볼테라

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

볼테라
Volterra
휘장
볼테라은(는) 이탈리아 안에 위치해 있다
볼테라
class=notpageimage|
북위 43° 24′ 00″ 동경 10° 52′ 00″ / 북위 43.4° 동경 10.866667°  / 43.4; 10.866667
행정
국가이탈리아의 기 이탈리아
행정 구역토스카나주
자치구피사도
지리
면적252㎢
해발531m
시간대UTC+1 (CET)
인문
인구10,519명 (2016년)
인구 밀도42명/㎢
상징
수호성인성 유스투스와 클레멘트 (축일 6월 5일)
지역 부호
우편번호56048
지역번호0588
웹사이트볼테라 위키데이터에서 편집하기 - 공식 웹사이트

볼테라(Volterra)는 이탈리아 토스카나주에 위치한 성벽으로 둘러싸인 산악 마을이다. 볼테라의 역사는 기원전 8세기 이전으로 거슬러 올라가며 에트루리아, 로마, 중세 시대의 상당한 구조물들이 남아 있다.[1]

역사[편집]

로소 피오렌티노의 '십자가 하강'. (1521년. 목재에 그린 유화. 375 × 196 cm (77 in). 볼테라 시립 미술관 소장).
산 프란체스코 교회의 프레스코화
로마 시대 극장

고대 에트루리아인들에게는 '벨라트리(Velathri)' 또는 '블라트리'(Vlathri)[2] 그리고 로마인들에게는 '볼라테라이'(Volaterrae),[3]라고 알려진 볼테라는 이탈리아 토스카나 지역에 위치한 도시 및 코무네이다. 이곳은 원시 빌라노바 문화권의 청동기 시대 취락이자,[4][5] 열두 개 도시들로 이뤄진 에트루리아 동맹 중 하나이던 중요 에트루리아 중심지 (에트루리아어로 'Velàthre', 'Velathri' 또는 'Felathri', 라틴어로 'Volaterrae')이었다.[6][7]

이 지역은 최소한 기원전 8세기가 지날 끝날 무렵부터는 사람들이 도시를 이루며 지속적으로 살았던 것으로 여겨진다.[8][9][10] 기원전 3세기가 말에 로마와 동맹을 맺은 무니키피움이 되었다.[11][12] 볼테라는 5세기에 주교 상주 지역이었고,[13] 이곳의 주교들의 권력은 12세기에 인정되었다. 주교들의 세력 약화와 이 지역에서 명반이 발견됨에 따라, 볼테라는 피렌체 공화국의 관심지가 되어, 피렌체의 군대가 볼테라를 정복하였다.[14] 피렌체의 통치가 항상 좋은 것은 아니었고, 이에 대한 반대가 종종 반란으로 이어졌다.[15] 이 반란은 피렌체에 의해 진압되었다.

피렌체 공화국이 1530년에 멸망하면서, 볼테라는 메디치 가문의 소유가 되었고 이후 토스카나 대공국의 역사를 따르게 된다. 1472년에 명반 전쟁이라 불리던 볼테라와 피렌체 사이 전쟁 기간 중 몬테펠트로 공작과 그의 군대가 볼테라를 약탈하면서 종전이 이루어졌는데, 이로 인해 많은 부유한 가문들의 이주와 이들 재산의 전용이 이뤄졌다.[16]

문화[편집]

볼테라에서 해마다 열리는 주요 행사들에는 다음이 있다

  • 볼테라 구스토(Volterra gusto)[17]
  • 볼테라 아르테(Volterra arte)
  • 볼테라 테아트로(Volterra teatro)[18]

관광지[편집]

교통[편집]

볼테라는 살리네디볼테라에 '볼테라 살리네 - 포마란체'라고 불리는 체치나-볼테라 철도를 지나는 역이 있다.[58][59]

유명 인물[편집]

대중 문화에서[편집]

자매 도시[편집]

<nowiki /> 이탈리아의 자매 도시 목록 문서를 참고하십시오.

볼테라는 다음의 도시들과 자매 결연을 맺고 있다:

각주[편집]

  1. ↑ Lorenzo Aulo Cecina; Flaminio Dal Borgo (1758). 《Notizie istoriche della città di Volterra, alle quali si aggiunge la serie de' podestà, e capitani del popolo di essa》 (이탈리아어). Per G. P. Giovannelli. 65–쪽. Luglio furono lette alla presenza degli Anziani, e del Consiglio Generale di Volterra le lettere del Conte Guido da Monfort Vicario del Rè, nelle quali veniva comandato, che il Comune di Volterra pagasse ciò, che doveva alla Regia Camera per ... 
  2. ↑ D. H. Lawrence (2013년 4월 16일). 《Etruscan Places》. Read Books Limited. 97–쪽. ISBN 978-1-4474-8782-1. The great hilltop or headland on which Etruscan "Volterra," Velathri, Vlathri, once stood spreads out jaggedly, with deepcleft valleys in between, more or less in view, spreading two or three miles away. It is something like a hand, the bluff steep ... 
  3. ↑ D. H. Lawrence; Simonetta de Filippis (2002년 7월 11일). 《Sketches of Etruscan Places and Other Italian Essays》. Cambridge University Press. 315–쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-00701-6. Volterra Velathri in Etruscan, Volaterrae in Latin; it flourished between the 4th and the 1st centuries BC. In 298 BC the town yielded without resistance to the Romans and maintained a major role amongst the centres of n. Etruria up to the ... 
  4. ↑ Jean MacIntosh Turfa (2014년 11월 13일). 《The Etruscan World》. Routledge. 134–쪽. ISBN 978-1-134-05523-4. The lives of many Etruscan cities extend for a millennium or more from the end of the Bronze Age, providing abundant ... Vetulonia, Volterra and probably also Caere, were already occupied in the Final Bronze Age (Protovillanovan period, ... 
  5. ↑ Haynes, Sybille (2005). 《Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History》 (영어). Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications. 30쪽. ISBN 978-0-89236-600-2. 
  6. ↑ Alan Norman Bold (1976). 《Cambridge Book of English Verse, 1939-1975》. CUP Archive. 220–쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-09840-3. Volterra is a modern town in Tuscany and was once one of twelve cities of Etruria. 1] crack in the stone: like mankind, Volterra stands at the edge of crumbling cliffs. Much of Volterra has dropped down into 'the slow abyss' of erosion. 
  7. ↑ Damgaard Andersen, Helle (1997). 《Urbanization in the Mediterranean in the 9th to 6th Centuries BC》 (영어). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. 344쪽. ISBN 9788772894126. 
  8. ↑ David Bershad; Carolina Mangone; Irving Hexham (2001). 《The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy》. Harper Collins. 220–쪽. ISBN 978-0-310-22573-7. The famed local industry, working alabaster, has also proved an enduring industry in Volterra. Begun in the 8th century B.C., alabaster carving continues today as the traditional Volterran trade. The prehistoric Villanovan settlement (9th century ... 
  9. ↑ DK (2014년 5월 1일). 《Eyewitness Travel Family Guide Italy》. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 202–쪽. ISBN 978-1-4093-5398-0. Truly ancient clifftop city Volterra is perhaps the most dramatic and unusual city in the region. Founded by the Etruscans in the 8th century BC, it is perched on a high plateau of volcanic rock and surrounded by medieval walls, some ... 
  10. ↑ Insight Guides (2015년 11월 2일). 《Insight Guides: Tuscany》. APA. 524–쪽. ISBN 978-1-78005-543-5. These include Etruscan (8th–2nd century BC) sites at Volterra, Fiesole, Arezzo, Chiusi, Vetulonia and on the island of Elba. There is an archaeological museum in Florence, and other museums in Volterra, Chiusi, Cortona, Asciano, Grosseto ... 
  11. ↑ Vander Poppen, Robert E. (2008). 《Rural Change and Continuity in Etruria: A Study of Village Communities from the 7th Century B.C. to the 1st Century A.D.》 (학위논문). 340–쪽. doi:10.17615/sc1p-nv51. Volterra: A Roman City with an Etruscan Hinterland Rome first reached a settlement with Volterra at the end of the 3rd century B.C. when the city was declared an allied municipium. Volterra only entered fully into the control of Rome with ... 
  12. ↑ Anton Filippo Giachi (1786). 《Saggio di ricerche sopra lo stato antico e moderno di Volterra dalla sua prima origine fino ai nostri tempi per facilitare ai giovani lo studio della storia patria opera del sacerdote Anton-Filippo Giachi rettore del regio spedale di detta città ..》 (이탈리아어). nella stamperia di Pietro Allegrini alla Croce Rossa. 8–쪽. Ma il colpo fatale dei Romani, e di Volterra fu nell' anno di Roma 474 ... tam bonestum municipium. 
  13. ↑ Christopher Kleinhenz (2004년 8월 2일). 《Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia》. Routledge. 1038–쪽. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1. The lordship of a distant (and often preoccupied) bishop provided many opportunities for civic selfdetermination. On his hill, the bishop of Volterra built a castello as a residence when he was in the area. This, with its church of Santo Stefano, ... 
  14. ↑ Peter Hinze (2000). 《Florence — Fiesole, Prato, Pistoia, San Gimignano, Volterra, Siena: An Up-to-date Travel Guide ; [with Fold-out Map]》. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 7–쪽. ISBN 978-3-88618-773-7. 
  15. ↑ “History in Volterra, Italy”. 
  16. ↑ “Eucharistic Miracle of Volterra” (PDF). 《Istituto San Clemente I Papa e Martire》 (Real Presence Eucharistic Education and Adoration Association). 2006. 2023년 11월 27일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ Lonely Planet (2014년 7월 24일). 《Italie 6 - Florence et la Toscane》 (프랑스어). Place Des Editeurs. 226–쪽. ISBN 978-2-8161-4727-8. Volterragusto GASTRONOMIE (www.volterragusto.com). Manifestations à la mi-mars, à la fin octobre et début novembre, présentant des produits locaux, notammentdufromage, destruffes blanches, de l'huile d'olive et du chocolat. 
  18. ↑ Madelena Gonzalez; Patrice Brasseur (2010년 4월 16일). 《Authenticity and Legitimacy in Minority Theatre: Constructing Identity》. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 138–쪽. ISBN 978-1-4438-2184-1. ... depuis 1996, le théâtre San Pietro à Volterra, a obtenu, à partir de 1997, la direction artistique et technique du festival Volterrateatro, au sein duquel le projet « Iteatri dell'impossibile » a été proposé.5 Cette compagnie apporte régulièrement ... 
  19. ↑ Frank Sear (2006년 7월 20일). 《Roman Theatres: An Architectural Study》. OUP Oxford. 170–쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-814469-4. J. B. Ward Perkins, BSR 29 (1961), 64, 68. VOLATERRAE (Volterra, PI) (Plan 79, Pis. 35-6) Location: within Roman walls, built against steep slope immediately north of medieval walls. Cavea: D 63 m, facing north-west; ima cavea: 10 rows (o.) .. 
  20. ↑ Rick Steves (2007년 8월 28일). 《Rick Steves' Florence and Tuscany 2008》. Avalon Travel. 354–쪽. ISBN 9781566918541. Over time, the theater was forgotten — covered in the garbage of Volterra. Luckily, it was rediscovered in the 1950s. The stage wall was standard Roman design — with three levels from which actors would appear: one for humans, one for ... 
  21. ↑ Volterra, the lost Roman Amphitheatre https://www.archaeoreporter.com/en/2020/11/18/volterra-roman-amphitheatre/
  22. ↑ Lost Treasures of Rome, International teams of archaeologists embark on a season of excavations to unravel the secrets of life in the Roman Empire, Episode 3 https://www.channel4.com/programmes/lost-treasures-of-rome/on-demand/73653-003
  23. ↑ University of California, Berkeley. Associated Students; Fodor's (1995년 12월 1일). 《Italy '96: on the loose, on the cheap, off the beaten path》. Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 978-0-679-02985-4. .. from here, APT buses go to Volterra (L2200) every 30 minutes. The main oo square in Volterra is Piazza dei Priori, a focal point for ... 
  24. ↑ 《Mauro Staccioli: Sites of Experience》. Damiani. 2009. 167–쪽. ISBN 978-88-6208-117-7. Piazza dei Priori, Volterra Volterra's main piazza was the center around which Staccioli's 1972 exhibition was organized. A symbol of central power, the piazza is ... 
  25. ↑ Baedekers Autoführer-Verlag (1962). 《Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia》. K. Baedeker. 489–쪽. ... The centre of Volterra is the *Piazza dei Priori, which is lined with medieval palazzi. On the W side, the stately Palazzo dei Priori, ... 
  26. ↑ Mariagiulia Burresi; Alessandro Furiesi; Gabriella Belli (2007). 《Il Palazzo dei Priori di Volterra: storia e restauro》 (이탈리아어). Nuova Immagine. ISBN 978-88-7145-263-0. 
  27. ↑ Inc. Fodor's Travel Publications (2003). 《Fodor's Florence, Tuscany, and Umbria》. Fodor's. 195–쪽. ISBN 978-1-4000-1108-7. As you make the dramatic climb up to Volterra through bleak, rugged terrain, you'll see that not all ... Piazza dei Priori, lined with an impressive collection of medieval buildings, including the imposing Palazzo dei Priori ... 
  28. ↑ 《Encyclopedia Americana: Venice to Wilmot》. Scholastic Library Pub. 2006. 230–쪽. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6. ... In Piazza dei Priori, one of Italy's finest medieval squares, stand the 13th century Palazzo dei Priori or town hall, housing ... 
  29. ↑ Pinacoteca di Volterra (1989). 《La Pinacoteca di Volterra》. Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze. 
  30. ↑ Mariagiulia Burresi; Antonino Caleca (2006). 《Volterra d'oro e di pietra》 (이탈리아어). Pacini. 58–쪽. ISBN 978-88-7781-775-4. Qui, nel rispetto della sua vocazione a documentare la consistenza dell'arte a Volterra, è stato creato il Museo di palazzo Minucci-Solaini, accostando al primitivo nucleo della Pinacoteca civica di Corrado Ricci, dipinti, sculture e arredi anch ... 
  31. ↑ Lorenzo Carletti; Cristiano Giometti (2001). 《Scultura lignea pisana: percorsi nel territorio tra Medioevo e Rinascimento》. F. Motta. 117–쪽. ISBN 978-88-7179-302-3. Pinacoteca Civica Dal 1 982 la Pinacoteca di Volterra è ospitata nelle sale del rinascimentale Palazzo Minucci-So- laini, ma la ... annessa al Duomo; quindi, su proposta di Corrado Ricci, nel 1905 la collezione fu spostata nel Palazzo dei Priori e arricchita. ... From 1982 onwards, the Pinacoteca in Volterra has been located in the rooms of the Renaissance Palazzo Minucci- Solaini, but the history of the ... 
  32. ↑ 《Toscana: (esclusa Firenze)》 (이탈리아어). Touring Editore. 1997. 464–쪽. ISBN 978-88-365-0948-5. A destra, nel breve sdrucciolo di Piazza, è la torre Martinoli, fianco del palazzo Incontri (pag. 459). VIA DANIELE RICCIARELLI (il pittore del '500 più noto come Daniele da Volterra). ... il vicino volto si sbuca nella piazzetta caratterizzata dalla casa-torre Minucci (secolo xm), inglobata nel palazzo Solaini (v. sotto). ... Nucleo fondamentale del complesso museale è la raccolta della Galleria pittorica comunale (Pinacoteca), fondata nel 1905 nel palazzo dei Priori e comprendente un 1 3 IL ... 
  33. ↑ Michelin Travel Publications (2000). 《Tuscany》. Michelin Travel Publications. 313–쪽. ISBN 978-2-06-000010-7. Volterra crags (baize) Pinacoteca 0 - Via dei Sarti 1 ; in the Palazzo Minucci-Solaini. The art gallery has some interesting works of religious art by Tuscan masters of the 14C-17C ... 
  34. ↑ Anna Benvenuti Papi (1999). 《Volterra e la Val di Cecina》 (이탈리아어). Mondadori. ISBN 978-88-04-46773-1. Dal 1982 la Galleria Pittorica, o Pinacoteca, è ospitata nelle sale del palazzo Minucci-Solaini, esempio notevole di ... Tra le opere più significative segnaliamo, oltre la celebre e grandiosa tavola della Deposizione del Rosso Fiorentino, polittici ... 
  35. ↑ Harvard Student's; Let's Go, Inc. (1999). 《Let's Go: the Budget Guide to Italy》. St. Martin's Press. 299–쪽. ISBN 9780312194888. Volterra's Fortezza Medicea, an elegant remnant from the Florentine domination, is the town's most prominent structure. ... On the other side of P. dei Priori, on V. dei Sard, the Pinacoteca Comunale occupies the Palazzo Minucci-Solaini (tel. ... In his Deposition (1520), the most significant piece of the collection, Rosso Fiorentino appears to abandon High Renaissance ... 
  36. ↑ “The etruscan Acropolis”. 
  37. ↑ Denbigh Sale; Marie Kidd; Julian Pitt (2014년 12월 1일). 《Our Secret Tuscany: In the Foothills of Monte Pisano》. Australian eBook Publisher. 53–쪽. ISBN 978-1-925271-65-2. Although Volterra isn't strictly in the region of the Monte Pisano, we highly recommend a visit to this atmospheric hilltown which ... From its commanding hilltop position, the enormous Medici Fortress (Fortezza Medicea) looks out over Volterra. 
  38. ↑ Dana Facaros; Michael Pauls (2004). 《Italy》. New Holland Publishers. 685–쪽. ISBN 978-1-86011-113-6. ... in the 'archaeological park' near the Fortezza Medicea, a big castle built on what was the Etruscan acropolis in the 1470s. ... Volterra 's most conspicuous ancient relic, however, is the Etruscan arch in the south wall, over Via Porta all'Arco. [깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
  39. ↑ Rachael Hamilton; Allison Macleod; Jenny Munro (2014년 7월 18일). 《Spaces of (Dis)location》. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 164–쪽. ISBN 978-1-4438-6451-0. Volterra's identity was not only characterized by its tradition of alabaster craft and by the psychiatric hospital, but also by the high security penitentiary located in the Fortezza Medicea. The Duke of Florence, Lorenzo il Magnifico, constructed the ... 
  40. ↑ Orth, Stephan (2007년 9월 10일). “Gefängnis Volterra: Zu Gast bei Ganoven”. 《Spiegel Online》. 2012년 1월 30일에 확인함. 
  41. ↑ Gumuchian, Marie-Louise (2008년 5월 20일). “Guests give top marks to Italian gourmet jail”. 《Reuters》. 2012년 1월 30일에 확인함. 
  42. ↑ Pisa, Nick (2007년 5월 20일). “'They made me a pasta I couldn't refuse'”. 《The Daily Telegraph》. 2012년 1월 30일에 확인함. 
  43. ↑ Gabriele Cateni (2004). 《Volterra: The Guarnacci Etruscan Museum》. Pacini. ISBN 978-88-7781-622-1. 
  44. ↑ 《Brief guide to the Guarnacci Etruscan Museum of Volterra》. Edizioni I.F.I. 1970. 
  45. ↑ Anna Marguerite McCann; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) (1978). 《Roman Sarcophagi in the Metropolitan Museum of Art》. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 58–쪽. Etruscan ... Cf. particularly the stern of a galley represented on an Etruscan funerary urn in the Guarnacci Museum in Volterra, Pairault, op. cit, pl. 1142.' Also see the stern of a galley... 
  46. ↑ The J. Paul Getty Museum (1981년 1월 1일). 《The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal: Volume 9, 1981》. Getty Publications. 55–쪽. ISBN 978-0-89236-032-1. ...in keeping with the gradual proliferation of large~sca1e sculpture throughout Etruria from the end of the fourth and beginning of ... Evidence for North Etruscan workmanship is offered by the reliefs on cinerary urns of Volterra, Chiusi, and Perugia, and the sculptural ... Museo Etrusco Guarnacci, inv. no. 
  47. ↑ Eric Russell Chamberlin; Ken Paterson; Thomas Cook Ltd (1994). 《Passport's Illustrated travel guide to Florence & Tuscany》. Passport Books. ISBN 978-0-8442-9055-3. MUSEO ETRUSCO GUARNACCI This is one of the most important museums of Etruscan art in Italy. ... as the 'Shadow of the Night', discovered in 1879 and used as a firepoker until experts realised this was a masterpiece of Etruscan art. 
  48. ↑ Rick Steves (2015년 12월 29일). 《Rick Steves Snapshot Hill Towns of Central Italy: Including Siena & Assisi》. Avalon Travel Publishing. 94–쪽. ISBN 978-1-63121-204-8. The museum's other top piece is the Urn of the Spouses (Urna degli Sposi, first century B.C.). It's unique for various reasons, including its material (it's in terracotta—a relatively rare material for these funerary urns) and its depiction of two ... 
  49. ↑ 《Florence and Tuscany. A complete guide with itineraries》. ATS Italia Editrice. 2011. 64–쪽. ISBN 978-88-6524-400-5. Among the works housed here, particularly remarkable are: the vase with black figures, the cinerary urn with the deceased (Atteone), the mirror with dioscuri and the Urn of the spouses. Volterra Guarnacci Etruscan Museum, Evening Shadow ... 
  50. ↑ 《Kunst und Geschichte der Toskana: ein Landstrich voller Wohlgeschmack und Farbenfreude eine Region, in der die gastronomische Überlieferung auf magische Weise mit einer jahrtausendealten Kultur verbunden ist》 (독일어). Casa Editrice Bonechi. 1970. 91–쪽. ISBN 978-88-476-1794-0. SCHATTEN DES ABENDS Museo Etrusco Guarnacci Die Figur stammt aus der Florentiner Sammlung der Familie Buonarroti und wurde von ... Unten der Deckel einer Aschenurne, der sogenannten Urna degli Sposi (des Ehepaares 
  51. ↑ Touring Club of Italy (2005). 《Authentic Tuscany》. Touring Editore. 72–쪽. ISBN 978-88-365-3297-1. The Museo Etrusco Guarnacci O has forty rooms housing an enormous collection of antiquities from prehistoric to ... alabaster and terracotta (4th-1st century BC) from local excavations, including the famous Urna degli Sposi (Urn of the Married ... 
  52. ↑ George Dennis (1848). 《The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria》. John Murray. 146–쪽. Volterra. He may know it by the sign of three naked females, the most graceless things about the house. The landlord, SigTM. Ottavio ... From the "Unione," a few steps will lead to the Porta all' Arco.3 I envy the stranger his first impressions on ... 
  53. ↑ Henry James (1995년 3월 1일). 《Italian Hours》. Penguin Publishing Group. 339–쪽. ISBN 978-1-101-17386-2. I may not invite the reader to penetrate with me by so much as a step the boundless backward reach of history to which the more massive of the Etruscan gates of Volterra, the Porta all'Arco, forms the solidest of thresholds; since I perforce take ... 
  54. ↑ Mario Giovannelli (1613). 《Cronistoria dell'antichità, e nobiltà di Volterra, cominciando dal principio della sua edificazione infin'al giorno d'hoggi. ... Raccolta da diuersi scrittori per ... fra Mario Giouannelli ..》. appresso Giouanni Fontani. 4–쪽. 
  55. ↑ Luisa Banti (1973). 《Etruscan Cities and Their Culture》. University of California Press. 146–쪽. ISBN 978-0-520-01910-2. These natural communication routes all met just below the city, where the village of Saline di Volterra stands today. Then as now, Volterra ... The two city gates — Porta Diana and Porta all'Arco — are Etruscan only in their lower part. The three ... 
  56. ↑ Isabella Lapi Ballerini; Mario Scalini (2003). 《The Medici Villas: Complete Guide》. Giunti Editore. 84–쪽. ISBN 978-88-09-02995-8. 
  57. ↑ Simioli, Adele (June 2013). “L'ipotesi di ospedale psichiatrico di Daniele Calabi: progetti e realizzazioni”. 《Territorio》 (65): 85–88. doi:10.3280/tr2013-065013. ISSN 1825-8689. 
  58. ↑ Emma Jones (2004년 4월 1일). 《Tuscany and Umbria》. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 308–쪽. ISBN 978-1-58843-399-2. The. wide fertile valley of the Valdera (the Era Valley) spreads along the Era River ... Saline di Volterra is on the Pisa-Cecina-Volterra Saline train line (% 848-888088, www.trenitalia.it); a shuttle bus will take ... 
  59. ↑ Gillian Price (2012년 7월 27일). 《Walking in Tuscany: 50 Walks throughout Tuscany》. Cicerone Press Limited. 80–쪽. ISBN 978-1-84965-672-6. By public transport from Volterra take the local bus for the short ride down to Saline. Otherwise from Cecina on the main LivornoRome rail line, several trains a day (or the odd substitute bus) still run as far as Saline. 7: Saline di Volterra, ... 
  60. ↑ “Catholic Online”. 《Catholic Online》. 2017년 1월 2일에 확인함. 
  61. ↑ David Gilmour (2011년 3월 3일). 《The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples》. Penguin Books Limited. 46–쪽. ISBN 978-0-14-192989-7. ... who were based in Etruria, where they built hilltop towns such as Volterra, and from where they spread north to the Po ... historian Livy, Thomas Babington Macaulay described the Roman hero Horatius Cocles holding a bridge over 'Father ... 
  62. ↑ James Bentley (1988년 7월 5일). 《A guide to Tuscany》. Penguin. 18–쪽. ISBN 978-0-14-046683-6. Macaulay's poem 'Horatius' has as its hero a Roman, not the ranks of Lars Porsena invading the city of Rome. Even so Macaulay perfectly catches in his verse ... It took him two years to starve out Volterra. Then Sulla made himself dictator and ... 
  63. ↑ Henry Bacon (1998년 3월 28일). 《Visconti: Explorations of Beauty and Decay》. Cambridge University Press. 120–쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-59960-3. Another starting point was d'Amico's and Visconti's idea of locating the story in the Tuscan city of Volterra. ... Sandra (Cardinale) suspects her mother (Marie Bell) and the mother's lover Gilardini (Renzo Ricci) of betraying her Jewish father to ... 

참고 문헌[편집]

  • Bell, Sinclair and Alexandra A. Carpino, eds. (2016) A Companion to the Etruscans. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Haynes, Sybille (2000) Etruscan civilization: A cultural history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
  • Pallottino, Massimo (1978) The Etruscans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Sprenger, Maia, and Bartoloni, Gilda (1983) The Etruscans: Their history, art and architecture. Translated by Robert E. Wolf. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
  • Turfa, Jean MacIntosh, ed. (2013) The Etruscan World. Routledge Worlds. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

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