1. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 파 하 거 너 더 러 머 버 서 어 저 처 커 터 퍼 틀:USGS
  2. ↑ Pierce, K. L. (1979). 《History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area》. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey. 1–90쪽. Professional Paper 729-F. 
  3. ↑ “Southern Rocky Mountains”. 《Forest Encyclopedia Network》. 2010년 8월 22일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ “Southern Rocky Mountains”. 《Forest Encyclopedia Network》. 2010년 8월 22일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ 가 나 Sheridan, Scott. “US & Canada: Rocky Mountains (Chapter 14)” (PDF). 《Geography of the United States and Canada course notes》. Kent State University. 
  6. ↑ PBS—THE WEST—Events from 1650 to 1800
  7. ↑ Brandt, E. (1993). “How much is a gray wolf worth?”. 《National Wildlife》 31: 412. 
The Western Rocky Mountains provide an ideal setting for the Wasatch Front(Wasatch Front) 광역 도시권(metropolitan area) of 유타 주(Utah), but they also prevent the population from expanding eastward.

External links[편집]

위키미디어 공용에 관련된
미디어 자료가 있습니다.

틀:Geography topics 틀:Physical geography topics 틀:Canada topics 틀:United States topics


영한병기판[편집]

틀:Pp-semi-vandalism

individual mountains named Rocky Mountain에 관해서는 Rocky Mountain (disambiguation) 문서를 보십시오.
배우는사람/틀:지역 둘러보기/문서:로키 산맥
Rockies
Mountain range
나라 Canada · United States
지역 British Columbia · Alberta · Idaho · Montana · Wyoming · Utah · Colorado · New Mexico
광역계 Pacific Cordillera
최고점 Mount Elbert
 - 위치 U.S.A.
 - 높이
 - 좌표 북위 39° 07′ 03.90″ 서경 106° 26′ 43.29″ / 북위 39.1177500° 서경 106.4453583°  / 39.1177500; -106.4453583
지질 Igneous(Igneous]]) · Sedimentary(Sedimentary]]) · Metamorphic(변성암)
지질 시대 Precambrian · Cretaceous
<nowiki /> Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains 문서를 참고하십시오.

The Rocky Mountains (or Rockies) are a major mountain range(산맥) in western North America(북아메리카). The North American Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 마일 (4,830 km) from the northernmost part of British Columbia(브리티시컬럼비아 주), in western Canada(캐나다), to New Mexico(뉴멕시코 주), in the southwestern United States(미국). The range's highest peak is Mount Elbert(Mount Elbert) located in Colorado(콜로라도 주) at 14,440 피트 (4,401 m) above sea level(해수면). Though part of North America's Pacific Cordillera(Pacific Cordillera), the Rockies are distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges(Pacific Coast Ranges) (as named in Canada) or the Coast Range (as it is known in the United States) which are located directly adjacent to the Pacific coast(태평양), as well as, the Cascade Range(캐스케이드 산맥) and Sierra Nevada(시에라네바다 산맥) which lie further inland from the coast.

The Rockies were formed about 76 million years ago in the Cretaceous(백악기), by the Laramide orogeny(Laramide orogeny). Since then, erosion by water and glaciers have sculpted the mountain range into dramatic valleys and peaks. At the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range. After Europeans, such as Sir Alexander MacKenzie(Sir Alexander MacKenzie) and the Lewis and Clark expedition(Lewis and Clark expedition), started to explore the range, minerals and furs drove the initial economic exploitation of the mountains, although the range never became densely populated.

Currently, much of the mountain range is protected by public parks and forest lands, and is a popular tourist destination, especially for hiking(hiking), camping(야영), mountaineering(등산), fishing(낚시), hunting(사냥), skiing(skiing), and snowboarding(snowboarding).

Geography[편집]

Aerial view of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
<nowiki /> Geography of the United States Rocky Mountain System 문서를 참고하십시오.

The Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande(리오그란데 강) in New Mexico. Other mountain ranges continue beyond those two rivers, including the Selwyn Range(Selwyn Range]]) in Yukon(유콘 준주), the Brooks Range(Brooks Range) in Alaska(알래스카 주), and the Sierra Madre(Sierra Madre]]) in Mexico(멕시코), but those are not part of the Rockies, though they are part of the American cordillera(American cordillera). The United States definition of the Rockies, however, includes the Cabinet(Cabinet]]) and Salish Mountains(Salish Mountains) of Idaho and Montana, whereas their counterparts north of the Kootenai River(Kootenai River), the Columbia Mountains(Columbia Mountains), are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench(Rocky Mountain Trench), which runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River(Flathead River) valley in western Montana to the south bank of the Liard River(Liard River). The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles (110 to 480 kilometers). Also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range(Muskwa Range) across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges(Stikine Ranges) and Omineca Mountains(Omineca Mountains) of the Interior Mountains(Interior Mountains) system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia(Prince George, British Columbia) on the eastern side of the Trench, the McGregor Plateau(McGregor Plateau), resembles the Rockies but is considered part of the Interior Plateau(Interior Plateau).

The eastern edge of the Rockies rises dramatically above the Interior Plains(Interior Plains) of central North America, including the Front Range(Front Range) of Colorado(콜로라도 주), the Wind River Range(Wind River Range) and Big Horn Mountains(Big Horn Mountains) of Wyoming(와이오밍 주), the Absaroka(Absaroka]])-Beartooth(Beartooth]]) ranges and Rocky Mountain Front(Rocky Mountain Front) of Montana(몬태나 주), and the Clark Range(Clark Range]]) of Alberta(앨버타 주). In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges: the Continental Ranges(Continental Ranges), Hart Ranges(Hart Ranges) and Muskwa Ranges(Muskwa Ranges) (the latter two flank the Peace River(Peace River]]), the only river to pierce the Rockies, and are collectively referred to as the Northern Rockies). Mount Robson(Mount Robson) in British Columbia(브리티시컬럼비아 주), at 12,972 피트 (3,954 m), is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies(Canadian Rockies). The Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies(Northern Rockies) (the Mackenzie Mountains(Mackenzie Mountains) north of the Liard River(Liard River) are sometimes referred to as being part of the Rockies but this is an unofficial designation).

The western edge of the Rockies includes sub-ranges such as the Wasatch(Wasatch]]) near Salt Lake City(솔트레이크시티]]) and the Bitterroots(Bitterroots]]) along the Idaho(아이다호 주)-Montana(몬태나 주) border. The Great Basin(그레이트베이슨) and Columbia River Plateau(Columbia River Plateau) separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west, most prominent among which are the Sierra Nevada(시에라네바다 산맥), Cascade Range(캐스케이드 산맥) and Coast Mountains(Coast Mountains). The Rockies do not extend into the Yukon(유콘 준주) or Alaska(알래스카 주), or into central British Columbia, where the Rocky Mountain System (but not the Rocky Mountains) includes the Columbia Mountains(Columbia Mountains), the southward extension of which is considered part of the Rockies in the United States. The Rocky Mountain System(Rocky Mountain System]]) within the United States is a United States physiographic region(United States physiographic region); the Rocky Mountain System is known in Canada as the Eastern System.

The Continental Divide(Continental Divide) is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic(Atlantic) or Pacific(Pacific) Oceans. Triple Divide Peak(Triple Divide Peak]])(8,020 피트 (2,440 m)) in Glacier National Park (U.S.)(Glacier National Park (U.S.)) is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but Hudson Bay(허드슨 만) as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River(매켄지 강), which has its outlet on the Beaufort Sea(보퍼트 해) of the Arctic Ocean(북극해). See Rivers of the Rocky Mountains(Rivers of the Rocky Mountains) for a list of rivers.

Geology[편집]

<nowiki /> Geology of the Rocky Mountains 문서를 참고하십시오.
Mount Timpanogos, in the Wasatch Range, near Orem, Utah(Orem, Utah).

The younger ranges of the Rocky Mountains uplifted during the late Cretaceous(백악기) period (100 million–65 million years ago), although some portions of the southern mountains date from uplifts during the Precambrian(선캄브리아 시대) (3,980 million–600 million years ago). The mountains' geology is a complex of igneous(igneous]]) and metamorphic rock(변성암); younger sedimentary rock(퇴적암) occurs along the margins of the southern Rocky Mountains, and volcanic rock from the Tertiary(제3기) (65 million–1.8 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains(San Juan Mountains) and in other areas. Millennia of severe erosion in the Wyoming Basin(Wyoming Basin) transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain. The Tetons(Tetons) and other north-central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of Paleozoic(고생대) and Mesozoic(중생대) age draped above cores of Proterozoic(원생누대) and Archean(시생누대) igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion (e.g., Tetons) to more than 3.3 billion years (Beartooth Mountains(Beartooth Mountains)).[1]

Periods of glaciation occurred from the Pleistocene(플라이스토세) Epoch (1.8 million–70,000 years ago) to the Holocene(홀로세) Epoch (fewer than 11,000 years ago). Recent episodes included the Bull Lake Glaciation(Bull Lake Glaciation) that began about 150,000 years ago and the Pinedale Glaciation(Pinedale Glaciation) that probably remained at full glaciation until 15,000–20,000 years ago.[1][2] Ninety percent of Yellowstone National Park was covered by ice during the Pinedale Glaciation.[1] The little ice age(little ice age) was a period of glacial advance that lasted a few centuries from about 1550 to 1860. For example, the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers in Glacier National Park(Glacier National Park]]) reached their most forward positions about 1860 during the Little Ice Age(Little Ice Age).[1]

Water in its many forms sculpted the present Rocky Mountain landscape.[1] Runoff and snowmelt from the peaks feed Rocky Mountain rivers and lakes with the water supply for one-quarter of the United States. The rivers that flow from the Rocky Mountains(rivers that flow from the Rocky Mountains]]) eventually drain into three of the world's Oceans(Oceans): the Atlantic Ocean(대서양), the Pacific Ocean(태평양), and the Arctic Ocean(북극해).[1]

Ecology and climate[편집]

<nowiki /> 이 부분의 본문은 Ecology of the Rocky Mountains입니다.
Bighorn sheep (such as this lamb) have declined dramatically since European-American settlement of the Rocky Mountains.

There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River(Liard River) in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the Rio Grande(리오그란데 강) in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below 1,800 피트 (550 m), while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert(Mount Elbert) at 14,440 피트 (4,400 m). Precipitation ranges from 10 인치 (250 mm) per year in the southern valleys[3] to 60 인치 (1,500 mm) per year locally in the northern peaks.[4] Average January temperatures can range from 20 °F (−7 °C) in Prince George, British Columbia(Prince George, British Columbia) to 43 °F (6 °C) in Trinidad, Colorado(Trinidad, Colorado).[5] Therefore, there is not a single monolithic ecosystem for the entire Rocky Mountain Range.

Instead, ecologists divide the Rocky Mountain into a number of biotic zones(biotic zones]]). Each zone is defined by whether it can support trees, and the presence of one or more indicator species(indicator species). Two zones that do not support trees are the Plains and the Alpine tundra. The Great Plains(그레이트플레인스) lie to the east of the Rockies, and is characterized by prairie grasses (below roughly 1,800 피트 (550 m)). Alpine tundra occurs in regions above the treeline for the Rocky Mountains, which varies from 12,000 피트 (3,700 m) in New Mexico to 2,500 피트 (760 m) at the northern end of the Rocky Mountains (near the Yukon).,[5]

The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains.[1] Zones in more southern, warmer, or drier areas are defined by the presence of pinyon pine(pinyon pine)s/juniper(노간주나무속)s, ponderosa pine(ponderosa pine)s, or oak(참나무속)s mixed with pine(소나무속)s. In more northern, colder, or wetter areas, zones are defined by Douglas-fir(Douglas-fir)s, Cascadian(캐스케이드 산맥) species (such as western hemlock(western hemlock)), lodgepole pine(lodgepole pine)s/quaking aspen(quaking aspen)s, or fir(전나무속)s mixed with spruce(spruce). Near treeline, zones can consist of white pines (such as whitebark pine(whitebark pine) or bristlecone pine(bristlecone pine)); or a mixture of white pine, fir, and spruce that appear as shrub-like krummholz(krummholz). Finally, rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range.[1]

The Rocky Mountains are important habitat for a great deal of well-known wildife, such as elk(와피티사슴), moose(말코손바닥사슴), mule(노새]]) and white-tailed deer(white-tailed deer), pronghorns(pronghorns]]), mountain goat(mountain goat)s, bighorn sheep(bighorn sheep), black bears(black bears]]), grizzly bear(grizzly bear)s, coyote(코요테)s, lynx(스라소니속)es, and wolverine(wolverine)s.[1] For example, North America's largest herds of moose is in the Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests(Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests).

The status of most species in the Rocky Mountains is unknown, due to incomplete information. European-American settlement of the mountains has adversely impacted native species. Examples of some species that have declined include western toad(western toad)s, greenback cutthroat trout(greenback cutthroat trout)s, white sturgeon(white sturgeon)s, white-tailed ptarmigan(white-tailed ptarmigan)s, trumpeter swan(trumpeter swan)s, and bighorn sheep(bighorn sheep). In the United States portion of the mountain range, apex predator(apex predator)s such as grizzly bear(grizzly bear)s and gray wolves(gray wolves) had been extirpated(extirpated) from their original ranges, but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and reintroduction(재도입]]). Other recovering species include the bald eagle(bald eagle) and the peregrine falcon(peregrine falcon).[1]

Human history[편집]

Since the last great Ice Age, the Rocky Mountains were home first to Paleo-Indians(Paleo-Indians) and then to the indigenous peoples(indigenous peoples]]), including the Apache(Apache), Arapaho(Arapaho), Bannock(배넉]]), Blackfoot(Blackfoot), Cheyenne(Cheyenne), Crow(Crow), Flathead(Flathead]]), Shoshone(Shoshone), Sioux(수족]]), Ute(Ute]]), Kutenai(Kutenai]]) (Ktunaxa in Canada), Sekani(Sekani), Dunne-za(Dunne-za), and others.[1] Paleo-Indians hunted the now-extinct mammoth(매머드) and ancient bison(ancient bison) (an animal 20% larger than modern bison) in the foothills and valleys of the mountains. Like the modern tribes that followed them, Paleo-Indians probably migrated to the plains in fall and winter for bison and to the mountains in spring and summer for fish(물고기), deer(사슴과), elk(와피티사슴), root(뿌리)s, and berries(berries]]). In Colorado, along the crest of the Continental Divide, rock walls that Native Americans built for driving game date back 5,400–5,800 years.[1] A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that indigenous peoples had significant effects on mammal populations by hunting and on vegetation patterns through deliberate burning.[1]

Recent human history of the Rocky Mountains is one of more rapid change.[1] The Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado(Francisco Vásquez de Coronado)—with a group of soldiers, missionaries, and African slaves—marched into the Rocky Mountain region from the south in 1540. The introduction of the horse, metal tools, rifles, new diseases, and different cultures profoundly changed the Native American cultures. Native American populations were extirpated from most of their historical ranges by disease, warfare, habitat loss (eradication of the bison), and continued assaults on their culture.[1]

Colorado Rockies.

In 1739, French(프랑스어) fur trade(모피 무역)rs Pierre and Paul Mallet, while journeying through the Great Plains(그레이트플레인스), discovered a range of mountains at the headwaters of the Platte River(Platte River), which local American Indian(American Indian]]) tribes called the "Rockies", becoming the first Europeans to report on this uncharted mountain range.[6]

Sir Alexander MacKenzie(Sir Alexander MacKenzie]]) (1764–March 11, 1820) became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains in 1793. He found the upper reaches of the Fraser River and reached the Pacific coast of what is now Canada on July 20 of that year, completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico. He arrived at Bella Coola, British Columbia(Bella Coola, British Columbia), where he first reached saltwater at South Bentinck Arm, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition(Lewis and Clark Expedition) (1804–1806) was the first scientific reconnaissance of the Rocky Mountains. Specimens were collected for contemporary botanists, zoologists, and geologists.[1] The expedition was said to have paved the way to (and through) the Rocky Mountains for European-Americans from the East, although Lewis and Clark met at least 11 European-American mountain men during their travels.[1]

Mountain men, primarily French, Spanish, and British, roamed the Rocky Mountains from 1720 to 1800 seeking mineral deposits and furs. The fur-trading North West Company(North West Company) established Rocky Mountain House(Rocky Mountain House) as a trading post in what is now the Rocky Mountain Foothills(Rocky Mountain Foothills) of present-day Alberta in 1799, and their business rivals the Hudson's Bay Company(Hudson's Bay Company) established Acton House nearby. These posts served as bases for most European activity in the Canadian Rockies in the early 19th century. Among the most notable are the expeditions of David Thompson (explorer)(David Thompson (explorer)), who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. On his 1811 expedition, he camped at the junction of the Columbia River and the Snake River and erected a pole and notice claiming the area for Great Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company(North West Company) to build a fort at the site.

By the Anglo-American Convention of 1818(Anglo-American Convention of 1818), which established the 49th parallel north(49th parallel north) as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods(Lake of the Woods) to the "Stony Mountains"; the UK and the USA agreed to what has since been described as "joint occupancy" of lands further west to the Pacific Ocean(태평양). Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues, the Oregon dispute(Oregon dispute), was deferred until a later time.

In 1819, Spain(스페인) ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States, though these rights did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region.

After 1802, American fur trader(fur trader)s and explorers ushered in the first widespread Caucasian(Caucasian]]) presence in the Rockies south of the 49th parallel. The more famous of these include Americans William Henry Ashley(William Henry Ashley), Jim Bridger(Jim Bridger), Kit Carson(Kit Carson), John Colter(John Colter), Thomas Fitzpatrick(Thomas Fitzpatrick]]), Andrew Henry(Andrew Henry]]), and Jedediah Smith(Jedediah Smith). On July 24, 1832, Benjamin Bonneville(Benjamin Bonneville) led the first wagon train(wagon train) across the Rocky Mountains by using Wyoming(와이오밍 주)'s South Pass(South Pass).[1] Similarly, in the wake of Mackenzie's 1793 expedition, fur trading posts were established west of the Northern Rockies(Northern Rockies) in a region of the northern Interior Plateau(Interior Plateau) of British Columbia which came to be known as New Caledonia(누벨칼레도니), beginning with Fort McLeod(Fort McLeod) (today's community of McLeod Lake) and Fort Fraser(Fort Fraser), but ultimately focused on Stuart Lake Post (today's Fort St. James(Fort St. James)).

Negotiations with Great Britain(그레이트브리튼 섬) over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the Oregon Dispute(Oregon Dispute) became important in geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American Republic. Disputed joint-occupancy by Britain and the U.S.A., lasted until June 15, 1846, when Britain ceded their claims to this land with the Oregon Treaty(Oregon Treaty).

In 1841 James Sinclair(James Sinclair]]), Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, guided some 200 settlers from the Red River Colony(Red River Colony) west to bolster settlement around Fort Vancouver(Fort Vancouver) in an attempt to retain the Columbia District(Columbia District) for Britain. The party crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley(Columbia Valley), a region of the Rocky Mountain Trench(Rocky Mountain Trench) near present-day Radium Hot Springs(Radium Hot Springs), British Columbia(브리티시컬럼비아 주), then traveled south. Despite such efforts, in 1846, Britain ceded all claim to Columbia District(Columbia District) lands south of the 49th parallel to the United States; as resolution to the Oregon boundary dispute by the Oregon Treaty(Oregon Treaty).

Cherokee Trail near Fort Collins, Colorado(포트콜린스), from a sketch taken 7 June 1859.

Thousands passed through the Rocky Mountains on the Oregon Trail(오리건 통로) beginning in 1842. The Mormon(Mormon)s began to settle near the Great Salt Lake(그레이트솔트 호) in 1847. From 1859 to 1864, gold(금) was discovered in Colorado(콜로라도 주), Idaho(아이다호 주), Montana(몬태나 주), and British Columbia(브리티시컬럼비아 주), sparking several gold rush(골드 러시)es bringing thousands of prospectors and miners to explore every mountain and canyon and to create the Rocky Mountains' first major industry. The Idaho gold rush alone produced more gold than the California and Alaska gold rushes combined and was important in the financing of the Union Army(Union Army) during the American Civil War(남북 전쟁). The transcontinental railroad(대륙횡단철도) was completed in 1869, and Yellowstone National Park(옐로스톤 국립공원) was established as the world's first national park in 1872. A transcontinental railroad in Canada was originally promised in 1871, but was not completed until 1885 due to political reasons, but was eventually built via the Kicking Horse Pass(Kicking Horse Pass) and Rogers Pass after consideration of a number of other routes. Thanks to the vision of the railway's promoters, vast areas of the Canadian Rockies were set aside as Jasper, Glacier (BC), Banff and Yoho National Parks, laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day. Glacier National Park (MT) was established with a similar relationship to tourism promotions by the Northern Pacific Railroad(Northern Pacific Railroad). While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns, conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold. U.S. President Harrison(벤저민 해리슨) established several forest reserves in the Rocky Mountains in 1891–1892. In 1905, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt(시어도어 루스벨트) extended the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve(Medicine Bow Forest Reserve) to include the area now managed as Rocky Mountain National Park(Rocky Mountain National Park).[1] Economic development began to center on mining(광업), forestry(임업), agriculture(농업), and recreation(레크리에이션), as well as on the service industries that support them.[1] Tents and camps became ranches and farms, forts and train stations became towns, and some towns became cities.[1]

Industry and development[편집]

Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied and abundant. Mineral(광물)s found in the Rocky Mountains include significant deposits of copper(구리), gold(금), lead(납), molybdenum(몰리브데넘), silver(은), tungsten(텅스텐), and zinc(아연). The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of coal(석탄), natural gas(천연 가스), oil shale(oil shale), and petroleum(석유). For example, the Climax(Climax) mine, located near Leadville, Colorado(레드빌), was the largest producer of Molybdenum(몰리브데넘) in the world. Molybdenum is used in heat-resistant steel in such things as cars and planes. The Climax mine employed over 3,000 workers. The Coeur d'Alene(Coeur d'Alene) mine of northern Idaho produces silver, lead, and zinc. Canada's largest coal(석탄) mines are near Fernie, British Columbia(Fernie, British Columbia) and Sparwood, British Columbia(Sparwood, British Columbia); additional coal mines exist near Hinton, Alberta(Hinton, Alberta),[1] and in the Northern Rockies(Northern Rockies) surrounding Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia(Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia).

A drilling rig(drilling rig) drills for natural gas(천연 가스) just west of the Wind River Range(Wind River Range) in the Wyoming(와이오밍 주) Rockies

Abandoned mines with their wakes of mine tailings and toxic wastes dot the Rocky Mountain landscape. In one major example, eighty years of zinc mining profoundly polluted the river and bank near Eagle River(Eagle River) in north-central Colorado. High concentrations of the metal carried by spring runoff harmed algae(조류 (수생 생물)), moss(이끼), and trout(송어류) populations. An economic analysis of mining effects at this site revealed declining property values, degraded water quality, and the loss of recreational opportunities. The analysis also revealed that cleanup of the river could yield $2.3 million in additional revenue from recreation. In 1983, the former owner of the zinc mine was sued by the Colorado Attorney General for the $4.8 million cleanup costs; five years later, ecological recovery was considerable.[1][7]

Agriculture and forestry are major industries. Agriculture includes dryland and irrigated farming and livestock(가축) grazing. Livestock are frequently moved between high-elevation summer pasture(pasture)s and low-elevation winter pastures,[1] a practice known as transhumance(transhumance).

Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains, with an average of four people per square kilometer (10 per square mile) and few cities with over 50,000 people. However, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The 40-year statewide increases in population range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah and Colorado. The populations of several mountain towns and communities have doubled in the last 40 years. Jackson Hole, Wyoming(Jackson Hole, Wyoming), increased 260%, from 1,244 to 4,472 residents, in 40 years.[1]

Tourism[편집]

Looking across the Bonneville Basin to Mount Bonneville and Raid Peak in the Wind River Range(Wind River Range).
Snowmelt runoff fills a reservoir in the Rocky Mountains near Dillon, Colorado(Dillon, Colorado).
Snowpack accumulation at 14,255 ft (4,345 m). on Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park (photo courtesy of USGS).
Aerial view of the Colorado Rocky Mountains in summer
Aerial view of the Colorado Rocky Mountains in winter
Another aerial view of the Colorado Rocky Mountains in the summer, near Denver(덴버)

See also: List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts(List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts), List of Alberta ski resorts(List of Alberta ski resorts), List of B.C. ski resorts(List of B.C. ski resorts)

Every year the scenic areas and recreational opportunities of the Rocky Mountains draw millions of tourists.[1] The main language of the Rocky Mountains is English(영어). But there are also linguistic pockets of Spanish(스페인어) and Native American(아메리카 원주민) languages. French(프랑스어) is an official language in Canada's national parks.

People from all over the world visit the sites to hike, camp, or engage in mountain sports.[1] In the summer season, the main[출처 필요] tourist attractions are:

In the United States:

In Canada, the mountain range contains these national parks(national parks):

Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta border each other and collectively are known as Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park(Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park). (See also International Peace Park(International Peace Park).)

In the winter, skiing(skiing) is the main attraction. A list of the major ski resorts can be found at List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts(List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts).

The adjacent Columbia Mountains(Columbia Mountains) in British Columbia contain major resorts such as, Fernie(Fernie), Panorama(Panorama|파노라마) and Kicking Horse(Kicking Horse), as well as Mount Revelstoke National Park(Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Glacier National Park.

There are numerous provincial parks(provincial parks) in the British Columbia Rockies, the largest and most notable being Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park(Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park), Mount Robson Provincial Park(Mount Robson Provincial Park), Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park(Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park), Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park(Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park), Stone Mountain Provincial Park(Stone Mountain Provincial Park) and Muncho Lake Provincial Park(Muncho Lake Provincial Park).

See also[편집]

References[편집]

  1. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 파 하 거 너 더 러 머 버 서 어 저 처 커 터 퍼 틀:USGS
  2. ↑ Pierce, K. L. (1979). 《History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area》. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey. 1–90쪽. Professional Paper 729-F. 
  3. ↑ “Southern Rocky Mountains”. 《Forest Encyclopedia Network》. 2010년 8월 22일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ “Southern Rocky Mountains”. 《Forest Encyclopedia Network》. 2010년 8월 22일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ 가 나 Sheridan, Scott. “US & Canada: Rocky Mountains (Chapter 14)” (PDF). 《Geography of the United States and Canada course notes》. Kent State University. 
  6. ↑ PBS—THE WEST—Events from 1650 to 1800
  7. ↑ Brandt, E. (1993). “How much is a gray wolf worth?”. 《National Wildlife》 31: 412. 
The Western Rocky Mountains provide an ideal setting for the Wasatch Front(Wasatch Front) metropolitan area(광역 도시권) of Utah(유타 주), but they also prevent the population from expanding eastward.

External links[편집]

위키미디어 공용에 관련된
미디어 자료가 있습니다.

틀:Geography topics 틀:Physical geography topics 틀:Canada topics 틀:United States topics

원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=사용자:배우는사람/틀:지역_둘러보기/문서:로키_산맥&oldid=5845096"